History of the city of Heilbronn
The history of the city of Heilbronn in Baden-Württemberg begins with a Franconian royal court in the 7th century in what is now the city of Heilbronn . The settlement there grew, was elevated to the status of an imperial city in the 14th century and, due to its location on long-distance routes and on the Neckar, developed into an important trading center in southwest Germany. After the transition to Württemberg in 1802 and the onset of industrialization , the city became the second largest industrial city in the state after Stuttgart . On December 4, 1944, the air raid on Heilbronn completely destroyed the historic city center. Around 125,000 people currently (as of September 2012) live in the rebuilt city, which continues to be an important business location and transport hub. Almost 45 percent of the population live in the core city, the others in the incorporated districts, which have different histories of their own.
City history of Heilbronn
Origins of settlement and founding of the city
prehistory
The lower jaw of Mauer of the first Homo heidelbergensis to be discovered was found less than 40 km away from Heilbronn in the area of the lower Neckar . Because this site is topographically similar to the fertile floodplains of the central Neckar in the Heilbronn Basin, it is assumed that pre-humans also lived in the Neckar Basin 500,000 years ago. The oldest known traces of human presence in and around Heilbronn date back to the Paleolithic around 30,000 BC. Dated. Long-distance paths already existed in prehistoric times, which were initially oriented along the rivers until the Neolithic Age ; The river crossings - in the Heilbronn area near Wimpfen and near Heilbronn itself - were significant points along the way . Later there were also high-altitude trails such as the Salzweg over the Waldenburg Mountains and the Mainhardt Forest from Schwäbisch Hall and a second trail coming from Öhringen , both of which crossed the Neckar near Heilbronn.
In today's urban area there are numerous prehistoric sites, such as the remains of barrows from the Bronze Age in the city forest near the Schweinsberg and a presumed hilltop castle of the same age on the summit of the Wartberg .
It is also worth mentioning the discovery of the Böckinger Urapfel in 1938, which, at around 7,500 years old, is probably the oldest Central European apple fruit, a charred wild apple that was recovered from a fireplace in an early Neolithic settlement on Klingenberger Straße in the Heilbronn district of Böckingen .
Celts
The Heilbronn area was settled by Celts early on, as numerous archaeological finds prove. In today's urban district in the Sontheimer Gewann Klingenäcker there is a square hill . As early as the 7th century BC, the Celts lived in the Heilbronn area. . Chr in the Hallstatt period and Latènezeit salty spring water with so-called. Briquetage evaporated -Gefäßen. Archaeological evidence of Celtic salt extraction (brine) was found in the immediate vicinity of Heilbronn near Offenau , Bad Wimpfen and Bad Rappenau .
Roman times
Under the Roman Emperor Domitian (81–96 AD), the Romans pushed eastward from the Rhine and established the Neckar Limes as the new external border of the Roman Empire . The Heilbronn-Böckingen fort also belonged to it , which served to secure a crossing of the Neckar and to which a total of eight Roman roads led from different directions. Around the year 160 AD the Neckar Limes lost its importance because the Roman Empire at that time pushed the border of the Dekumatland by around 30 km to the east and expanded the Upper German Limes with ramparts and ditches, making the Neckar basin near Heilbronn the hinterland. In the environment of the Limes numerous Roman emerged villas and farms to supply the Roman troops, including the 1,933 excavated Roman baths in Heilbronner Won Wolf tip .
Time of the Alemanni
After the fall of the Limes in AD 260, the Alemanni ruled the Roman Dekumatland and with it the Neckar basin near Heilbronn. Finds from a row of graves in the Rosenberg could still come from the Alemannic period. The first Christian symbols from the left bank of the Rhine appeared in Heilbronn as early as the early 5th century. In an Alemannic women's grave excavated in 1901, there was the bones box from Heilbronn , which probably came to Heilbronn through trade or robbery. Another remarkable find on the Rosenberg is a gold grip spatha , which was characteristic of the upper class of the time and was found relatively rarely.
Franconian royal court
After the Battle of Zülpich in 496, the Franks took possession of the area between the Rhine and Danube and thus also of the entire Neckar area. They built royal courts, which gave the Franconian Empire the economic basis and from which both Christianization and the establishment of expansion settlements began. Such a Franconian royal court was probably the first larger settlement in the Heilbronn city center, in the area of today's Untere Neckarstraße between Brückentor and Lohtor. The royal court was typically located near a Neckar crossing and probably also on a ridge that protected the settlement from the flooding of the nearby Neckar and favored the construction of fortifications. The Heilbronn royal court presumably already existed in the 7th century, although the systematic development of the East Franconian area along the Neckar did not begin until the Carolingian era in the 8th century.
The fiscal district belonging to the royal court was bordered by the Neckar in the west and by Stiftsberg and Nordberg in the north . In the east the associated land extended to about Ellhofen , in the south to Horkheim . The closest royal courts were in Lauffen and Ilsfeld and in Wimpfen .
The transport infrastructure of the Franks was based on the old Roman road network. However, after the establishment of the royal court in Heilbronn, they also created north-south axes east of the Neckar. The most important was the so-called Franconian Heerstraße , which led from Frankfurt via Heilbronn to Italy.
First mention in 741
Heilbronn is mentioned for the first time in a document from 822. The East Franconian caretaker Karlmann from the Carolingian dynasty confirmed a donation from the year 741 to furnish the diocese of Würzburg, which was newly founded that year . In villa Helibrunna a which to Holy Archangels Michael dedicated Basilica have been:
… Seu et in ipso pago basilicam in villa Helibrunna in honore sancti Michahelis archangeli constructam, unacum appendiciis suis. ...
“... Likewise and in this Gau the church in the village of Heilbronn, built in honor of St. Michael the Archangel, with its accessories. ... "
Numerous church buildings have been dedicated to the Archangel Michael since the late 5th century. The Michaelsbasilika in Heilbronn was probably the predecessor of today's Kilian's Church .
Stay of Ludwig the German in 841
Since 840, King Ludwig the German had been in a dispute with his imperial brothers over his father's inheritance, and he tried to win over the Alemanni, who were within Germany. He therefore held court in Heilbronn on August 18, 841 and invited the Alemanni to have his power recognized. On the occasion of this only documented stay of a Carolingian king in Heilbronn, the city was mentioned for the second time as the exhibition site "Heilicprunno" in a document issued by the king for Abbot Gozbald: actum Heilicprunno palatio regio . Although no “ imperial palace ” can be interpreted from the formulation palatio regio , Ludwig's stay already speaks for the supraregional importance of the meeting place.
Heilbronn was mentioned in over 30 other documents up until the high Middle Ages.
Meaning of the name
The name Heilicprunno or Heilbrunna indicates a well or a spring on site. Etymology cannot clarify whether this was considered holy or healing or just refreshing at the time. The source that gave the name was probably the church fountain, which was later turned into a seven -tube fountain, near the Michael's basilica . Church and well seem to be related. Older research saw the origins of the church at the fountain in the rededication of an older, pre-Christian spring shrine, the more recent literature, due to a lack of evidence from pre-Christian times, sees the eponymous source as a baptismal font from the Frankish times.
High medieval city
High medieval rulership
A market settlement quickly emerged to the east next to the royal court. According to archaeological finds, the Heilbronn market square has been overbuilt since the 8th century. Königshof and Marktsiedlung initially developed differently before the demise of the Carolingians around the year 1000 changed ownership and the strengthening of the Marktsiedlung began to become a town. The royal estate came to the regional counts as Allodium , in the case of Heilbronn to the counts of Calw , the heirs of the royal court. In addition to these, the diocese of Würzburg had its possessions received as a gift in 741, which it was able to enlarge through acquisition in 1037.
Around 1050 there was a market in Heilbronn with a market court ; Market rulers were the Counts of Calw. In the last third of the 11th century, Uta von Calw (the elder) assigned her Heilbronn property to the Hirsau Monastery , which was founded in Calw. Her brother, Count Palatine Gottfried , and his son-in-law Welf VI. hindered the transfer of possession, so that Welf VI. only after his defeat at Weinsberg in 1140 handed over the Calw property to the Hirsau monastery in 1146. The monastery thus temporarily became the largest landowner in the city.
Some of the oldest finds in Württemberg from this area point to an important settlement of Jews in Heilbronn in 10/11. Century down, including the memorial stone for Nathan the head of the underground tombs ( ossuaries ) in today's Lohtorstrasse and the former Judengasse .
Although only a few names have survived up to 1280, it is assumed that, similar to Hall and other cities in Heilbronn, the descendants of ministerials and wealthy lower aristocratic families arose in the high Middle Ages , making up the local honorable families later developed the patriciate . In the High Middle Ages, these families can still be equated with the term citizens and at that time formed the majority of the population. The gender names are often derived from first names. From the late Middle Ages onwards, the patriciate finally represented a thin upper class of society. Important patrician families in Heilbronn in the 14th century were the Erer , Feurer , Gebwin , Laemmlin , Lutwin and Wigmar . At the end of the imperial city period around 1800 there were around 80 patrician families in Heilbronn, whose social influence continued beyond that.
Hirsauer Codex 1146: Market Law, Harbor and Viticulture
The Hirsau Codex , a contemporary listing of the Hirsau Monastery’s possessions, documents the donation of a manor in Heilbronn with 17 dependent farms, 14 wineries, staff and land of unknown size including the Nordberg . In connection with this, it also proves that Heilbronn had market and coin justice at that time and that there was a port here. The Codex refers to this as portus , which was unique for southern Germany at the time and possibly indicates that the city was an important trading center for long-distance trade as early as the 11th century.
The viticulture in Heilbronn itself is indeed the first time witnessed with this donation of 1146, but in the surrounding villages Böckingen , Frankenbach , Biberach and Neckargartach documentary evidence already for the 8th century; Presumably, wine has been grown in Heilbronn since the Frankish settlement, perhaps even since Roman times. A city tax on the wine yield, the " Weinbet ", was one of the city's major sources of income in the Middle Ages; the "little wine books" from the tax room are among the most important sources of the city's history.
Since there were already a mint, market and port in 1146, the city became a town in the 11th century at the latest and it is assumed that town charter already existed at that time .
Oppidum Heilecbrunnen becomes a fiefdom of the Hohenstaufen in 1225
In 1222 the diocese of Würzburg gave its Heilbronn property, which included the city and the eastern part of Altböckingen , under his compulsion as a fief to the Hohenstaufen king Heinrich (VII.) . The Nordhausen Treaty between the Diocese of Würzburg and Emperor Friedrich II, dated July 27, 1225, names the borrowed area oppidum Heilecbrunnen . Oppidum usually referred to a city fortified with walls and moats . However, it is unknown when the city wall was built and how long it took to build. Still in the realm tax register of 1241 Heilbronn was freed "because of building" from the imperial tax. The approximately 2400 meter long city wall with later up to ten towers enclosed the approximately rectangular and approximately 26 hectare urban area, which was also bordered in the west by a branch of the Neckar. The built-up area with a size of about 750 × 420 meters did not increase significantly until the early 19th century. The bridge gate, first mentioned in 1303, indicates that by that year at the latest a Neckar bridge provided access to the city from the west.
Heilbronn remained an important trading center even in the politically changeable time after the end of the Staufer and after the death of the Counts of Calw. The former Franconian royal court had become a nursing court of the Hirsau monastery. Another important court was the Maulbronner Hof , in which several imperial schools and later also mayors had their seat. In addition to the Hirsau and Maulbronn monasteries, the Adelberg , Schöntal , Lorch , Lichtenstern and cheap home monasteries also had estates and farms in Heilbronn in the Middle Ages . Citizens once bought ecclesiastical property. The sale of formerly episcopal Würzburg property to citizens of the city of Heilbronn is passed down from the year 1222. A market community, controlled by the patriciate, developed .
The oldest city seal dates from 1265. It shows an eagle in a triangular coat of arms with the inscription Sigillum Civitatis Hailprunnen . Friedrich II was the first to grant the city a coat of arms with a black eagle with a red tongue on a golden field and three different (imperial) colors: red, white and blue. The term civitas indicates a community of citizens with their own constitution and rights.
Housewives of the Teutonic Order
Ulrich II von Dürn entered the Teutonic Order in 1224 . He and his mother Luitgard donated the building site for the Heilbronner Kommende of the Teutonic Order around 1225 , so that the Deutschhof could be built as a housewife of the Order by 1268 . How the Dürner came into possession of goods in Heilbronn is not clearly understandable, most likely a handover by Heinrich (VII.) After the conclusion of the Nordhausen contract seems most likely. In addition to the reason for the Deutschhof, the Dürner owned the fruit and wine tenth of Heilbronn and the later Maulbronner Hof in the 13th century . The Deutschhof and the Teutonic Order Church located in it were continuously expanded. The neighboring village of Sontheim may have come to the Kommende when it was founded, but by 1291 at the latest.
City charter in 1281 by Rudolf von Habsburg
After the end of the interregnum, King Rudolf I of Habsburg sought to strengthen his power base in the Swabian cities, which he endowed with rights and privileges. In 1281 he granted Heilbronn in Gmünd a town charter , which for the first time provided for a town council of twelve consules (councilors), to whom both a bailiff (who had high jurisdiction ) and a mayor (head of the council) were presented as royal officials . The twelve consules were responsible for the administration of the community, the office holders had to come from the ranks of the melioribus et utilioribus civitatis (patricians of the city). From 1283 to 1289 Rudolf I stayed in the city five times. In 1283 he provided his illegitimate son Albrecht von Löwenstein with the town's fruit and wine tithes. In 1288 he granted the city the privilege of holding a three-week national fair . The Heilbronn town charter was exemplary for other towns, so Eppingen received the Heilbronn charter in 1303 by Albrecht I. In 1310 the city was confirmed with all previously obtained rights and privileges.
