Jeotgalicoccus aerolatus

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Jeotgalicoccus aerolatus
Systematics
Department : Firmicutes
Class : Bacilli
Order : Bacillales
Family : Staphylococcaceae
Genre : Jeotgalicoccus
Type : Jeotgalicoccus aerolatus
Scientific name
Jeotgalicoccus aerolatus
Martin et al. 2011

Jeotgalicoccus aerolatus is a species of bacteria . It belongs to the Firmicutes division , for whose representatives a positive Gram test is typical. Unlike other Jeotgalicoccus species, this species onlygrowswhen oxygen is present, it is strictly aerobic . It was discovered during a microbiological examination of the air in a turkey house . The species name also refers to the occurrence, aerolatus means "transmitted through air".

features

Appearance

The cells of Jeotgalicoccus aerolatus are cocci-shaped , with a diameter of 1.5 to 2.0  µm . Jeotgalicoccus aerolatus , like all species of the genus , does not form endospores . The species cannot move on its own, so it is not motile . The Gram stain is positive.

After incubation at 30 ° C. for two days , the cells grow into white colonies on solid nutrient media . When viewed from above, the colonies are round in shape with a clearly defined border; when viewed from the side, they appear slightly convex.

Growth and metabolism

Jeotgalicoccus aerolatus is heterotrophic , it does not photosynthesize . The metabolism is obligatory aerobic , i. H. the species can only reproduce when oxygen is present. In this characteristic, J. aerolatus is similar to J. nanhaiensis, which was also discovered in 2011 . The species described above, however, have an optional anaerobic metabolism. Thus, the description of the genus Jeotgalicoccus by Jung-Hoon Yoon et al. from 2003 expanded by these finds.

Growth takes place at pH values of 6.0 to 10.0, optimal values ​​are pH 7.0–8.0. The species shows growth in a temperature range of 10 to 40 ° C, the optimal temperature range is 25–30 ° C. J. aerolatus is halotolerant , a content of 0 to 14% of sodium chloride (NaCl) in the nutrient medium is tolerated, with an NaCl content of 20% or more no growth occurs. With regard to the tolerated sodium chloride content, it behaves similarly to J. psychrophilus , but, in contrast to this, shows no growth at 4 ° C. J. aerolatus can be cultivated on tryptone soy agar (TSA) , among other things . The Chapman agar used for staphylococci is also suitable.

Biochemical features, such as the enzymes present and the resulting metabolic properties, can be used in a colorful series to identify J. aerolatus . The enzyme catalase is present and the oxidase test is positive. The enzymes urease and β-galactosidase are not present. The enzymes arginine dihydrolase (ADH), ornithine decarboxylase (ODC) and lysine decarboxylase (LDC) for the breakdown of various amino acids are also not formed. Tyrosine is not hydrolyzed . J. aerolatus is unable to break down gelatin or starch by hydrolysis. Nitrate is not reduced to nitrite . Hydrogen sulfide (H 2 S) is not formed, neither is indole (negative indole test ). In contrast, the Voges-Proskauer test is positive, i.e. acetoin is formed.

In the context of chemoorgano-heterotrophic metabolism, J. aerolatus can use some carbohydrates as a carbon source and utilize them with acid formation, including the monosaccharides D - glucose , L - rhamnose and D - xylose . However, the evidence for acid formation is only weakly positive. Another investigation by Zhu-Xiang Liu et al. a. comes to the conclusion that glucose is not broken down with acid formation, whereas D - fructose and D - mannose do . Carbohydrates that are not broken down with acid formation are, for example, the monosaccharides D - and L - arabinose and D - galactose , the disaccharides cellobiose , lactose , melibiose and sucrose and the trisaccharides melezitose and raffinose . With the sugar alcohols tested , there is no acid formation with Adonitol , myo - Inositol , D - Mannitol and D - Sorbitol .

Chemotaxonomy

As usual for Jeotgalicoccus species, the main menaquinone is MK-7, 75.4% of which occur. In addition, MK-6 is also present at 24.0%. The murein layer in the cell wall contains the diamino acid L - lysine as a diagnostically important amino acid in position 3 of the peptide bridge. The peptidoglycan type is A3α, in addition to lysine, the amino acids glycine and L - alanine are also present. The fatty acids found in the membrane lipids are mainly molecules with an odd number of carbon atoms (C 15 ) and no double bonds ( saturated fatty acids ). These are the branched-chain fatty acids with the abbreviations iso -C15: 0 ( iso - pentadecanoic acid ) and anteiso -C15: 0 ( anteiso- pentadecanoic acid), their proportion is 37.7 and 29.0%, respectively. In addition, the branched-chain fatty acid with the abbreviation iso -C17: 0 ( iso - heptadecanoic acid ) and the unbranched hexadecanoic acid (C16: 0, palmitic acid ) occur in 6.6 and 6.5% respectively.

The lipids in the cell membrane contain diphosphatidylglycerol as the main phospholipid , along with phosphoglycerides (phosphatidylglycerol) and an unidentified phospholipid (PL1) in moderate amounts. In addition, four unidentified polar lipids were found in small amounts. The GC content in the DNA of Jeotgalicoccus aerolatus was not determined during the investigation as part of the initial description . The genome has not yet been fully sequenced (as of 2014) . However, the nucleotides of the 16S rRNA, a typical representative of ribosomal RNA for prokaryotes , were determined for phylogenetic studies .

