Jeotgalicoccus coquinae

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Jeotgalicoccus coquinae
Systematics
Department : Firmicutes
Class : Bacilli
Order : Bacillales
Family : Staphylococcaceae
Genre : Jeotgalicoccus
Type : Jeotgalicoccus coquinae
Scientific name
Jeotgalicoccus coquinae
Martin et al. 2011

Jeotgalicoccus coquinae is a species of bacteria . It was discovered in microbiological studies in poultry farming , more precisely in the shell limestone addedto the feed as a supplement . The species name also relates to this, Coquina is the English name of the shell limestone. According to the code of the bacteria nomenclature , the grammatical gender of the bacteria name is male. He belongs to the Firmicutes division , for whose representatives a positive Gram test is typical.

features

Appearance

The cells of Jeotgalicoccus coquinae are cocci-shaped , with a diameter of 1.5–2.0  µm . Jeotgalicoccus coquinae , like all species of the genus , does not form endospores . The species cannot move on its own, so it is not motile . The Gram stain is positive.

After incubation at 30 ° C. for two days , the cells grow into creamy white colonies on solid nutrient media . When viewed from above, the colonies are round in shape with a clearly defined border; when viewed from the side, they appear slightly convex.

Growth and metabolism

Jeotgalicoccus coquinae is heterotrophic , it does not photosynthesize . The species can only reproduce when oxygen is available, the metabolism is therefore obligatory aerobic . In this characteristic, J. coquinae is similar to J. nanhaiensis and J. aerolatus, which were also discovered in 2011 . The species described above, on the other hand, have a facultative anaerobic metabolism, so that the description of the genus Jeotgalicoccus by Jung-Hoon Yoon et al. from 2003 was expanded by these finds.

Growth takes place in a pH range of 6.0–10.5, optimal values ​​are pH 7.5–8.0. The species shows growth in a temperature range of 10 to 40 ° C, the optimal temperature range is 25–30 ° C. J. coquinae is halotolerant , a sodium chloride (NaCl) content of 0-14% in the nutrient medium is tolerated, and growth stops at an NaCl content of 20% or more. With regard to the tolerated sodium chloride content and the pH value, it behaves similarly to J. psychrophilus , but, in contrast to this, shows no growth at 4 ° C. J. coquinae can be cultivated on tryptone soy agar (TSA) , among other things . Marine agar was successfully used for isolation from the feed supplement . The Chapman agar used for staphylococci is also suitable.

Biochemical characteristics, such as the enzymes present and the resulting metabolic properties, can be used in a colorful series to identify J. coquinae . The catalase and oxidase tests are positive. The enzymes urease and β-galactosidase are not present. The enzymes arginine dihydrolase (ADH), ornithine decarboxylase (ODC) and lysine decarboxylase (LDC) for the breakdown of various amino acids are also not formed. Tyrosine is hydrolyzed . It is also J. coquinae is able to gelatin or starch degrade by hydrolysis. Nitrate is not reduced to nitrite . Hydrogen sulfide (H 2 S) is not formed, neither is indole (negative indole test ). In contrast, the Voges-Proskauer test is positive, i.e. acetoin is formed.

In the context of chemoorgano-heterotrophic metabolism, J. coquinae can use some carbohydrates as a source of carbon and utilize them with acid formation, including the monosaccharides D - glucose , L - rhamnose and D - xylose . However, the evidence for acid formation is only weakly positive. Another investigation by Zhu-Xiang Liu et al. a. comes to the conclusion that glucose is not broken down with acid formation, just like D - fructose . In contrast, D - mannose and the sugar alcohol D - mannitol are used with acid formation. Carbohydrates that are not broken down with acid formation are, for example, the monosaccharides D - and L - arabinose , D - galactose and D - ribose , the disaccharides cellobiose , lactose , melibiose and sucrose and the trisaccharides melezitose and raffinose . With the sugar alcohols tested, there is no acid formation with adonitol , glycerol , myo - inositol , and D - sorbitol .

Chemotaxonomy

As usual for Jeotgalicoccus species, the main menaquinone is MK-7, it occurs in 50.2%. However, MK-6 is also present in almost equal proportions (49.8%). The murein layer in the cell wall contains the diamino acid L - lysine as a diagnostically important amino acid in position 3 of the peptide bridge. The peptidoglycan type is A3α, in addition to lysine, the amino acids glycine and L - alanine are also present. The fatty acids found in the membrane lipids are mainly saturated fatty acids with an odd number of carbon atoms (C 15 ). These are the branched-chain fatty acids with the abbreviations anteiso -C15: 0 ( anteiso - pentadecanoic acid ) and iso -C15: 0 ( iso- pentadecanoic acid), their proportion is 36.4 and 30.4%, respectively. In addition, unbranched hexadecanoic acid (C16: 0, palmitic acid ) and branched-chain fatty acid with the abbreviation iso -C17: 0 ( iso - heptadecanoic acid ) occur in 6.8% and 5.8%, respectively.

The lipids in the cell membrane contain diphosphatidylglycerin and phosphoglycerides (phosphatidylglycerin) as the main phospholipids . In addition, there are six as yet unidentified lipids in medium to small amounts. The GC content in the DNA of Jeotgalicoccus coquinae was not determined during the investigation as part of the initial description . The genome has not yet been fully sequenced (as of 2014) . However, the nucleotides of the 16S rRNA, a typical representative of ribosomal RNA for prokaryotes , were determined for phylogenetic studies .