The Kilian's Church was first mentioned in a document in 1297 . By 1300 the to the 15th century department store called Heilbronner city hall built on the marketplace. The council ruled and controlled trade in the city, as its activities included the market court in particular . 1314 a magister civium (mayor) is mentioned for the first time.
In 1309 the Roman-German King Heinrich VII stayed in Heilbronn. Here he met Archbishop Peter von Aspelt of Mainz and Abbot Konrad von Königssaal, who led the Bohemian opposition to Duke Heinrich of Carinthia. At this meeting the emperor decided to intervene decisively in Bohemian politics, after which he enfeoffed Johann of Luxembourg with Bohemia the following year . In Heilbronn, Heinrich VII also received an invitation to Rome to be crowned emperor.
After the death of Henry VII there was a power struggle between Frederick the Fair and Ludwig the Bavarian . The southern German cities were mostly on the side of Friedrich, Heilbronn was next to Ulm and Freiburg on the side of Ludwig of Bavaria and was rewarded by him in 1316 with tax exemptions and various privileges. In 1322, Ludwig the Bavarian granted the city high jurisdiction (the so-called blood spell ), which strengthened the power of the council over royal officials. The blood spell is said to have been lost again soon afterwards, but was regained permanently from 1405. In 1331 the Maulbronn Monastery sold the rest of its Heilbronn possessions to the citizens. In the same year, the city concluded a state peace union with seven other cities in the Lower Swabian bailiff . In 1332 there were two mayors who were still subordinate to the royal officials (Vogt and Schultheiß). In the same year, the duty-free with Nuremberg came into effect, in the following year the city received a second fair privilege.
The city created facilities for the poor and sick. In 1306 the council founded the Katharinenspital , from which the urban hospital system developed. In 1318 a bath is mentioned for the first time. In 1359 a pharmacist appeared for the first time in Heilbronn, and in 1374 a surgeon .
Jewish community from the end of the 13th to the middle of the 14th century
In 1298, possibly even 200 Jews from Heilbronn were murdered in the so-called Rintfleisch Pogrom 143. Measured against the total of 4,500 to 5,500 inhabitants Heilbronn had at that time, the Jewish community was a considerable size and among its members there were also scholars such as a punctator , who also perished in 1298. In 1316, one of the privileges granted to the city of Heilbronn by King Ludwig the Bavarian was the levying of a Jewish tax of 4,000 pounds sterling for the next six years. In the spring of 1349, in a new pogrom in Heilbronn, not only did numerous "murder of Jews" occur, but there were also many "Jewish fires". "Jewish fires" referred to the burning of Jews, but especially of Jewish women on the "witch pillars". These “witch columns” stood in front of the city wall of Heilbronn at the second Jewish cemetery. The surviving Jews were driven out of the city and their possessions fell to the city.
One of the causes of the riots against Jews in the spring of 1349 was the massive outbreak of the plague in southwest Germany, which also claimed many deaths in Heilbronn and for which some Jews were held responsible. Epidemics often raged in the densely built-up city until modern times. From 1348 to 1693, 29 epidemics were recorded, almost half of which lasted several months to several years. In addition to the plague, typhus , diphtheria and smallpox were also prevalent . In 1388 the plague in Heilbronn is said to have claimed 1,600 deaths, in 1564/65 around 3,500 deaths and in 1634 even 5,500 deaths. These numbers mentioned in chronicles are believed to be several times excessive today because they were written down under the direct impression of the catastrophe. In any case, epidemics thinned the ranks of the Heilbronn residents several times. In 1452, "hardly a fourth part of the population" is said to have survived a wave of plague.
Neckar privilege from 1333 by Ludwig the Bavarian
Originally the main arm of the Neckar flowed further west near the village of Böckingen , the city of Heilbronn lay on a right tributary. During a flood in 1333, the main stream broke through and then flowed alongside the city. This subsequently resulted in disputes between the Teutonic Order, whose meadows had been robbed by the floods, and the city's magistrate. The summoned Ludwig of Bavaria decreed by issued in Esslingen am 27 August 1333 Neckar privilege that the burger the Neckher should turn and streamlined wherever they dunket that it sey allernutzlich of Constant , so that the city take advantage of the flow of the river and change may. As a result of this Neckar privilege, which also included the mill shelf, the new course of the main river along the city remained, while the Böckinger See soon remained of the silting oxbow lake . The change in the course of the Neckar also meant that a new wooden Neckar Bridge was built in 1349 as a western entrance to the city, while the Outer Bridge over the oxbow lake was soon no longer needed because it was silted up.
Through the construction of weirs in front of the city, the Neckar became a protective moat in front of the western city wall. The weirs blocked the river for shipping, so that the voyage ended in Heilbronn for both the boatmen coming up the Neckar from the Rhine and for the ships coming from Stuttgart on the upper Neckar. The handling of goods at the port made Heilbronn an important trading center, the city and the Heilbronn merchants had the right to stack all incoming goods. In 1342 Württemberg, Baden and Heilbronn signed a customs treaty for the duty-free opening of the Neckar for rafts between Besigheim and Heilbronn. The passage for ships, however, was denied for almost 500 years. The city also defended this position against the House of Wuerttemberg , which was striving for the area state , which demanded free passage for ships from the Rhine to Stuttgart.
The dammed water of the Neckar drove innumerable mills at the gates of Heilbronn . This included not only grain mills , but also tart mills , powder mills , hammer mills , grinding mills , etc. The oldest mills in the city were given to families of the Heilbronn patriciate in the late 13th century, including the Lutwin and the Feurer . After the mill shelf was transferred to the city, craftsmen in particular were enfeoffed with the mills. Some of the mills were also operated temporarily by municipal millers. As a result of the urban mill ban , the inhabitants of the imperial towns Flein and Böckingen also had to use the Heilbronn mills.
Enlargement of the city's property and loss of the Württemberg suzerainty
In 1333 the city of Heilbronn with the permission of Louis acquired the Bayern and the southeast, location Altböckingen together with its approximately 1,100-acre denunciation within which the Burgmal an alleged hilltop castle is the rest. The place was abandoned and its inhabitants were relocated to Heilbronn. As a result of the gain in landmarks, the city now owned the entire surrounding Neckar Valley basin, which is surrounded by mountains. In 1341 Heilbronn acquired the village of Neckargartach from Engelhard von Weinsberg , and in 1342 three quarters of the Bailiwick of Böckingen.
At that time, Count Eberhard II der Greiner from Württemberg held the mayor's office in Heilbronn, which the Reich had pledged to Württemberg . When Eberhard went to war against Emperor Karl IV in order to enlarge the territory of Württemberg and was defeated, the Emperor allowed the city of Heilbronn in 1360 to redeem the mayor's office pledged to his adversary for 1500 pounds of Heller. As of May 31, 1361, the city itself provided the mayor. Heilbronn was thus free from the influence of the Württemberg people as well as other feudal lords, and the council was headed by an urban patrician in future. In the following years there were unrest among the guilds against the patriciate.
Imperial city from 1371
Parity constitution of 1371 by Charles IV.
In 1371 Emperor Charles IV gave the city a new constitution. This stipulated that the city council should consist of 13 patricians and 13 artisans and merchants (as representatives of the 13 earlier guilds). The council elects twelve judges and two mayors from among its members (equally). A bailiff or mayor was no longer planned, the city was directly subordinate to the emperor and thus an imperial city .
On the orders of the emperor, Heilbronn had to accept Jews again in future and grant them protection. The emperor received the taxes of the Jews. The faith community that had returned built a new synagogue . Because of its favorable location, Heilbronn was a trading center for furs, slaves, gold, grain and salt, and the Jewish merchants were heavily involved in this trade.
While ownership and fiefdom changed frequently in the surrounding region, in addition to the actual city and the surrounding forests and fields, the territory of the imperial city of Heilbronn only temporarily included the villages of Böckingen , Flein , Frankenbach and Neckargartach (1504 to 1754 under the Württemberg lordship) Bailiffs held the Heilbronn council.
Heilbronn and the Swabian Association of Cities
The imperial city constitution not only gave the city freedom, but also tax obligations. In 1376, Swabian imperial cities united to form the Swabian League of Cities against the extraordinary taxation to finance Charles IV's home power policy . Heilbronn joined the city union in 1377. The League of Cities was recognized by King Wenceslaus in 1384. In the city war of 1387-1389 , the gardens and fields of the Heilbronn residents outside the city walls were devastated several times. With the peace of Eger the city federations were abolished. The defeat of the cities against the sovereigns in the Battle of Döffingen in 1388 moved the imperial cities not to expand aggressively against the surrounding territorial states. The limited area of their own pushed them to a considerable development in the interior, to a further alliance with other imperial cities and to a balancing policy towards the neighbors.
Heilbronn and Wimpfen concluded a mutual alliance that lasted for a century in 1392 and an umbrella contract with the Electoral Palatinate in 1417 , which primarily served to protect against Württemberg. This alliance contract was constantly renewed until 1622. In addition, at the beginning of the 15th century Heilbronn belonged to the only briefly existing Marbacher Bund , which opposed King Ruprecht's domestic power policy and held two federal assemblies in the city.
Provincial day of 1414, letter of protection and Heilbronn coin
The Roman-German King Sigismund of Luxembourg stopped on October 11, 1414 on the way to the Council of Constance (1414 to 1418) together with Rudolf III. and the burgrave Eitel Friedrich I. von Hohenzollern (1402–1439) in Heilbronn from a provincial day , which is also called Heilbronner day . Here he received the representatives of Swabian, Alsatian and Rhenish cities and held a meeting of German princes.
When three Jews from Heilbronn accepted a donation of 1200 guilders, King Sigismund issued them a letter of protection on October 15, 1414, stating that they would meet their demands as believers, protect their physical integrity and their property, as well as freedom of movement and religion granted. The place of jurisdiction in their secular affairs was the Heilbronn court, in their religious affairs the rabbi in Heilbronn. The letter of protection also regulated the levies to the royal chamber in Heilbronn.
The later emperor had Konrad IX in Heilbronn from 1420 . von Weinsberg , who was also responsible for collecting the Jewish tax , minted silver Reichspfennige . These Heilbronn silver coins had a diameter of 1.5 cm and showed an eagle flanked on the side by the letters h and n and around which was a wreath of pearls.
Consolidation of the position against Württemberg
In the 15th century, the imperial cities saw themselves constantly threatened by the up-and-coming Wirtemberg family, and power struggles broke out. In the early summer of 1450 the people of Heilbronn invaded Württemberg to relieve the besieged city of Esslingen , whereupon an army of 10,000 men led by the Archbishop of Mainz, the Margraves Karl and Bernhard II of Baden, Count Ulrich V of Württemberg and other princes before Heilbronn rose, besieged the city from June 8th to 13th, 1450 and burned down the imperial towns. A peace treaty with Mainz was only concluded on October 28, 1450. An extremely close relationship with the emperor and the alliance with the Electoral Palatinate , which had existed since 1417 and had tithe in Heilbronn from 1441, strengthened the town's position vis-à-vis the later Württemberg residents, which in 1453 through the marriage of Count Ulrich V with the widow palatine Margarete came into possession of the Heilbronn tithe.
During the Palatinate-Bavarian War , strong Württemberg troops invaded Heilbronn in June 1460, with whom Count Ulrich tried to push the city away from its alliance with the Electoral Palatinate. On July 1, 1460, the city agreed with Ulrich that it would only support the Electoral Palatinate with a small contingent of troops in order to protect it from harm. The city, like Wimpfen and other imperial cities, also abstained from supporting Emperor Friedrich against the Bavarian-Palatinate side in 1461 . After Count Palatine Friedrich had emerged victorious from the battle of Seckenheim against Baden and Württemberg in 1462 and Württemberg had to cede the Heilbronn tithe to the Palatinate, the Württemberg influence on the city waned.
In 1464 the city of Heilbronn succeeded in buying up the bailiwick over itself and the nearby city of Wimpfen from the lords of Weiler , thereby achieving complete imperial freedom and imperial immediacy . Although now directly subject to the emperor, the city remained largely aloof in the emperor's wars and did not take part in the various campaigns against the Turks after 1470 despite being requested to do so.
Trade and crafts in the late 15th century
Thanks to the political neutrality of the late 15th century, the city, which then lived about 4,000 people, flourished again despite several years of plague and poor harvests. In 1464, the city itself took over the Heilbronn mint and continued to operate it until 1477.
Since Heilbronn was not a monastery founded, there were no monastery doctors in the city. Up until the late Middle Ages, medical care was mainly provided by practicing laypeople, who usually belonged to a craft guild. It was not until 1469 that Lukas Scheltz was appointed to the office of city doctor for the first time . In 1492 a resident ophthalmologist was mentioned. Further specializations in health care took place at that time, especially against the background of the recurring epidemics. At the time of the French disease around 1500, special French doctors were also named. As a special feature of Heilbronn's health care system, it should be noted that the city, contrary to the Reich Police Regulations of 1577 and 1594, granted barbers and not bathers the right to minor surgery .
