Gordonia (bacteria)

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Gordonia
Systematics
Domain : Bacteria (bacteria)
Department : Actinobacteria
Order : Actinomycetales
Subordination : Corynebacterineae
Family : Nocardiaceae
Genre : Gordonia
Scientific name
Gordonia
(ex Tsukamura 1971)
Stackebrandt et al. 1989

The genus Gordonia includes gram-positive bacteria living on the ground . They belong to the actinobacteria . They are common all over the world and have been isolated in many different places.

features

The representatives of the genus Gordonia are gram-positive bacteria. They are aerobic , so they need oxygen to grow. As with many representatives of the Actinomycetales order , Gordonia also develops cells in the form of filaments. These elongated and branched cells form plexuses, which are also known as mycelium . The filaments can break up into individual cells that resemble rods or cocci in shape .

As representatives of the Actinomycetales in the Actinobacteria department , they belong to the bacteria with a high GC content , ie a high proportion of the nucleobases guanine and cytosine in the bacterial DNA . Genetic tests on two representatives have shown a GC content of 67 to 68 mol percent. The genome has a size of 5210 to 5441 kilobase pairs (kb) and is located on a circular bacterial chromosome . A bacterial strain studied , known as Gordonia sp. KTR9, also has three plasmids , the size of which, at 89 kb, 182 kb and 172 kb, is significantly smaller compared to the bacterial chromosome.

Occurrence and meaning

Like other representatives of the Actinomycetales order or the Nocardiaceae family , their typical habitat is the soil . They are common all over the world and have been isolated in many different places, e.g. B. the species Gordonia shandongensis was isolated from soil in China in 2007. Gordonia westfalica was isolated near Münster in 2002 and named after the place where it was found.

They are of ecological importance because they break down numerous organic compounds that most bacteria cannot utilize, including hydrocarbons . For example, the species Gordonia polyisoprenivorans is able to break down polyisoprene rubber (the artificially produced variant of natural rubber ); it was isolated from the dirty water in a dilapidated car tire in 1999 . This discovery led to a screening program in which "degrading microorganisms rubber" after ( rubber-degrading microorganisms ) was looking for because previously there was little knowledge of the systematics of these bacteria. The word rubber originally meant natural rubber. Rubber is a polymer made up of the monomers (subunits) isoprene ; the polymer is called cis -1,4-polyisoprene. The synthetically produced variant isoprene rubber has a similar structure. As part of the screening, other bacteria were found that are able to break down cis-1,4-polyisoprene, u. a. Gordonia westfalica .

Other ( anthropogenic ) substances that exist in the soil and are often introduced by humans can also be degraded by Gordonia species. Gordonia alkanivorans can break down alkanes , a group of saturated hydrocarbons, and has been found in soil contaminated with tar . So-called persistent substances are compounds that generally remain unchanged in the environment, but Gordonia species have recently been discovered that can break down some of these substances. Examples of this are compounds derived from pyridine , such as 3-methylpyridine (3- picoline ) and 3- ethylpyridine , which can also be broken down by Gordonia alkanivorans . The sulfur-containing compounds benzothiophene and dibenzothiophene can be broken down by Gordonia desulfuricans and Gordonia amicalis , respectively.

Systematics

Historical development

Many species of Rhodococcus were redefined and assigned to the genus Gordona in 1989 . In 1997, the generic name was then corrected to Gordonia . The name was chosen in honor of Ruth E. Gordon, who is valued in specialist circles for her work on the bacterial systematics. The work of Stackebrandt et al. a. 1997 led to Gordonia being established as a type genus of the newly established Gordoniaceae family. The newly discovered genera Skermania (1997) and Millisia (2006) were added to this family .

Genetic investigations of the 16S rRNA, a representative of ribosomal RNA typical for prokaryotes, showed that the genera recently discovered, as well as the genus Williamsia, are phylogenetically classified between the families Gordoniaceae and Nocardiaceae, which in 2009 led to the families Gordoniaceae and Nocardiaceae becoming the extended family Combine Nocardiaceae.

Current system

So far (as of 2013) 34 species of Gordonia have been discovered. Gordonia bronchialis is the type of the genus, here the known species:

swell

literature

Individual evidence

  1. ↑ a b A. Linos, A. Steinbüchel, C. Spröer, RM Kroppenstedt: Gordonia polyisoprenivorans sp. nov., a rubber-degrading actinomycete isolated from an automobile tire. In: International Journal of Systematic Bacteriology. Volume 49, No. 4, October 1999, pp. 1785-1791, ISSN  0020-7713 . PMID 10555361 .
  2. ↑ a b Gordonia sp. overview. In: National Center for Biotechnology Information (NCBI) Genome website . Retrieved December 23, 2013 .
  3. ↑ H. Luo, Q. Gu u. a .: Gordonia shandongensis sp. nov., isolated from soil in China. In: International journal of systematic and evolutionary microbiology. Volume 57, No. 3, March 2007, pp. 605-608, ISSN  1466-5026 . doi: 10.1099 / ijs.0.64536-0 . PMID 17329793 .
  4. ↑ a b c A. Linos, MM Berekaa u. a .: Gordonia westfalica sp. nov., a novel rubber-degrading actinomycete. In: International journal of systematic and evolutionary microbiology. Vol. 52, No. 4, July 2002, pp. 1133-1139, ISSN  1466-5026 . PMID 12148617 .
  5. ^ A b c Jean Euzéby, Aidan C. Parte: Genus Gordonia. In: List of Prokaryotic names with Standing in Nomenclature Systematics of Bacteria (LPSN) . Retrieved December 23, 2013 .
  6. ↑ E. Stackebrandt, J. Smida, MD Collins: Evidence of phylogenetic heterogeneity within the genus Rhodococcus: Revival of the genus Gordona (Tsukamura). In: The Journal of General and Applied Microbiology. Volume 34, Number 4, 1988, pp. 341-348, ISSN  1349-8037 . doi: 10.2323 / jgam.34.341 .
  7. ^ A b E. Stackebrandt, FA Rainey, NL Ward-Rainey: Proposal for a New Hierarchic Classification System, Actinobacteria classis nov. In: International Journal of Systematic Bacteriology. Volume 47, Number 2, April 1997, pp. 479-491, ISSN  0020-7713 . doi: 10.1099 / 00207713-47-2-479 .
  8. ^ Jean Euzéby, Aidan C. Parte: Phylum "Actinobacteria". In: List of Prokaryotic names with Standing in Nomenclature Systematics of Bacteria (LPSN) . Retrieved December 23, 2013 .
  9. ↑ XY Zhi, WJ Li, E. Stackebrandt: An update of the structure and 16S rRNA gene sequence-based definition of higher ranks of the class Actinobacteria, with the proposal of two new suborders and four new families and emended descriptions of the existing higher taxa. In: International journal of systematic and evolutionary microbiology. Volume 59, No. 3, March 2009, pp. 589-608, ISSN  1466-5026 . doi: 10.1099 / ijs.0.65780-0 . PMID 19244447 .

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