Pathogenicity

So far (as of 2014) is no assignment of jeotgalicoccus coquinae by the Biological Agents Ordinance in connection with the TRBA ( Technical Rules for Biological Agents) 466 to a risk group takes place. In TRBA 466 as of April 25, 2012, only the related species Jeotgalicoccus halotolerans , J. pinnipedialis and J. psychrophilus are listed; they are assigned to risk group 1 and are therefore considered to be bacteria “which are unlikely to occur during People cause illness ”( § 3 Biological Agents Ordinance).

Systematics

The species Jeotgalicoccus coquinae belongs to the family of the Staphylococcaceae in the order of the Bacillales in the department of the Firmicutes . J. coquinae was published in 2011 together with J. aerolatus by Elena Martin et al. first described. Both types of bacteria were discovered in the course of microbiological investigations in poultry farming in Germany. Among other things, the shell limestone , which is added to the ducks' feed as a supplement , was examined . The shell limestone was suspended in isotonic saline solution and a dilution series was made with it. A small volume of the dilution steps was then cultivated on marine agar and the colonies that had grown were examined more closely. The bacterial strain MK-7 was discovered. This bacterial strain is the type strain of the species as J. coquinae MK-7 . It was deposited in the collections of microorganisms in the Czech Republic (as CCM 7682), Sweden (as CCUG 57956) and Germany (at the DSMZ as DSM 22419).

The phylogenetic investigation revealed a relationship to the already known species of the genus Jeotgalicoccus . The comparison of the sequences of the 16S rRNA shows a very close relationship with J. psychrophilus (similarity 99.3%). Furthermore, Martin u. a., later expanded by Liu et al. a. created a phylogenetic tree based on the neighbor joining method . The newly discovered bacterial strain MK-7 forms a group with J. psychrophilus that is most similar to the group of J. aerolatus , J. nanhaiensis and J. halotolerans .

The classification into the genus Jeotgalicoccus is supported by phenotypic characteristics, for example the composition of the fatty acids in the cell membrane and the occurrence of MK-7 as the main menaquinone alongside MK-6. The definition as a separate species is also justified by phenotypic characteristics in which it differs from the other Jeotgalicoccus species, such as the composition of the polar lipids in the cell membrane. It also differs from J. psychrophilus and J. aerolatus in that, in contrast to these , it can utilize D- mannitol with acid formation and hydrolyze tyrosine (see overview ). In addition, a DNA-DNA hybridization was carried out with the three Jeotgalicoccus species discovered first ; here, with a similarity of 23 to 29%, the results show sufficient distance to justify the establishment of a separate species. The similarity in the DNA hybridization to the Martin u. a. described J. aerolatus is 54%.

etymology

The genus name Jeotgalicoccus is derived from the neo-Latin word Jeotgalum and refers to the location of the first described species. It was isolated from Korean fermented seafood Jeotgal . The species name J. coquinae refers to the place where it was found, the shell limestone is called coquina in English .

Individual evidence

  1. ↑ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o E. Martin, K. Klug u. a .: Jeotgalicoccus coquinae sp. nov. and Jeotgalicoccus aerolatus sp. nov., isolated from poultry houses. In: International journal of systematic and evolutionary microbiology. Volume 61, No. 2, February 2011, pp. 237-241, ISSN  1466-5034 . doi : 10.1099 / ijs.0.021675-0 . PMID 20207804 .
  2. ↑ a b c d e f g h Zhu-Xiang Liu, Jun Chen u. a .: Jeotgalicoccus nanhaiensis sp. nov., isolated from intertidal sediment, and emended description of the genus Jeotgalicoccus. In: International journal of systematic and evolutionary microbiology. Volume 61, No. 9, September 2011, pp. 2029-2034, ISSN  1466-5034 . doi : 10.1099 / ijs.0.022871-0 . PMID 20851914 .
  3. ↑ Jung-Hoon Yoon, Keun-Chul Lee et al. a .: Jeotgalicoccus halotolerans gen. nov., sp. nov. and Jeotgalicoccus psychrophilus sp. nov., isolated from the traditional Korean fermented seafood jeotgal. In: International journal of systematic and evolutionary microbiology. Volume 53, No. 2, March 2003, pp. 595-602, doi : 10.1099 / ijs.0.02132-0 . ISSN  1466-5026 . PMID 12710632 .
  4. ↑ Jeotgalicoccus coquinae strain MK-7 16S ribosomal RNA gene, partial sequence. In: Nucleotide website of Jeotgalicoccus coquinae of the National Center for Biotechnology Information (NCBI) . Retrieved June 28, 2014 .
  5. ↑ TRBA (Technical Rules for Biological Agents) 466: Classification of prokaryotes (Bacteria and Archaea) into risk groups. In: Website of the Federal Institute for Occupational Safety and Health (BAuA). April 25, 2012, p. 108 , accessed April 30, 2014 .
  6. ^ A b Jean Euzéby, Aidan C. Parte: Genus Jeotgalicoccus. In: List of Prokaryotic names with Standing in Nomenclature ( LPSN ). Retrieved June 28, 2014 .
  7. ^ Taxonomy Browser Jeotgalicoccus coquinae. In: National Center for Biotechnology Information (NCBI) website . Retrieved June 28, 2014 .