The most important commodity of that time was wine , by far the most important commodity. There was brisk trade to Nuremberg , where there was no duty , and to the Frankfurt trade fair . However, the volume of east-west trade soon suffered from the discovery of the sea route to America, so that Heilbronn in particular remained a transshipment point for the north-south goods traffic handled via the Neckar. An important, supraregional trading house in Heilbronn in the 15th century was the iron and cloth business of the Speydel family in Maulbronner Hof , where later the Schirnagel and Orth families continued to trade on a large scale until the Thirty Years' War.
At this time, the quarrying trade also emerged in the quarries near today's Jägerhaus, where the Heilbronn sandstone , a reed sandstone from the Stuttgart formation, was mined . Numerous old buildings made of local sandstone go back to this time, including the expansion of Kilian's Church to a Gothic hall church , which began around 1460, and the first stone Neckar bridge built around 1471. Among the Heilbronn craftsmen of the 15th century, the bell caster Bernhart Lachaman the Elder stands out, who cast numerous bells for the churches in the surrounding area. Only a few artists from Heilbronn from that time have achieved supraregional importance. The painter Jerg Ratgeb lived and worked in Heilbronn from 1509 to 1512, but had no citizenship there.
In 1476 a raft lane was created in the Neckar , in which the raftsmen could bypass the obstructive Heilbronn weirs. Württemberg and Heilbronn continued to argue about the passage for ships and stacking rights. The timber handling in Heilbronn established the Heilbronn sorting , a method still used in Bavaria and Rhineland-Palatinate to classify trunk wood.
In the area of tension between the Electoral Palatinate, the Kaiser and the Swabian Federation
When the Landfriedensbund was founded, which preceded the Swabian Confederation , the city initially resisted the insistence of Emperor Frederick to join, because the city feared a reduction in its autonomy from the estates . But after the emperor had threatened to withdraw privileges in 1486, the city submitted to his will on March 15, 1487 for the time being. When the Swabian Federation was founded in 1488, Heilbronn and Wimpfen vowed to join, but did not take it. When the Swabian Confederation and the Electoral Palatinate were in conflict in 1494, both sides asked the city to provide assistance in the event of war. In view of this tension, Heilbronn as well as Wimpfen, Hall, Reutlingen and some other imperial cities refused to join the Swabian Confederation in 1496.
In 1499 the imperial cities of Heilbronn and Wimpfen obtained the assurance of their neutrality at the Reichstag in Esslingen, in the event of further armed conflicts between the Palatinate and the federal members, in return they had to rejoin the Swabian Confederation the following year. The assured neutrality was already put to the test in the Landshut War of Succession in 1504 , when the emperor took the field with the Swabian Confederation and the dukes of Bavaria and Württemberg against the Count Palatine Ruprecht and Philip. The city of Heilbronn had to pay the emperor contributions and allow the Württemberg troops free passage. After the war had gone well for Württemberg, Württemberg permanently regained the Heilbronn tithe, the duchy also came back into the possession of the Lichtensterner Hof in Lammgasse and the feudal lordship over the village of Neckargartach, administered by a Heilbronn bailiff .
When the war broke out between the Swabian Confederation and Duke Ulrich von Württemberg in 1519 , Götz von Berlichingen was captured on the night of June 10th to 11th, 1519 as a supporter of the Duke of Württemberg in the defense of Möckmühl Castle . The Swabian Federation gave him the city of Heilbronn in custody. From June 11 to June 12, 1519, Götz was initially trapped in the Bollwerksturm , followed by three years of “knightly imprisonment” in the “Gasthaus zur Krone”. Götz's father-in-law Arnold Geiling von Illesheim was buried in Heilbronn in 1521.
Time of the German Peasant War
In the time of general social unrest shortly before the outbreak of the Peasants' War, the Böckingen innkeeper Jäcklein Rohrbach appeared in disputes with the authorities and the Wimpfen monastery . After he had gathered like-minded people around him, on April 2, 1525 the Neckartalhaufen of farmers in Flein elected him to be their captain. In Heilbronn, dissatisfaction with the social conditions in the bakeries began and then spread among the population. On April 3, 1525, the Heilbronn citizens, led by the vineyard owners, demanded that the council be dismissed. The preacher of Kilian's Church, Johann Lachmann , was able to negotiate a compromise the next day. It was also he who addressed a total of three “Christian exhortations” to the marauding peasants. On Easter Sunday, April 16, the farmers under Jäcklein Rohrbach murdered numerous nobles in the Weinsberg bloody act . On the Tuesday after Easter April 18, they attacked and looted the Heilbronn Carmelite monastery outside the city walls . The peasants then turned to the city. In contrast to Rohrbach, who carefully considered the aims of his attacks, his companion, the Black Courtwoman , called for a general fight against Heilbronn. The city council then opened the city gates under pressure from the peasants, whereupon the Deutschhof was plundered the next day and money claims were made against religious bodies.
The farmer's chancellor Wendel Hipler drew up the Heilbronn conference regulations for the planned meeting of a large peasant parliament on May 12, 1525 in the Schöntaler Hof in Heilbronn . It envisaged a representation of the people as well as an opposition, coins, weights and measures were to be standardized and internal tariffs abolished, which was also in the interests of the citizens. With this, a program was set up that endeavored to “make the possible” . Hipler was "one of the few political minds in the peasant war" . Theodor Heuss describes this as the first approach to a democratic imperial constitution.
On May 12th, 1525, the peasant army was defeated by Waldburg's chief in the battle of Böblingen . The farmers and Wendel Hipler had to flee, the farmers' parliament dissolved. Jäcklein Rohrbach was executed in Neckargartach on May 21, 1525, his home village Böckingen was partially burned down as a punishment. Wendel Hipler was also captured and died in captivity in 1526.
On June 2, 1525, the criminal court was held in Heilbronn, the sentences included further executions and evictions from the city. Those sentenced to death included Hans Arnold, Caspar Rosenberger, Heinrich Rotheinz, Christ Scherer, Job Schneider, Lutz Taschenmacher called Taschenmännle and Lienhard Welner, who were beheaded on June 9, 1525 on the Heilbronn market square. On July 28th, Hans Werner d. A. beheaded, also called Sauhänsle , and on October 26th of the same year Wolf Leip, also called the bad wolf . Other fines were imposed on 50 other citizens. Endris Schneck was treated with care, although he had also been sentenced to death, but was then pardoned and alone had to pay 600 guilders to the city treasury. The punishments were directed in particular against wine growers or craftsmen who had not participated in the peasant movement at all, but had demanded participation by the community and a council reform.
In retrospect, the preacher Lachmann, who had a moderating effect on the peasants, is credited with reducing the peasants 'demands to a tolerable level and the city of Heilbronn being spared major destruction in the peasants' war, but Lachmann made several plans after the uprisings were put down Responsible for the court because both the German Order and the City Council of Heilbronn accused him of sympathizing with the farmers. To justify himself, Lachmann had his three Christian admonitions addressed to the peasants printed as a book in the summer of 1525.
reformation
The preacher's office at Heilbronn's Kilian Church , occupied by the city, goes back to a foundation in 1426. Little is known about the preachers at Kilian's Church in the pre-Reformation period. Preacher Johann Priester from Neipperg was only in office for two years in 1492/93 and may have left the city because of disputes. His successor Johann Kröner , Kilianskirchen preacher from 1493 to 1520, was remembered as educated and respected. After Kröner's death in 1521 Johann Lachmann was appointed preacher of Kilian's Church. By 1524 at the latest he preached in the Lutheran sense and gained numerous followers. In 1525, the council, which was already leaning towards the Reformation, also allowed a master Hans to be able to preach the gospel in the Nikolaikirche . Johann Lachmann agreed to the Syngramma Suevicum in October 1525 and is considered the reformer of Heilbronn. The "Heilbronn Catechism" of 1528, which he began and completed by the then rector of the Latin school, Kaspar Gretter , is the second oldest Lutheran catechism . In 1528 the Reformation in Heilbronn was driven forward with the replacement of the old-believing mayor Conrad Erer by the Protestant Hans Riesser . In the same year the council introduced the sacrament in both forms. Reformer Lachmann reorganized the school and health system in Heilbronn. Structurally, the Reformation found its expression in the west tower of Kilian's Church, completed in 1529 , which is considered a masterpiece by Hans Schweiner . The Kiliansturm is the first important religious building of the Renaissance in Germany and shows a rich Reformation figurine decoration, including numerous mocking faces against clergy and monasteries. The cemetery at Kilian's Church was closed and in 1530 a new cemetery was laid out at the Carmelite monastery outside the city walls, while the Carmelite monastery itself was subject to a municipal caretaker during the Reformation and the Mönchsee belonging to the monastery was drained as early as 1524.
At the Reichstag in Speyer in 1529, representatives of the city of Heilbronn had to defend their faith against the old-believing emperor together with representatives of other Protestant cities and countries. The Catholic representatives pushed for an end to the religious division in the Reich and prepared a ban on the Protestant Supper by means of a Reichstag resolution. Mayor Hans Riesser , as a representative of one of 13 imperial cities, submitted the protest in Speyer on April 20, 1529 against the upcoming majority decision of the Catholic parties. On November 18, 1530, the council and on November 24, 1530 the citizenship declared themselves to be the basic Lutheran Augsburg denomination . In 1531 mass was abolished in Kilian's Church, and a new service order came into force in the following year.
Despite a few subsequent disputes, Heilbronn remained an almost purely Protestant city until the 19th century. The council and the citizens united themselves to the Augsburg confession. Catholics remained only in the Teutonic Order Church , otherwise they were undesirable. Jews were completely forbidden to settle in Heilbronn.
The Reformation carried out in Heilbronn and other imperial cities ultimately also led to the end of the Swabian League. In addition to the conflicts of interest vis-à-vis other alliance partners, the Reformation also resulted in religious tensions between the alliance members. Heilbronn and other imperial cities therefore rejected a further extension of the covenant in 1534.
Schmalkaldic War and the Augsburg Interim
In 1538 Heilbronn joined the Schmalkaldic League in Eisenach and tried to break away from Emperor Karl V , who wanted to maintain the religious unity in the empire. From 1546 there were armed conflicts between the troops of the Schmalkaldic League and the troops of the emperor, which were won by the imperial. It is thanks in particular to the negotiating skills of the mayor Peter Feurer and the town clerk Gregorius Kugler that the town received a letter of protection and was pardoned by the emperor on December 19, 1546. Charles V stayed in Heilbronn from December 24, 1546 to January 18, 1547 for the date of the criminal court, where the city ambassadors asked for mercy on their knees. The council terminated the alliance with the Schmalkaldic League, and the city had to share in the costs of the imperial campaign. In order to make the Reformation cities docile, Charles V quartered Spanish troops in them. After Dinkelsbühl and Hall had already been occupied and Heilbronn had to deliver provisions for the Spanish troops there, the Spaniards also moved into Heilbronn and the surrounding villages on March 7, 1548. Menrad Molther, Lachmann's successor, and former mayor Hans Riesser , on the recommendation of Gregorius Kugler, who had been sent to Augsburg, spoke out in favor of accepting the Augsburg interim written by the emperor in line with the Catholic doctrine , which the council accepted on June 5, 1548 July 1548 the Spaniards withdrew. For a short time, chaotic religious conditions prevailed in Heilbronn, as the Reformed clergy refused to obey and a Catholic parish administrator sent from Würzburg did not want to comply with the interim regulations.
Heilbronn civil, police and customary law in the statute book 1541
In 1541 Heilbronn recorded its traditional civil, police and customary law in the collection of statutes, statutes, Reformation and Ordinance Bürgerlicher Pollicey des Heyligen Reychßstat Haylpronn . Jakob Ehinger had studied the old traditions for many years and received them with the book of Heilbronn posterity that he published. After the statute book had been approved by the emperor and sworn by the Heilbronn citizens, it became legally binding and remained in force until the end of the imperial city period.
Regimental Regulations and Passau Treaty of 1552
In January 1552, Charles V had the council constitution of the cities reorganized, not least in order to suppress the supposed Reformation influence of the guilds within the councils. In Heilbronn, a commission chaired by the imperial councilor Heinrich Haß from Lauffen dismissed the mayor and the previous council of the city and set up an internal council (patriciate) and an external council (merchants, former guilds) on January 12, 1552 . The external council performed no political function. The inner council was responsible for the city government; it had 15 members (three mayors , four tax owners , eight senators ) each for life, who alternated in chairmanship and leadership. The patricians thus regained the upper hand in the city and in future also determined the members of the two other bodies, the court and the external council. The Reformation mayor, Hans Riesser, and his son of the same name, who had been on the council since 1532, were also removed from their council memberships. Corresponding new council orders also took place in other Reformation-minded imperial cities. The commission under hatred had already been in Hall on January 9, 1552 and had changed the situation there accordingly. In Heilbronn and Schwäbisch Hall, the inner council was therefore referred to as the rabbit council .
The way of government of the council from 1552 on is called “patriarchal regiment in the sense of an enlightened despotism”. The council members elected themselves practically annually and determined who would join their group when a senator resigned. The promotion to a higher post was mostly decided by choosing between the two senior officers, unless they were e.g. B. waived due to old age. Violations on the part of the council were extremely rare, and poor or inactive councilors were often endured over a long period of time. People outside the council had practically no right of co-determination.
However, Charles V was unable to bring about the return to the unified church that was aimed at with the amendment of the council constitutions, as the Passau Treaty was signed in August 1552 as a result of the princes' war , with which the emperor formally recognized the Reformation and undertook to refrain from the use of violence in matters of religion . The imperial and religious peace at the Augsburg Reichstag in 1555 finally gave the imperial cities the greatest possible rights in regulating their religious questions, which finally secured the evangelical confession in Heilbronn. The city signed the Agreement Formula in 1579 .