Pathogenicity

So far (as of 2014) is no assignment of jeotgalicoccus aerolatus by the Biological Agents Ordinance in connection with the TRBA ( Technical Rules for Biological Agents) 466 to a risk group takes place. In TRBA 466 as of April 25, 2012, only the related species Jeotgalicoccus halotolerans , J. pinnipedialis and J. psychrophilus are listed; they are assigned to risk group 1 and are therefore considered to be bacteria “which are unlikely to occur during People cause illness ”( § 3 Biological Agents Ordinance).

Systematics

The species Jeotgalicoccus aerolatus belongs to the family of the Staphylococcaceae in the order of the Bacillales . These regulations belong to the Firmicutes department . J. aerolatus was discovered in 2011 together with J. coquinae by Elena Martin et al. first described. It was discovered during an air survey in a turkey house . A volume of 500 l of air was collected in an air germ collection on a gelatin filter. Dilution levels of the microorganisms collected on the filter were then cultivated on nutrient media and the colonies that had grown were examined more closely. The bacterial strain MPA-33 was discovered. This bacterial strain is the type strain of the species as J. aerolatus MPA-33 . It was deposited in the collections of microorganisms in the Czech Republic (as CCM 7679), Sweden (as CCUG 57953) and Germany (at the DSMZ as DSM 22420).

The phylogenetic investigation revealed a relationship to the already known species of the genus Jeotgalicoccus . The comparison of the sequences of the 16S rRNA shows a close relationship with J. halotolerans and J. nanhaiensis (similarity 98.8-99.0% in each case); J. pinnipedialis is most distantly related with a similarity of 93.8%. Furthermore, Martin u. a., later expanded by Liu et al. a. created a phylogenetic tree based on the neighbor joining method . The newly discovered bacterial strain forms its own line as a branch of the group formed by J. halotolerans and J. nanhaiensis .

The classification in the genus Jeotgalicoccus is supported by phenotypic characteristics, for example the composition of the fatty acids in the cell membrane and the occurrence of MK-7 as the main menaquinone. The definition as a separate species is also justified with phenotypic characteristics in which it differs from the other Jeotgalicoccus species, such as B. the composition of polar lipids in the cell membrane. It also differs from J. coquinae in that only the latter can utilize D- mannitol with formation of acid (see overview ). In addition, a DNA-DNA hybridization was carried out with the three Jeotgalicoccus species discovered first ; here, with a similarity of 13 to 21%, the results show sufficient distance to justify the establishment of a separate species. The similarity in the DNA hybridization to the Martin u. a. described J. coquinae is 54%.

etymology

The genus name Jeotgalicoccus is derived from the neo-Latin word Jeotgalum and refers to the location of the first described species. It was isolated from Korean fermented seafood Jeotgal . The species name J. aerolatus contains the ancient Greek word ἀήρ ( aer , "air") and the Latin word latus ("carried") and means something like "transmitted through air".

Individual evidence

  1. ↑ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o E. Martin, K. Klug u. a .: Jeotgalicoccus coquinae sp. nov. and Jeotgalicoccus aerolatus sp. nov., isolated from poultry houses. In: International journal of systematic and evolutionary microbiology. Volume 61, No. 2, February 2011, pp. 237-241, ISSN  1466-5034 . doi : 10.1099 / ijs.0.021675-0 . PMID 20207804 .
  2. ↑ a b c d e f g h i Zhu-Xiang Liu, Jun Chen u. a .: Jeotgalicoccus nanhaiensis sp. nov., isolated from intertidal sediment, and emended description of the genus Jeotgalicoccus. In: International journal of systematic and evolutionary microbiology. Volume 61, No. 9, September 2011, pp. 2029-2034, ISSN  1466-5034 . doi : 10.1099 / ijs.0.022871-0 . PMID 20851914 .
  3. ↑ Jung-Hoon Yoon, Keun-Chul Lee et al. a .: Jeotgalicoccus halotolerans gen. nov., sp. nov. and Jeotgalicoccus psychrophilus sp. nov., isolated from the traditional Korean fermented seafood jeotgal. In: International journal of systematic and evolutionary microbiology. Volume 53, No. 2, March 2003, pp. 595-602, doi : 10.1099 / ijs.0.02132-0 . ISSN  1466-5026 . PMID 12710632 .
  4. ↑ Jeotgalicoccus aerolatus strain MPA-33 16S ribosomal RNA gene, partial sequence. In: Website Nucleotide of Jeotgalicoccus aerolatus of the National Center for Biotechnology Information (NCBI) . Retrieved April 30, 2014 .
  5. ↑ TRBA (Technical Rules for Biological Agents) 466: Classification of prokaryotes (Bacteria and Archaea) into risk groups. In: Website of the Federal Institute for Occupational Safety and Health (BAuA). April 25, 2012, p. 108 , accessed April 30, 2014 .
  6. ^ A b Jean Euzéby, Aidan C. Parte: Genus Jeotgalicoccus. In: List of Prokaryotic names with Standing in Nomenclature ( LPSN ). Retrieved April 30, 2014 .
  7. ^ Taxonomy Browser Jeotgalicoccus aerolatus. In: National Center for Biotechnology Information (NCBI) website . Retrieved May 1, 2014 .