The Carolingian Order of 1552 was supplemented by Emperor Maximilian II in 1566 with additions and further provisions to the Maximilian Order . In 1654 the Ferdinandean Recess regulated by Emperor Ferdinand III. the admission to council of persons in law of non-patrician origin. From 1552 until the end of the imperial city period in 1802, all political power remained in the hands of the Heilbronn patriciate.
The influence and prosperity of the patrician families was often expressed in their residential buildings. The Imlin house of Mayor Clement Imlin († 1585) was one of the few stone houses in the city and was built with the help of the town hall builder Hans Kurz ; the Orthsche house , built in 1551, had a Gothic stone vault.
Customs sovereignty, handling monopoly and Little Venice 1553
The Neckar was in Heilbronn by the local dams blocked, so that both the Unterländer shipping , so coming from the Rhine Palatinate boat trip from the north, and the Oberlander shipping , so the coming of Stuttgart Württemberg boat trip from the south, both ended in Heilbronn. The city defended its position as the end point of Neckar shipping with municipal stacking rights against the House of Württemberg, which aspired to the area state, which demanded free passage of ships from the Rhine to Stuttgart. The House of Württemberg tried to build its own port directly above Heilbronn and wanted a canal to be built through the city's weirs. After a long legal dispute between Duke Christoph von Württemberg and the city, Heilbronn retained its handling monopoly, whereupon the Duke found in 1553 that Heilbronn was a “little Venice that wanted to attract all commercial matters” .
Due to its position as the end point of Neckar shipping, Heilbronn had customs sovereignty, on the one hand through the warehouse regulations or warehouse board for the distribution of goods over land, on the other hand through the customs regulations , recorded in the customs board , for export and import over water.
The oldest evidence of a crane in Heilbronn comes from the year 1513 . With this pedal crane , the goods shipped on the Neckar could be reloaded by hand more easily than before. The Heilbronner Kranen followed the prototype of the older cranes on the right bank of the Rhine in Eltville , Oestrich and Rüdesheim am Rhein , from where the iron required to build the crane was obtained. The crane tariff was levied on all goods arriving in Heilbronn by water . The municipal customs office was in the crane. The height of the duty was shown on a customs board. The legal basis was the customs regulations, which had been confirmed in 1514 and which included a crane tariff for the first time in that year. At the crane, the Kärcher (city hauliers) loaded the goods on their single-axle horse-drawn carts and delivered them to the city. In addition to the crane toll, the city of Heilbronn also earned money from the transport of goods through the Kärcher, from the bridge toll when crossing the Neckar bridge and from the storage fee when the goods were stored in the town hall.
It was not until 1714 that the Württemberg shipping from the upper Neckar was allowed to stop at the city's bridges, where their goods were transshipped, while the Unterland shipping continued to stop at the crane. Iron and wine that were exported and salt that were imported were handled. Shipping on the Neckar reached a peak around 1770, as can be demonstrated by the handling figures on the Heilbronn crane . The volume of goods handled rose from 7,620 quintals in 1700 to 81,876 quintals in 1779. Shipping conferences, in which Heilbronn representatives also took part, improved the conditions for shipping on the Neckar, so that around 125,000 quintals were handled in 1789. The canal desired by Württemberg was denied to the Württemberg citizens until the end of the imperial freedom of the city in the 19th century.
For overland sales, the imported goods first had to be stored in the market hall on the ground floor of the market or town hall. Fees in the form of storage fees based on the legal basis of the storage regulations or the storage table were mandatory . The warehouse board was repeatedly set by the Heilbronn councilors for storage in the town hall in order to demand a storage fee. The municipal customs office was in the market hall. Since the Heilbronn residents also had the right of first refusal, only that which had not already been bought up could be stored in the Heilbronn town hall and sold on overland. The minimum storage time was three months, after which a new fee was charged. However, there were goods that were supposed to be stored in the town hall but were not listed on the warehouse board according to their weight and dimensions . Then the goods were weighed and measured for a cost estimate, with Heilbronn having its own measure and weight. The length of a measuring rod amounted to 286.5 cm (10 feet to wirtembergisch per 28,65 cm) to the (wirtembergischen) Elle to 61.42 cm, that of the shoe to 27.71 cm and the inch on 2.30 cm. On the north side of Kilian's Church, these iron length measures are embedded (with inch notches on the shoe measure). In 1969 they were renewed together with the inscription above: HAILPRONNISCH MESSRVT SCHV VND ZOLL HIE AVCH DER WIL DIE ELEN HOLL .
Although the city's staple rights brought a certain trade advantage, the small-state territorial regulations also had negative effects on the city's economy. The import and export of raw materials and finished goods was very limited, so that shopkeepers only had a low income within the city and the handicrafts experienced a decline in the late 16th century. Some branches of business were simply not wanted. B. negative towards the brewery to support the traditionally strong wine trade.
City hall extension and other buildings from the late 16th century
The Heilbronn town hall , the core of which goes back to a well-fortified building erected around 1300, originally had its front facing east towards the Kieselmarkt. The Kieselmarkt, a former Jewish cemetery, was located at the historically significant intersection of Lammgasse and Lohtorstrasse. The Jewish school was also located here . After the city ban for the Jews in the late 15th century, the town hall was expanded to the west. From then on, the building was oriented to the south, where the market square has been since that time. From 1579 the town hall was rebuilt by Hans Kurz and expanded several times. The south facade to the market square was essentially given its present shape with an art clock and gallery. In addition, several extensions were built between 1593 and 1600, such as the new chancellery and the syndicate building .
Not far from the town hall, the harbor market was built in 1593 on a dismantled and overpaved former cemetery . The port market fountain there , like the Fleinertor fountain located at Fleiner Tor, marks the beginning of the modern water supply for the city: The fountains were fed via a Teuch line from the Cäcilienbrunnen outside the city . From about 1600 onwards, council members were mainly entitled to water supply rights for private wells.
Despite the brisk public construction activity of the late 16th century, the urban economy was continuously in decline due to the territorial conditions. To avert the financial crisis, great hopes were placed in the municipal paper mill built in 1604 near the Bollwerksturm and in a beer brewery set up in 1609. In addition, from 1601 only people with assets of more than 100 guilders were admitted to civil rights, in 1612 even assets of 200 guilders were to be proven.
School, library and printing
A Latin school has been occupied in Heilbronn since the 15th century. In 1544 she moved into the former Franciscan monastery on Hafenmarkt, and in 1620 it became the Heilbronn grammar school . In the 16th century the school was dominated by humanism . It had important rectors such as Kaspar Gretter and Johann Lauterbach as well as important students such as the botanist Leonhart Fuchs and the four reformers Philipp Melanchthon , Johannes Oekolampad , Erhard Schnepf and Johann Lachmann .
In the pre-Reformation period there were only church libraries of the city monasteries, the German Order and the hospital in Heilbronn . In 1575 the city council founded a reformed church library, which was housed in the cloister of the abolished Heilbronn Franciscan monastery. It was agreed that books for the Heilbronn council library would be bought every year at the Frankfurt trade fair , a budget of 20 guilders was set aside for this. From the acquisition of the books in Frankfurt it is concluded that there was no book trade worth mentioning in Heilbronn at that time. Such a system did not develop until the early 18th century. In 1586 the library was expanded to include the books held by the preaching office, the hospital and the Franciscan monastery that had been closed. From 1588, two members of the council were appointed as librarians. By purchasing entire collections, the Bibliotheca Publica Heilbronnensis grew to around 12,000 volumes by around 1800 and was one of the most important city libraries in southern Germany. After the city passed to Württemberg in 1802, the city library was converted into a teacher library for the Heilbronn grammar school and deteriorated in the course of the 19th century. Today's Heilbronn City Library was only founded in 1903.
There is only fragmentary information about the early printing industry in Heilbronn. A native of Heilbronn incunabula printers Franz Renner was active in the late 15th century in Venice. Another Heilbronn man was also active in the local book industry at the same time, Johannes Santritter . The city of Heilbronn was already interested in the settlement of a book printer at that time, but until well into the 17th century, no printing company seemed to have established itself in the city for longer. In 1495 the civil rights were granted to the printer Sigmund Stier, who however is only referred to as bookkeeper (i.e. bookseller ) from 1498 to 1521 and who in 1507 published the writing Opusculum de sagis maleficis by Martin Plantsch and a book of Marian legends. Stier later turned to Pforzheim , which had become the place of printing. In April 1539 the city took on the printer Sebastian Franck , who had been expelled from Ulm for reformatory activities , but who turned to Basel in the course of 1539 and of whom no prints in Heilbronn are documented. A printer named David Frank, who came from Worms and is now based in Augsburg, tried to set up a printer in 1624, but was unsuccessful.
It was not until 1630 that the Kempten printer Christoph Krauss (* 1584/85 in Amberg; † 1654 in Heilbronn) opened the first long-standing printer. The business in Gerbergasse burned down as early as 1634 during the imperial occupation of the city, but was continued by the founder and later by his paralyzed son Georg Krauss until his death in 1661. Krauss was subject to censorship in medical matters on the part of the city doctor Eisenmenger and in theological matters on the part of the pastors Lassenbrand and Zückwolf. Only prints on historical subjects were exempt from censorship. The Kraussche Druckerei was taken over by Leonhard Franck (* 1632 in Ilshofen), who lived in Heilbronn from 1661 to 1676. His best-known work was the Renewed School Regulations of the imperial city of Heilbronn, especially at its grammar school from 1675. The early prints from Heilbronn are predominantly theological-religious diaries, especially wedding and funeral sermons. Besides these, only a few books and little political or medical literature are known.
Thirty Years' War
Shortly after the Protestant Union was founded in 1608, Heilbronn joined it in 1609. Union days were held in Heilbronn in 1610, 1614 and from 1617 to 1621. From 1619 the unrest that had broken out in Bohemia was an important topic of these meetings. The developing conflict with the emperor, which culminated in the imperial ban against the Palatinate elector, and various other conflicts between the alliance partners led to the breach of the covenant at the Heilbronn Union Day in 1621, when the meeting was held in the Heilbronn town hall.
When fighting began to spread to southwest Germany in the further course of the Thirty Years War , the city first tried to maintain its neutrality. In the spring of 1622, the city council rejected various recruitment and accommodation offers from the Württemberg and imperial knights. In April 1622 the city supported the troops of the Baden margrave Georg Friedrich with bread deliveries. After the Battle of Wimpfen , in which Georg Friedrich was defeated by Bavarian and Spanish troops a few days later, Neckargartach was burned down. The villages of Böckingen , Biberach and Frankenbach were looted. In addition to the immense war damage, there was the outbreak of a plague epidemic, which reached its first peak in 1626. In the years that followed, the strategically important city received several letters of protection from the emperor, although not all troops passing through or billeted adhered to them. From 1629 Heilbronn was occupied by a Catholic troop of about 1,100 men from the emperor.
In December 1631, Protestant Swedish troops under Gustaf Horn advanced with 800 riders and 600 musketeers on Heilbronn. The imperial troops withdrew in view of the overwhelming power and the Swedes advanced into the city on January 2, 1632. Horn appointed Ludwig von Schmidberg as city commander. In particular, he had the fortifications of the city expanded. In January 1632 he had entrenchments in front of the Sülmertor and a bulwark built on the northeast corner of the city, which was later expanded. The Swedish king donated all of the former Catholic institutions to the city of Heilbronn: the Deutschhof , the Kaisheimer Hof , the Carmelite monastery and the Klarakloster , each with all goods and rights. Of course, the city only received the goods connected with it from the Carmelite monastery, as the Swedes demolished the monastery building outside the city walls.
Under the chairmanship of the Swedish Chancellor Axel Oxenstierna , the Heilbronn Bund between France, Sweden and the Protestant southern German imperial estates was concluded in the German House in Heilbronn in 1633 .
After the Battle of Nördlingen , the imperial troops regained the upper hand and turned to Heilbronn in autumn 1634. The Imperial burnt down Böckingen and began to bombard Heilbronn, which caused the Swedes to withdraw. The Swedish donations then had to be returned. While there was initially no further major fighting, around 3,600 inhabitants died of the plague in 1635/36. From the mid-1640s, Heilbronn came back into the focus of Swedish and, above all, French troops. From 1647 Heilbronn was besieged by the French and suffered from constant attacks and high demands for contributions. With the French, Ludwig von Schmidberg, meanwhile in French service, returned, who had risen to field marshal in the entourage of Turenne , who stayed in Heilbronn several times from 1647 to 1649, and in 1649 became commander in chief of all French-occupied places in Germany. The French occupiers stayed in Heilbronn even after the Peace of Westphalia of 1648. They were followed by occupation troops from the Electoral Palatinate in 1650. It was not until 1652, four years after the peace treaty, that the last occupation troops left Heilbronn.
In the course of the reorganization of the imperial postal system in the years after the Thirty Years War, the first post office was set up in Heilbronn in 1650 . In 1683 a stagecoach line ran from Stuttgart to Heidelberg via Heilbronn. The postal history of Heilbronn was determined by the Princes Thurn and Taxis , who carried out the imperial mail until 1804 .
Dutch War
As early as the 1670s, troops marched again in and near Heilbronn during the Dutch War ; so in June 1674 imperial troops withdrew after the battle of Sinsheim over the Neckar to Heilbronn and later that year troops of the Swabian district and the Kurbrandenburg army camped in front of the city. In 1675 French troops raided Neckargartach and Frankenbach and set parts of both villages on fire. In 1676 the imperial troops gathered near Heilbronn to march on Philippsburg . During the siege of Philippsburg, which lasted several weeks, there was renewed looting by the French in Böckingen and Frankenbach.
War of the Palatinate Succession
In late 1688, Heilbronn was occupied by the French under Mélac during the War of the Palatinate Succession , who abducted nine citizens from patrician families in December 1688 when they withdrew from the advancing Electorate of Saxony troops and held some of them hostage for more than a year to extort money. To ward off the French, who were still marauding in the surrounding area, Bavarian troops were quartered in front of the city in late summer 1689. Shortly afterwards, due to a flood of the Neckar, these troops were relocated to the city, where they devastated fields and gardens. In the further course of that and the following year there were further troop movements. In 1691 the Electoral Saxon army with around 18,000 men was quartered in Heilbronn to defend against the French. Since the French were unable to defend themselves permanently on the Rhine, retreating German troops repeatedly took up quarters in the city.
Heavy ice tore down the stone Neckar Bridge from 1471 on February 20, 1691. On March 26th and 27th, 1691, a makeshift bridge was built to the bridge gate with eight ships. The wood was obtained from the ducal forests near Wildbad as a foundation of the Württemberg ducal widow . On May 18, 1691, French troops built another bridge to the water tank. In autumn, a new permanent wooden bridge to the bridge gate was finally built on the site of the destroyed stone bridge.
In autumn 1692 riders of the Reichsarmee destroyed the gardens and vineyards between Sontheim and Heilbronn. In the spring of 1693 General Johann Karl von Thüngen had strong defenses built in Heilbronn. After the capture of Heidelberg in May 1693, French troops advanced to Heilbronn, where meanwhile troops of the Baden margrave Ludwig Wilhelm , known as the "Türkenlouis", were deployed for defense. The French could be prevented from crossing the Neckar and taking Heilbronn, but devastated the villages of Böckingen, Frankenbach and Neckargartach to the west of the Neckar before they retreated into the hinterland for the time being at the beginning of June 1693. In July 1693 there was another French advance to Heilbronn, which the troops of the "Türkenlouis" again fought off. In the spring of 1694, strong troops gathered again to fight the French near Heilbronn, and the fortress was expanded. The Eppinger Lines , which were built further west from 1695 , kept the fighting itself away from Heilbronn in the further course of the war. Until the Peace of Rijswijk in 1698, however, there were still frequent billets and troop passes.
In 1694, meanwhile, the last witch trial took place in the imperial city. From 1700 the Gregorian calendar was also in effect in Heilbronn . Messages from those years come mainly from the Heilbronn city doctor Johann Matthäus Faber , who wrote a chronicle of the city from 1688 to 1702.
Wars of the early 18th century
After French troops crossed the Rhine again in May and June 1707 in the course of the War of the Spanish Succession and advanced to Württemberg, Heilbronn was garrisoned by Franconian district troops. The city's defenses were repaired. The mayor Johann Esaias von Rühle , who was abducted by the French in 1688, fled outside the city for a few weeks. On June 17, 1707 there was a brief battle south of the city, which the French lost, whereupon they moved on. Although they were successfully pushed back in the further course of the war, Heilbronn received further Franconian district troops in July 1707, and in the following winter an Electoral Saxon occupation.
One of the last larger billets in Heilbronn occurred in 1734 during the War of the Polish Succession , when again incursions by the French were expected in the Württemberg hinterland. In May 1734 around 70,000 soldiers gathered near Heilbronn to march on Philippsburg, which was besieged by the French. From the late year 1734 the city was again expanded to a fortress with trenches and entrenchments and received various protective garrisons. However, there was no more fighting in the wider area. Some of the fortifications fell victim to a flood in 1735, their remains were completely dismantled from 1739.
In the War of the Austrian Succession, which broke out in 1740 , Heilbronn, like the empire, behaved neutrally. Occasionally there were large gatherings of troops and smaller skirmishes in the area around the city, but the city was able to avert sieges or looting by paying forage .
The cost of billeting and forage was a heavy burden on the city's treasury in the first half of the 18th century. In the War of the Polish Succession from 1733–1735 alone, the city suffered damage of around 240,000 guilders. In addition, as a member of the Swabian Imperial Circle, the city had to pay maintenance payments for certain contingents of the district troops even in times of peace. The city budget often showed major deficits even in peacetime. In 1739 the budget deficit was 105,000 guilders.
Incidentally, the danger did not only come from wars and soldiers passing through, but was omnipresent in the densely built-up old town of Heilbronn: 53 buildings fell victim to a city fire in 1743.
Bloom at the time of the Enlightenment
In addition to the supra-regional conflicts, there was also internal unrest in the first half of the 18th century. From 1732, the inhabitants of the imperial town of Neckargartach rebelled against what they believed to be too high a tax burden and against a reorganization of serfdom . The Neckargartach insurgents took advantage of the fact that their village belonged to Heilbronn, but the overlordship ( dominium directum ) was with Württemberg, so that a lawsuit could be brought to the Württemberg fiefdom and later before the Reich Chamber of Commerce in Wetzlar and before the Reichshofrat in Vienna. However, the city of Heilbronn recovered surprisingly quickly from the financial losses caused by the wars of the early 18th century and in 1754 finally acquired the lordship of Neckargartach from Württemberg for 25,000 guilders. On May 9th, 1754 Heilbronn and district troops entered the village under Captain von Thumb and restored order. Due to its prosperity at that time, the city of Heilbronn was able to acquire further rights and goods until 1790: the Lautenbacher Hof and the Mönchshof near Oedheim in 1772, the Frankenbacher Landacht in 1785 and the Neuhof near Oedheim in 1789.
The city's prosperity was founded on the boom in trade and transport. After regular market ships had been operating to Mannheim since 1712 and a little later to Cannstatt and a ranks order was laid down in 1753, the turnover at Heilbronn cranes rose from 7,600 tons at the beginning of the century to around 82,000 tons by 1779. The transit trade consisted mainly of colonial goods .
From 1770 onwards, the Heilbronn cattle and horse market made the city one of the largest south-west German transshipment points for slaughter cattle for over a century. The horse market also attracted craftsmen and shopkeepers and revived cattle breeding in the Heilbronn villages and in the town's farms. For the first time, alfalfa and potatoes were grown in the city's fields as animal feed, and rape for oil production in the Rund'schen Ölmühle .
The chaussing of the road from Cannstatt via Besigheim to Heilbronn, today's B 27, was favorable for trade . The Chaussee was later extended from Heilbronn to Heidelberg, and the road from Heilbronn to Weinsberg was also chaused for an unrealized long-distance route. By 1780, the transport of goods on the Chaussee to Cannstatt completely dried up shipping and its transit duties. The Unterländer shipping to the Rhine, which also declined from 1780 due to the competing Mainline, experienced a significant revival from the lowering of trade tariffs from the mid-1780s. In 1789 it achieved a handling volume of 125,000 tons.
During this period of prosperity in the late 18th century, the Enlightenment also fell , under which the city and the bourgeoisie flourished. Almost all of the city's councilors were academically educated and the city regiment implemented measures to educate and discipline the subjects, including compulsory schooling for the German school in 1738, the ban on most games of chance, various savings regulations and the establishment of the orphans later known as the Bläß'sches Palais -, breeding and poor house.
The Heilbronn grammar school was attended by students from many parts of Germany who were attracted by scholars such as the rector Gottfried Hecking (1718 to 1743). Rector Johann Rudolf Schlegel (1760 to 1790) reformed teaching in the spirit of the Enlightenment. From January 1, 1744, the weekly Heilbronn news and announcement sheet was published , which printed news approved by the council and which later became the Neckar newspaper .
Under the building officer and later mayor Georg Heinrich von Roßkampff, magnificent new buildings in the Rococo style . The Winnender master builder Johann Christoph Keller built the archive building of the Heilbronn City Archive on Kieselmarkt (today Ehrenhalle ) in 1765, the ballroom building on Hammelwasen, known as the shooting house , from 1769 to 1771 and the Kraichgau Archive on the north side of the harbor market, which no longer exists in 1784 . The shooting house and the orphanage, breeding house and poor house, which was built in the 1750s, were among the first representative city buildings outside the medieval city wall .
In 1753, Heilbronner Allee was laid out along the eastern city moat , which later developed into the inner-city main street. Around 1760, the bar began in restaurants on the mountain ranges east of the city, in the Jägerhaus and on the Wartberg . In 1776 the Kramgasse - the later Kaiserstraße - was expanded to make it more suitable for a lake and in 1780 the streets were lit with oil lamps.
In 1788 a total of around 10,000 people lived in the approximately 65 square kilometers large imperial city territory. Visitors to the city were surprised by the modernity of Heilbronn and the enlightenment of the intellectual life, with which the city set itself apart from many other imperial cities. Friedrich Schiller stayed in the city for a few weeks in 1793 and described Heilbronn as "a city that flourishes under the influence of an enlightened government and enjoying decent freedom, and which combines so many cultures with the charms of a beautiful, fertile region" . The poet immortalized the Mayor of Heilbronn, Christian Ludwig Schübler, in the figure of Seni in the Wallenstein play . Heinrich von Kleist found inspiration for the subject of his play Das Käthchen von Heilbronn in the healing magnetism experiments of the Heilbronn city doctor Eberhard Gmelin . Even Johann Wolfgang von Goethe was 1797 in Heilbronn, however, was only that the city except for a few new houses all of the old school was.
Johann Andreas Amon (1763–1825), Friedrich August Weber (1753–1806) and Freiherr Ernst von Gemmingen-Hornberg (1759–1813) developed a lively musical life in Heilbronn around 1800. The city archive still has the so-called "Heilbronner Musikschatz", a collection of over 2,000 works that the city has acquired since 1588. In Heilbronn native or resident poets of this time were u. a. the future government of Württemberg President Eberhard Friedrich von Gemmingen (1726-1791), Baron Otto Heinrich von Gemmingen-Hornberg (1755-1836), August Mayer (1792-1812) and his brother, nature poet Karl Mayer (1786-1870) and Wilhelm Waiblingen (1804-1830).
Sons of the city, who gained a reputation as artists at this time, were the painter Heinrich Friedrich Füger (1751-1818), the miniaturists George Nikolaus Ritter and August Lutz and the artisan brothers Sebastian Holzhey (* 1728, theater painter), Johann Matthäus Holzhey (* 1732, die cutter for the Dutch mint) and Philipp Heinrich Adam Holzhey (lathe operator at the Royal Ivory Factory in Potsdam). From 1743 the Italian painter Giovanni Battista Ferrandini worked in Heilbronn; he painted the organ of Kilian's Church, designed the high altar of the Sontheim church and portraits of the emperors for the town hall, and also created three ceiling frescoes in the church of Güglingen . In 1757 the painter Johann Friedrich Hauck (1723–1794) came to the city as a citizen, and he also created portraits on behalf of the town hall. In the years up to 1800 there are numerous other portraitists in Heilbronn.
Attempts to manufacture porcelain began on the Neckar island of Hefenweiler . Georg Heinrich Hofmann from Augsburg and Bonifazius Christof Häcker from Karlsruhe failed, however, with corresponding ventures in Heilbronn. The second Neckar island, Hospitalgrün , which had previously been owned by the Katharinenspital , was used commercially by the leaseholder August Orth from 1785 onwards by setting up a bleaching facility there. This gave the island its new name, Pale Island .
Coalition Wars 1792–1801
After the outbreak of the First Coalition War in 1792, troop movements increased again in Heilbronn. On the matter itself, the city voted for neutrality through its representative Bößner at the Regensburg Reichstag in 1793, but could not prevent the Reich's declaration of war on France, which initially brought the city through further strong movements, mainly by Austrian troops. In 1794 the city resisted the call of the Swabian district to set up a country militia, as it was believed that they could wait until an emergency occurred. The city even benefited from the advancing war, as imperial troops billeted in the city and kept magazines in 1795 had a great demand for fruits of all kinds and were well paid. The city's orphanage and penitentiary was converted into a military hospital, and in winter 2000 men from the imperial army moved into their winter quarters in Heilbronn. In the summer of 1796, the fortunes of war turned in favor of the French who had previously been pushed back; it was to be feared that they would soon advance to Heilbronn. On July 27th, 1796, the Swabian Circle signed an armistice agreement with France, the city of Heilbronn had to raise 10,000 of the required approximately 8.7 million guilders contribution. A Heilbronn letter of appeal to the French leadership to reduce the contributions remained inconclusive. In the autumn of 1796 the Austrians pushed the French back again. In 1797 the Austrians set up large magazines in the city, and the Austrian command pushed ahead with the construction of the country roads from Heilbronn to Großgartach, Neckarsulm and Weinsberg.
The peace of Campo Formio of October 1797 ended the first coalition war. The Heilbronn merchants August Orth and August Schreiber advocated the continued independence of the city at the Rastatt Congress in 1798 among French representatives. However, the secret additional agreements of the peace treaty of Campo Formio, which soon became known, already provided for the cession of the areas on the left bank of the Rhine and the compensation of Württemberg and Baden through regions on the right bank of the Rhine, previously spiritual, imperial knighthood or imperial free areas, including the city of Heilbronn. Heilbronn envoys then made a particularly intensive effort at the Swabian Federation and in Rastatt to ensure the city's continued independence. The Heilbronn merchant Günther Orth succeeded in receiving a corresponding personal commitment from Claude Roberjot . However, Roberjot was murdered in the Rastatt envoy murder in 1799. In addition, the Second Coalition War broke out in March 1799 , so that the city had to endure billeting and passages again, before strong French troops raided the city several times from August to November 1799, took hostages and extorted contributions and property. Among the French hostages there was twice the merchant Orth, who had attended the Rastatt congress in 1798. From January 1800 the city was occupied by imperial troops again, before the French regained the upper hand in July 1800.
The city was on the verge of ruin due to a large number of high contributions. In July 1800 she found herself unable to meet a new contribution claim of 40,000 francs. The merchants Schreiber and Künkelin were able to negotiate a complete waiver of this contribution with the recommendation of Henri-Gratien Bertrand . Regardless of this, the city had to take out a loan of 60,000 florins a few days later from the Frankfurt banker Bethmann . The sum did not last long, because in September 1800 Heilbronn was reoccupied by the French, who until May 1801 set up their headquarters there under General Tempette and extorted all sorts of monetary and material assets. After the city had cash assets of 30,000 florins in 1793 with outstanding debts of 180,000 florins, the contributions to the coalition wars ended by the Peace of Lunéville in February 1801 had resulted in a debt level of 350,000 florins.
In July 1802 the city made one last attempt to keep its independence. An embassy was sent to Paris with a blank check with which the French leadership was to be persuaded to preserve the imperial city status. The plan failed. Instead of the promise to remain independent, the Wuerttemberg ambassador and later Minister of State for the New Wuerttemberg areas, Philipp Christian von Normann-Ehrenfels , recommended in Paris to turn to Wuerttemberg in view of the decided matter.
Wuerttemberg upper administrative city from 1802
Acquisition of possession by Württemberg in 1802
According to the secret additional clauses of the Peace of Campo Formio of 1797, Duke Frederick II of Württemberg had to cede his lands on the left bank of the Rhine to France, but as a coalition partner of France was compensated for this with previously imperial-free, imperial knighthood or spiritual areas on the right of the Rhine, including with the area of the city of Heilbronn and its villages. On September 9, 1802, the duke's 470-strong troops marched into Heilbronn under Major General Gustav Heinrich von Mylius . The Heilbronn garrison was disarmed, the Württemberg soldiers were billeted in the city schools.
To seize the civil property of the city, the Württemberg government councilor Parrot appeared before the city council on November 23, 1802 with an occupation patent, which had been signed by Duke Friedrich von Württemberg, and demanded an oath of allegiance from the magistrate. The last incumbent mayor of the imperial city, Georg Christoph Kornacher , was relieved of his office. The council was relieved of its duties, but left in office as the municipal magistrate responsible solely for internal affairs, chaired by Parrot. Except for the councilor and tax master Christoph Ludwig Schreiber, all councilors bowed to the new rule, which was subsequently sealed in the Reichsdeputationshauptschluss of February 25, 1803, when the city was formally awarded to the Duke of Württemberg. On May 18, 1803, the magistrate was newly occupied, with only six of the former 15 representatives of the imperial city belonging to it.
In Württemberg , Heilbronn became the seat of the newly created Heilbronn Oberamt , the four imperial towns became independent communities within the Oberamt. When the Duke visited the Duke for the first time in July 1803, the residents of Heilbronn were asked to take an oath of homage on the market square, and the mood was further fueled by wine served at state expense. There was also reason to be happy in the imperial city villages: here serfdom was abolished with the transition to Württemberg in 1802 .
There was no lack of Württemberg demonstrations of power at the beginning of the 19th century: The Württemberg chief magistrate, who had moved into the former syndicate house near the town hall, presided over the city court and oversaw the council until around 1820. The mayor Georg Kübel (in office from 1803 to 1819) was appointed by the Württemberg elector, and it was not until 1822 that the city school was elected from among the population. In 1803 the breeding, work and orphanage was converted into a royal palace (later: Bläß'sches Palais ). Württemberg also drew the archive building , the Grafenwald (on the mark of Gruppenbach), the Schöntaler Hof and the Carmelite convent house . The Nikolaikirche was converted into an armory, the Carmelite convent house into a barracks. In the German House of was after the dissolution of the Teutonic Order , whose Heilbronner goods in 1805 also came to Württemberg, one of Württemberg Infantry Regiment quartered.
The union between Württemberg and France made Heilbronn a parade ground for French troops against Austria in September 1805. Numerous captured Austrian and Russian soldiers arrived in October, and Kilian's Church was used as a prison camp for a short time. Frederick I of Württemberg , who has since risen to become king, visited the city several times, including in 1808, when a guard on the king's visit was publicly punished with 25 strokes of the stick for carelessness.
When the Kingdom of Württemberg was reorganized in 1810, Heilbronn became the sixth of twelve regional bailiffs, which included the upper offices of Backnang , Brackenheim , Heilbronn , Neckarsulm and Weinsberg . When the church was reorganized in the same year, the General Superintendency Heilbronn was founded, to which the deaneries Brackenheim , Heilbronn , Lauffen and Neuenstadt belonged. In 1811, the Klarakloster was the last spiritual settlement in the city, and buildings and goods fell to Württemberg.
In 1811 the King of Württemberg awarded the city of Heilbronn the title Good City . This later had political benefits, because from 1819 the seven “good cities” were allowed to send their own representatives to the Württemberg Chamber of Estates. In 1808 the right to own arms was restricted to aristocrats, landowners and certain royal officials, and in 1819 censorship for political daily newspapers was tightened.
In 1815, Heilbronn was again the staging area for large troop units before the campaign against Napoleon . On June 1, 1815, a parade of 8,000 men took place on Theresienwiese , with Emperor Franz of Austria and 136 German princes and generals present. The Holy Alliance is said to have originated in the Rauch'schen Palais on the market square in Heilbronn on the night of June 4th to 5th, 1815 , when Tsar Alexander of Russia received the Baltic Baroness Juliane von Krüdener .
In 1816/17 Heilbronn had to struggle with food prices and hunger after the year without a summer . When Württemberg was divided into four districts in 1817, Heilbronn became part of the Neckar district . In 1817 a citizens' college was also founded to support the magistrate . In 1819 the municipal magistrate was replaced by a city council.
In September 1840, Heilbronn was again the scene of major maneuvers, when 23,500 men marched under the direction of King Wilhelm I of Württemberg and practiced a forced Neckar crossing near Heilbronn. Once again, the Rauch'sche Palais hosted a distinguished guest, King Wilhelm I.
Overcoming the medieval city limits
In 1802, Heilbronn was still surrounded by its medieval city wall , reinforced with towers . Around 6000 people lived in the enclosed area of around 775 by 425 meters at that time. The city fortifications with up to ten towers had three gates at that time: the bridge gate, through which one could get over the then wooden Neckar bridge to the west, as well as the Sülmertor and the Fleinertor with drawbridges, moats and fortified porches in the north and south. Outside the city walls, apart from the Neckarmühlen, the infirmary, the former orphanage and poor house (built in 1756) and the shooting house (built in 1769), there were only garden houses and gardens of wealthy citizens. Due to the steady increase in the population, the buildings within the city walls were extremely cramped, even former cemeteries had already been built over.
In the time of Württemberg, the demolition of the medieval city fortifications and the gradual expansion of the city began. In 1804, the Sülmertorturm was first torn down and the previously winding Sülmerstrasse to Neckarsulm was straightened. As early as 1806, plans for the new construction outside the former city walls began, with plans initially being drawn up for the area outside the Fleinertores. Until the 1830s, however, no planning draft could prevail.
In 1807 a new wooden Neckar bridge was built. This was built higher than the previous buildings above the Neckar river in order to minimize the dangers of flooding and ice. The former stately gate tower, the bridge gate tower, was demolished in the course of this construction work. The demolition of the Adelberg Tower to the east in 1808 and the breakthrough of the city wall at this point created an exit from the city to the east to the avenue laid out in 1753 , which was renewed in 1846 and became the main traffic axis in the city center after the Second World War. At the Sülmertor and the eastern Neutor (later: Karlstor), new gatehouses with lockable lattice gates were built. In the further course of the demolition of the medieval fortifications, the lattice gates were also dispensed with. The city wall was gradually torn down from 1809 to 1859, with the remains of the bulwark being laid down in 1811 and towers falling again in 1819, 1844 and 1849. In the last third of the 19th century, only the Götzenturm and Bollwerksturm towers, which still exist today, as well as a piece of the western city wall between the Neckar Bridge and the Götzenturm were preserved from the city fortifications .
For fear of an outbreak of cholera, which raged in Prussia and Poland in 1831, a new cholera hospital was built in front of the Heilbronn Sülmertor next to the former orphanage and poor house. When cholera did not break out in Heilbronn after all, the building was opened as a hospital on October 1, 1834 under the name Paulinenspital . It was structurally expanded in 1840/41 and supplemented by another hospital building in 1864, which subsequently replaced the medieval inner-city Katharinenspital .
industrialization
The pre-industrialization in Heilbronn began in the second half of the 18th century on the Neckar, when numerous Heilbronn trading companies started to process their products themselves by founding or buying mills. The first factory in the city was the iron forge of the trading house of Georg Friedrich Rauch, which was taken over in 1759 on the Neckar island of Hefenweiler. The Baumann oil mill (later Carl Hagenbucher & Sohn) followed in 1771, and the Hahn oil mill in 1797. So that went industrialization of Heilbronn from trading while they mostly established in other Württemberg on the craft. The early factories were of course relatively insignificant at first, so that in the statistical-geographical overview of the New Wuerttemberg areas it still says that “there are actually no factories and factories; but there is a lot of trade and business in the city. "
In the beginning of the 19th century, further trading houses began manufacturing products, which gave Heilbronn a certain boost to industrialization. The chemical industry in Heilbronn had its origins in the production of white lead by the trading company Rund, which began in 1801 . The tobacco production was in 1803 by the trading company Co. August Orth & added. With the Heilbronn silver goods factory of Georg Peter Bruckmann , which was built on the market square around 1805, industrial impulses came from the craft for the first time.
However, the continental blockade was not a cause of the change from trade to industry, since the Heilbronn trading houses had a sufficient supply of colonial goods and made significant sales with imported goods until 1814. Rather, it was not until the end of the colonial lockdown in 1815 that large numbers of English textile goods were imported again, which posed an economic threat to the Württemberg textile industry. The famines of 1816/17 then led to a crisis in the food trade. Shortly before 1820 a general economic crisis was reached in Württemberg. Due to the early industrialization, more and more raw materials had to be imported to Württemberg and transported by water, whereby the Heilbronn stacking law and the Heilbronn Neckar weirs formed a trade and transport obstacle. At the same time, in the early 19th century, the Mannheim stack, where goods had to be reloaded from Rhine ships to smaller Neckar ships, had surpassed Heilbronn in terms of handling importance. So after the Congress of Vienna in 1815, in which Württemberg's claim to the former imperial city, imperial knighthood and Teutonic order areas that had been awarded around ten years earlier, Wuerttemberg tried to remove the obstacle to internal traffic in Heilbronn. The Neckar was made navigable again through the Wilhelm Canal in Heilbronn, which was built between 1819 and 1821 and expanded in 1828/29 . In addition, Heilbronn lost its stacking right .
At that time, Heilbronn was Württemberg's first import point for goods from tropical and subtropical countries, such as coffee, tea, sugar, spices and rice. The city's merchants acquired most of their goods directly from the Dutch and French North Sea ports in the 1830s and delivered their colonial goods to Württemberg and large parts of southern Germany.
Nevertheless, the trade, which had already been involved in pre-industrial milling and had now lost its old locational advantages, was increasingly forced to turn to new branches of industry. The Heilbronn paper industry , which benefited from increased timber handling, settled on the islands of the Neckar : The brothers Adolf and Moriz von Rauch converted their traditional trading company into a paper factory and in 1823 operated the first English continuous paper machine in southern Germany. Gustav Schaeuffelen commissioned the first machine developed on the continent by Johann Jakob Widmann in 1830 and subsequently advanced to become the largest German paper manufacturer. In 1830 the Heilbronn sulfuric acid factory was started up by Friedrich Michael Münzing , one of the fathers of the chemical industry . The Wolff brothers captured numerous scenes from these years on their widely used lithographs .
The structural change in the period around 1830 was favored by the Württemberg trade reform of 1828, which lifted the guild obligation for numerous trades and levered the remaining influence of the guilds for the establishment of new factories.
In 1832 Heilbronn, with 17 factories employing 450 workers, was the city with the most factories in Württemberg and was known as the Swabian Liverpool . Although there were more factory workers in other cities such as Esslingen, Stuttgart or Cannstatt at that time, they were employed in a few companies in the labor-intensive textile industry, which in Heilbronn was only of subordinate importance within the wide range of industries.
The food manufacturer Knorr was founded in 1838, and in 1839 there were 33 mills and factories in Heilbronn. The population grew to 11,300 people by 1840. From 1840 there was direct shipping traffic with the overseas port of Rotterdam ; due to the increased turnover of goods, the Heilbronn customs port had to be expanded significantly in 1845. In this context, Heilbronn was also referred to as the Hamburg des Neckar . The increased movement of goods and the new winter port brought about a change in loading practice. The historic Heilbronn crane from 1513 was supplemented by new cranes from 1824. A total of eleven new cranes were erected by 1890, while the old wooden crane was demolished in 1864. One of the cranes of the 19th century has been preserved as a technical and historical monument on the Wilhelmskanal to this day.
The Heilbronn Chamber of Commerce and Industry (today IHK Heilbronn-Franken ) was founded in 1855. The Württemberg trade statistics from 1861 already showed 251 industrial companies with 2,715 employees in the area of the Heilbronn Oberamt. Of course, the majority of these were small businesses, as most of these businesses, which were mainly located in Heilbronn itself, were initially still one-man businesses. Since there are no natural resources in Heilbronn apart from the salt reserves, heavy industry was not built up, but the Heilbronn industry was characterized by a high degree of specialization from the start. In addition to the aforementioned larger mills with a total of 677 employees in 1861 and the factories mentioned above, there was also the up-and-coming Maschinenbau-Gesellschaft Heilbronn and the Heilbronn sugar factory founded in 1853 , which had more than 200 employees. Sugar factory director Andreas Faißt was one of the founders of the Cluss brewery in 1865 .
The further development of industrialization in Heilbronn was favored by the Württemberg trade regulations of 1862, which introduced complete freedom of trade.
Expansion of the school system in the 19th century
The Karlsgymnasium (later Theodor-Heuss-Gymnasium), which emerged from the city's traditional Latin school , received a new building in 1827 and was supplemented by real classes in order to avoid the threat of being downgraded to a Lyceum by the Württemberg school authorities . In addition to the Karlsgymnasium, which was reserved for boys, the Katharinenschule (Katharinenschule) for girls as well as the denominational elementary schools and a Sunday trade school existed in the early 19th century.
As a voluntary institution for young professionals, the industrial and commercial advanced training school (from which today's Heilbronn Technical School Center developed) was opened as the second institution of its kind in Württemberg. Other voluntary advanced training schools were the agricultural winter school and a women's labor school.
Until 1869, the Karlsgymnasium was the only higher school in the city. Numerous students of that time became known far beyond the city limits, including the natural scientist Robert Mayer , the writer Ludwig Pfau , the economist Gustav von Schmoller , the violin virtuoso Hugo Heermann and the prehistoric scientist Alfred Schliz .
In 1869 and 1873 the real classes of the Karlsgymnasium were separated into their own schools. These schools developed into today's Robert-Mayer-Gymnasium and today's Dammrealschule . The Protestant school was divided into adult, middle and general advanced training classes, each divided into boys and girls. Also in the 19th century, an Israeli religious school was added to the now re-established Jewish community in Heilbronn.
At first there were no higher schools for girls in Heilbronn. From a private higher daughter institute founded in 1831, the state-recognized higher girls' school for women developed only slowly in 1879. For the time being, women in Heilbronn could only get their Abitur at a boys' grammar school. In 1922 Victoria Wolff was one of the first Heilbronn women to graduate from the Robert Mayer Gymnasium . From 1937, women were finally able to do their Abitur at the girls' high school, which became the Elly-Heuss-Knapp-Gymnasium Heilbronn after the Second World War . The gender segregation at the Heilbronn grammar schools was not given up completely until the 1970s.
Urban planning under Louis de Millas from 1839
The rapid industrialization of Heilbronn led to a large population growth in the 19th century. Between 1800 and 1900 the population increased from around 5,700 to around 38,000. From around 1830 onwards, the housing shortage led to the establishment of not only factories but also residential areas outside of the old city center.
From 1839, the Heilbronn suburbs were built according to plans by the city architect Louis de Millas , who planned according to the urban planning principles customary at the time. In front of the four gates of the old town, he laid a system of rectangular building quarters of almost the same size, which had no relation to the topographical conditions and did not reveal any overall urban planning concept. His plans and the building statutes regulating the development of the old town formed the legal basis for the expansion of the city from 1840 onwards. First the quarters in front of the Sülmer, Fleiner and Karlstor were built. The main streets of the new district were named after members of the Württemberg royal family: Wilhelm-, Karl-, Paulinen- and Olgastraße. On Wilhelmstrasse , the southern extension of Fleiner Strasse, the Wollhaus and several representative buildings such as the Wilhelmsbau or the Villa Goppel were built by 1853 . The design of the Brückentor suburb around Bahnhofstrasse was influenced in its design by the railway systems built from 1847 around the Heilbronn train station , which was inaugurated in 1848 and, to de Milla's regret, could not be implemented according to the rest of the squares scheme due to the course of the railway.
The construction of workers' apartments on Fabrikstrasse from 1856 onwards goes back to plans by Louis de Millas. The Fabrikstrasse colony had 72 apartments by 1871. From the housing project initiated by the paper manufacturer Adolf von Rauch , today's urban settlement of Heilbronn emerged as the oldest non-profit housing construction company in Württemberg.
From 1839 regulated forestry began in the Heilbronn city forest . In 1842, the city forest was carefully measured for the first time by the long-standing city forest inspector Bernhard Nickel . In 1855 hunting was re-regulated by a new hunting law. The Heilbronn Beautification Association, founded in 1863, was the third beautification association in the Kingdom of Württemberg and aimed to beautify the city and its surroundings by creating promenades, viewpoints and benches. With numerous hiking trails and shelters, the construction of the Schweinsberg tower , the renovation of the Wartberg tower and the expansion of the Köpferbrunnen installation , numerous opportunities for local recreation were created as early as 1900.
Founding of associations during the pre-March period
During the pre-March period , numerous associations were founded in Heilbronn, as everywhere in the German states . The Harmonie-Gesellschaft , founded in 1814, was a sociable association that organized social evenings, maintained a library and organized events. Today's Harmonie concert and congress center emerged from the clubhouse on the Allee . The Singkranz , founded in 1818, is one of the oldest choral societies in Germany, although in the first decades of its existence the focus was still on socializing instead of singing. Various circles of dignitaries were also committed to sociability, including the Gräßle Society , founded in 1845 , which named itself after its meeting place in the restaurant of the baker Christoph David Gräßle and the circle of friends around the doctor Philipp Safe from the theologian David Friedrich Strauss , the politician Adolf Goppel , the city schoolmaster Heinrich Titot and other dignitaries belonged. Outstanding among the sports clubs is the TG Heilbronn gymnastics club, founded in April 1845 , which organized a general German sports festival in Heilbronn the following year, 14 years before the official first general German gymnastics festival. In the event of a fire, the gymnastics club also served as a rescue team for the fire department . In the middle of the 19th century, the Heilbronn clubs started several gymnastics and singing festivals that received national attention.
German Revolution 1848/49
In 1848 Heilbronn got caught up in the turmoil of the March Revolution early on . A first citizens' meeting at Gasthof Adler on March 2, 1848 demanded the right to freedom of assembly, freedom of the press and the right to carry arms. In the following days there were numerous evening " cat music " (peaceful noise in front of the houses of unpopular people) and other popular assemblies. The gymnastics club armed itself and formed a gymnastics team. For its part, the city acquired 600 muskets, and a Heilbronn vigilante was founded to maintain public order. The troops that later grew to be more than 1250 men consisted mainly of members of the existing defenses (civil guard on foot, civil guard on horseback, gymnastics service and fire service). The members of the vigilante group were often supporters of the revolutionary ideas, so that the armed forces did not appear at first, but rather their members took part more often in the popular assemblies. The armament of the people became the reason for the resignation of the city mayor Heinrich Titot .
One of the popular, moderate speakers at meetings in and around Heilbronn was the innkeeper Louis Hentges (1818-1891), who owned the Löwen inn, which was often used for meetings and who was elected to the Frankfurt National Assembly on April 25, 1848 . Heilbronn was considered the center of the March Revolution in Württemberg, the ideas of which were disseminated by the newspaper Neckar-Dampfschiff from Heilbronn publisher August Ruoff . This newspaper, which existed from 1842 to 1853, was the first Heilbronn newspaper to claim freedom of the press in 1848 , after nothing had been printed without the knowledge and approval of the council since the first printing plant in Heilbronn was founded in 1630. Although the revolution failed, it nevertheless remained with the freedom of the press, as well as for the 1744 weekly-Heilbronnisches message- and Kund Schaffts leaf founded Intelligenzblatt , located in 1848 Heilbronner day sheet and from 1861 Neckar-Zeitung called.
From an economic point of view, the state central office for trade and commerce in Stuttgart was established in 1848 following complaints from merchants against state tutelage , which in future also included business representatives who a little later fully formed the board. This central office also included Heilbronn merchants (Dittmar, Goppel, Rümelin, Münzing, von Rauch), and the businessman Adolf Goppel became finance minister of the Württemberg government in March 1848.
On June 14, 1848, numerous soldiers from the 8th Württemberg Infantry Regiment stationed in Deutschhof took part in two of the people's assemblies in Heilbronn. Subsequently, a large crowd in front of the Deutschhof forced the release of three members of the regiment imprisoned for revolutionary activities. The following day, a similar demonstration by Heilbronn workers and soldiers in Weinsberg resulted in the release of four imprisoned peasant leaders. On June 17th, however, 3,400 royal soldiers marched into Heilbronn and disarmed the mutinous regiment. The Heilbronn soldiers were transferred to Ludwigsburg, and 25 members of the regiment were sentenced in December 1848 to sometimes harsh sentences.
In September 1848 there were again popular assemblies in Heilbronn, which dealt with displeasure with the Württemberg parliament, which was perceived as out of date, and the cession of Schleswig after the armistice of Malmö . As a speaker u. a. Theobald Kerner to hear. After further disturbances of the peace and the formation of an association of patriotically minded virgins for the production of live ammunition , soldiers were again dispatched from Stuttgart to ensure peace and order instead of the vigilante groups, which still did not appear.
In the spring of 1849, with the demand for recognition of the imperial constitution by Stuttgart, further meetings took place, including daily rallies of the Democratic Association on the Heilbronn market square from April 15 to 24. During this time, Ernst Trumpp , who later became known as an orientalist, was a speaker in the surrounding area. On June 5, 1849, the armed gymnastics service under the leadership of August Bruckmann moved out to support the Baden freischarians. The Heilbronner Turnerwehr did the same as the Hanau gymnasts who they met at the gymnastics festival in 1846. On June 9, the approximately 1,000 armed men of the vigilante who remained in the city were sworn in to the imperial constitution. On June 12th, 4,000 soldiers and government commissioner Ernst Geßler from Stuttgart moved in to disarm the vigilantes, but were initially unable to take action because of the overwhelming solidarity of the population with the vigilante. The vigilante group was also not aiming to confront the military. That night the vigilante group gathered on the market square, where workers and craftsmen stormed the town hall and took weapons stored there. About half of the armed men were divided into two groups: the 200-man Western Corps moved to Baden via Wimpfen, and the 300-strong Eastern Corps to Löwenstein. The following morning the royal troops succeeded in disarming the remaining vigilantes. The Eastern Corps expected the influx of allies from Hohenlohe in Löwenstein , but this did not materialize, so that the group quickly disbanded. Parts of the Western Corps got as far as Rastatt, and some of the Wehrler were trapped there at the end of June 1849. Many of the leading figures in the failed uprising left for Baden or Switzerland. The state of turmoil remained in Heilbronn until July 9, 1849, the royal military remained in the city until February 23, 1850. In numerous trials against insurgents that followed until 1852, sometimes severe sentences were imposed, for example the Heilbronn gymnastics leader August Bruckmann was sentenced to life imprisonment.
The growth of the city in the middle of the 19th century was not only slowed down by the revolutionary events, but also by several bad harvests and years of famine. After the famine in 1846 due to a potato epidemic, there were a number of bad autumns, the worst of which was in 1851. In 1852 there was another famine and soup kitchens and aid associations had to be set up. The economy stagnated, the prices of goods and land fell, and numerous residents sought their fortune to emigrate.
Expansion of the waterways and railways
After the start of steam shipping on the Rhine , Heilbronn also sought to start passenger and freight shipping with steamers on the Neckar. However, the river, which was not yet developed at the time, did not offer enough draft for the steam ships in use at the time and a correction of the entire river bed could not be financed. When French designers had developed steamships with shallow drafts, from 1841 the Neckar steamship operated passenger steamers on the Neckar from Sontheim to Heilbronn and on to Mannheim.
This initially successful steamship business quickly faced competition from the railroad. The plans of a first royal building commission from 1834 did not yet envisage a connection between Heilbronn and the planned railway line from Cannstatt via Ulm to Friedrichshafen. After the start of rail operations on the first German line from Nuremberg to Fürth in 1835, a railway construction commission was also formed in Heilbronn under the chairmanship of Heinrich Titot , the city schoolmaster . Titot also represented the city in the committee of the private Württemberg railway company founded in 1836, which included Heilbronn for the first time in the planning and collected over 9 million guilders for the construction of the railway, but was dissolved again in 1838. With the Railway Act of 1843, railway construction and operation were nationalized. The law envisaged Heilbronn as the end point of a northern branch line of the main line from Mühlacker to Geislingen coming from Cannstatt. This line and the first Heilbronn train station were inaugurated in 1848. In 1850 there was already a rail connection to Ulm and Friedrichshafen , in 1853 a connection to Mannheim and Frankfurt am Main via Bretten . The economic problems of the 1850s then initially brought about stagnation in railway construction, before the key to opening up rural areas of emergency was recognized in 1857 and the expansion of the line continued. This resulted in the construction of the railway lines from Heilbronn via Bad Wimpfen to Heidelberg , via Osterburken to Würzburg and via Hall to Crailsheim .
The railroad partially brought freight traffic to a standstill: the goods that were once from Frankfurt am Main and Mannheim via Knittlingen and Heilbronn on the road to the eastern hinterland were in future mainly transported with the Westbahn Bretten – Bietigheim. Surprisingly, the railway had only a minor negative effect on freight traffic on the Neckar; rather, the railway and freight shipping seemed to stimulate each other. The increased turnover of goods strengthened trade and the crisis of the early 1850s could be overcome: In 1853 a hall was built for the wool market that had existed since 1818, a leather market was added in the same year, and a bark market from 1860.
The Heilbronn passenger steam shipping was still nationalized and was thus in the same hands as the railway, but could no longer recover economically and was discontinued in 1869. But that was not the end of the steamship on the Neckar. After the end of the passenger steamers, the continued use of steam ships was used to transport goods. For this purpose, the principle of chain tug shipping was used. From 1878 to 1935 the Neckar-Ketten-Schleppschifffahrt operated the shipments between Heilbronn and Mannheim. The barges moving along a chain laid in the Neckar were also popularly called Neckaresel .
Heilbronn labor movement from 1860
The growth of the city triggered by industrialization reached its peak in the 1860s. After decades of economic boom and local industry growth, the residents of Heilbronn included many workers who suffered from low wage and high price policies.
The consumer association was founded in 1865 to provide the impoverished workers with affordable food . After being re-established in 1905, it was called Spar- und Konsumverein Heilbronn und Umgebung eVmbH . Since 1969 it has become known as co op Konsumgenossenschaft eGmbH Heilbronn . In 1971 there were 69 businesses in the company.
In political terms, the workers 'movement first formed in the workers' education association, which was founded in Heilbronn on December 1, 1865. The workers' union was founded on February 6, 1869 in Heilbronn, where August Bebel also called on May 9, 1870 . After that, the labor movement became involved in party politics: on July 17, 1872, a local branch of the General German Workers' Association was founded in Heilbronn . In January 1874 the local association of the Heilbronn Social Democratic Workers' Party (SDAP) was formed. The local associations of the workers 'association and the Social Democratic Labor Party merged in 1875 to form a joint local association of the Socialist Workers' Party of Germany (SAP), from which the SPD emerged in 1890 .
Gustav Kittler (1849–1929), known as the “red Kittler”, was a founding member of the Heilbronn SDAP. On June 10, 1878, Kittler issued the SAP leaflet Trau! Look! Whom? out, which was directed against the threatened ban of the socialist movement with the socialist law of October 21, 1878. On January 4, 1886, Kittler came to Heilbronn as the first member of the social democracy in Württemberg in a city parliament, where he worked for 36 years. 50% of the members of the city parliament were from the SPD. In 1898 Kittler stood in a runoff election against Paul Hegelmaier in the Reichstag elections for the Heilbronn-Neckarsulm-Brackenheim constituency . When Kittler lost the runoff election, his constituencies caused the election riots in Heilbronn on the night of 24/25. June 1898.
In 1902 Wilhelm Schäffler , a social democrat from Unterland , came to the state parliament in Stuttgart as Heilbronn representative . Friedrich Naumann obtained the majority in the runoff election against Theodor Wolff in 1907 in the so-called “ Hottentot election ” with votes from the SPD . From February 1908, the Heilbronn SPD published the daily Neckar-Echo . With their support, the Heilbronn social democrat Franz Feuerstein was even elected to the Reichstag in 1912.
Urban planning according to Reinhard Baumeister from 1873
After four suburbs had already been laid out under de Millas in the 1840s, the building boom of the early days brought with it the need for a new, comprehensive urban planning concept. The city grew on its edges and changed inside. A significant change in the main traffic axes was initiated by the demolition of part of the former Katharinenspital building and the construction of a new Neckar bridge made of stone and metal in 1865/67. The new bridge that does not have the first time since 1349 bridge toll was more collected, was a few meters was built north of the existing wooden bridge and now not led more to Kirchbrunnen road, but over the released by the hospital demolition place to Kramstraße (later Emperor Street ), which at that time but still ended like a dead end east of Kilian's Church. The old Neckar bridge, which had become superfluous, was handed over to Besigheim .
In October 1872, the local council commissioned Professor Reinhard Baumeister from Karlsruhe to draw up a general building plan. In March 1873, Baumeister submitted a first draft plan to the local council, which provided for three Neckar bridges instead of one, enclosed the previously unrelated suburbs with a ring road (“Riesenstraße”) and the later Kaiserstraße with an almost straight-line connection with the train station and a breakthrough to the avenue to the east to become an important "central road". The plan already took into account the newly built Heilbronn main train station in 1873 and the later construction of an industrial railway to the south of the city.
Until around 1900, urban planning in Heilbronn followed, apart from differences in details, Baumeister's plans. The new Heilbronn main cemetery was built on the Lerchenberg in 1882 after the old cemetery on Weinsberger Strasse was again fully occupied after several extensions. After 1900, Baumeister's plans became obsolete due to the south station , which was built differently from the plan, and the great expansion of the city to the east. The East Street and the South Street with its generous dimensions are part of the conceived by architects, but never completed the complete ring road giant street .
In 1880, with the completion of the Kraichgau Railway , the city also gained a connection to Karlsruhe . In 1900, Heilbronn Süd station was inaugurated as the terminus of the narrow-gauge Bottwartalbahn with a connection to the main station and subsequently advanced to become a freight station. Railways and shipping complemented each other in Heilbronn during the early imperial era, which is why the Heilbronn port facilities were also opened up by rail. For example, wood was transported from the Black Forest by train to Heilbronn and from there it was transported across the Neckar to the Rhine. For this purpose, a separate raft port was built in 1875, followed by a salt port in 1886 and Karlshafen in 1888.
To supply the expanding city with water , the Heilbronn waterworks was built in 1875 , initially drawing its water from wells on the left of the Neckar and distributing it to the city via elevated tanks on the Wartberg .
Reestablishment of the Jewish community and construction of the synagogue in 1877
After the legal equality of the Jews, such could settle in Heilbronn again from 1828. From an Israelite welfare association founded in 1857, the new Jewish community Heilbronn was founded in 1861 , which by 1870 already had around 600 members due to the brisk influx of Jews from the surrounding poor rural communities. The community built the impressive Heilbronn synagogue, inaugurated in 1877, in the style of eclecticism based on plans by the architect Adolf Wolff . The community, which later comprised up to around a thousand people, established itself through association work and party political engagement within urban society. For this reason, the workers' city was later even contemptuously described by the NSDAP as a “Jewish-Marxist stronghold”. Jewish citizens such as Max Rosengart , Siegfried Gumbel and Heinrich Grünwald countered the burgeoning general anti-Semitism with public awareness work in the press and through presence in associations, parties and institutions.
For the welfare within the Jewish community, Siegfried Gumbel founded the 39th German lodge of the Jewish welfare organization B'nai B'rith, which has existed since 1843 . The lodge was soon named Herder lodge after Johann Gottfried Herder and became the spiritual center of the Jewish community in Heilbronn. The lodge's important speakers included Julius Bab , Kurt Pinthus , Nahum Goldmann and Chief Rabbi Leo Baeck .
Second largest industrial city in Württemberg
In the late 19th century, electricity replaced steam power, which gave the industrial city of Heilbronn a further boost in development. In 1891, Oskar von Miller demonstrated the possibility of remote power transmission on a test section from the Neckar hydropower plant in Lauffen am Neckar to the International Electrotechnical Exhibition in Frankfurt am Main . After the end of the exhibition, a power line was installed from the power station in Lauffen to Heilbronn, with which the city took up the world's first municipal remote power supply on January 16, 1892. The energy, which was initially expensive, quickly found large buyers. In 1896, the city put another power station into operation in Heilbronn Badstrasse, which also covered the power requirements of the Heilbronn tram . In 1897, on the occasion of the 50th anniversary of the Heilbronn trade association, a nationally recognized industrial, trade and art fair took place behind the Harmonie festival hall , at which the Württemberg royal couple were guests on June 1, 1897.
In the period from 1861 to 1907, the number of workers in the manufacturing industry in Heilbronn almost tripled from 2,715 to 7,520. One of the most important companies around 1900 was the chemical company Brüggemann , which was founded in Heilbronn in 1868 and still exists today . The Ackermann twisting mill in neighboring Sontheim, which was later incorporated into Heilbronn, was the largest German sewing thread factory around 1900 with around 700 employees. The Gustav Haucks cigar factory employed 400 workers in 1900 and almost 1100 workers in 1914. In 1896, Heilbronn was the second largest industrial city in the Kingdom of Württemberg after Stuttgart, with 9,000 workers in 58 factories . In 1900 about one in four of the city, which had a population of almost 38,000, worked as a worker in one of the numerous factories.
In terms of urban planning, in the course of the tram construction and the trade exhibition, Kramstrasse was broken through to Allee and renamed Kaiserstrasse . On this new west-east axis, still following the plans of Reinhard Baumeister from 1873, many old buildings were replaced by representative new buildings in the style of the time in the years around 1900, among them the Barbarino-Eck , the Kreiser house and the Kaiserstraße 40 house . The Heilbronn tram also began its operation on Kaiserstrasse with a line from the main train station to Moltkekaserne, and a branch line branched off into Sülmerstrasse. The tram, which was called “Spatzenschaukel” in Heilbronn, was not profitable for a long time and threatened to be shut down several times. It was only later that further lines to Böckingen (1926) and Neckargartach (1928) could be built. From 1912 to 1923 Neckargartach and the industrial area were provisionally opened up by a 2.3 kilometer long, also highly unprofitable steam tram from the Sülmertor station to the Neckargartacher Brücke . Tram operations continued until after the Second World War.
From 1869 to 1884 Karl Wüst was Lord Mayor of Heilbronn. During his term of office, many decisions were made that were conducive to industrialization and the development of the city. However, his administration was also seen as a "cousin", against which his successor Paul Hegelmaier took up position after Wüst's untimely death in 1884 . His term of office can also be regarded as a time of progress, but Hegelmaier was also the subject of royal investigations and disciplinary proceedings due to his contentiousness and was temporarily relieved of his office from 1892 to 1894 and sent to an asylum. In 1898 the national liberal Hegelmaier ran for the farmers' union in the Reichstag election. After Hegelmaier won the runoff election against the Social Democrat Gustav Kittler , there were tumults on the night of June 25, 1898, with a street battle in front of the town hall.
Heilbronn cultural life during the imperial era
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At the turn of the century, three daily newspapers appeared in Heilbronn . The Heilbronner Zeitung appeared under Karl Wulle since 1894. The Schellsche Druckerei published the 1881 Generalanzeiger and the Neckar-Zeitung . Their editors-in-chief Ernst Jäckh and Theodor Heuss as well as the Neckar-Echo editor Fritz Ulrich were noticed nationwide due to their political and cultural points of view.
Ernst Jäckh and Peter Bruckmann founded a Goethebund branch association in Heilbronn in 1903 and campaigned for the Heilbronn City Theater , which was built in Art Nouveau style from 1911 to 1913 with funds from the citizens and according to plans by Theodor Fischer . Both were later outstanding figures in the Deutscher Werkbund .
The intellectual highlights of that time were widely noticed, but in Heilbronn they were always faced with the “provinciality of the majority”. Even in the period between the world wars, the supraregional importance of the then Heilbronn artist Hans Franke as a playwright was greater than his approval among the Heilbronn population, who preferred comedies and classics in the theater.
Publishing houses that existed in Heilbronn before the First World War were Eugen Salzer-Verlag and Otto Weber Verlag .
The establishment of a public library was one of the cultural achievements of the Empire: the Heilbronn City Library was made possible by several private foundations and moved into its first premises in 1903.
First World War
On August 1, 1914, Mayor Paul Göbel announced the mobilization from the town hall balcony, and on August 22, 1914, the first wounded arrived in the hospital town of Heilbronn. The four Heilbronn hospitals took in 100 wounded each. In addition to being a hospital town, Heilbronn was also of strategic importance as the starting point for the railway line to Karlsruhe. In 1915 the International Blind Day took place in Heilbronn .
From March 1915, food rationing prevailed. In May of the same year one of the first Eisenhart figures was displayed in Heilbronn as a war donation in Germany. In March 1917, some public institutions closed due to a lack of coal. In July 1917, some Heilbronn church bells had to be delivered to be cast in cannon balls, and in 1918 even the Kaiser Friedrich monument was melted down. During the war there were three air warnings in Heilbronn, but no bombs were dropped. At the end of the war, 2,082 citizens of the city had died on the front lines of the war.
On November 9, 1918, when the November Revolution with the proclamation of the Republic reached its peak, Lord Mayor Göbel loyal explained with the workers' and soldiers of the city, the future received two service rooms in the town hall. Apart from the release of prisoners from the city prison on the same day, there were no further revolutionary actions in Heilbronn. The day-to-day political business of the joint councils was to alleviate the famine. In November 1919 the Workers 'and Soldiers' Council was disarmed and dissolved. In its place came an armed vigilante who u. a. was used in public facilities to protect strikebreakers .
Red stronghold in the Weimar Republic
In 1919, as in all of Germany, women were given the right to vote in Heilbronn. In 1919 Emilie Hiller represented the SPD in the state constitutional assembly, from 1920 to 1933 she was an SPD member of the Heilbronn constituency in the Württemberg state parliament . Anna Ziegler represented the USPD in the Heilbronn city parliament in 1919 and in the Reichstag from 1920 to 1924 . The Heilbronn women's association, founded in 1902, was active in the welfare sector. Ernst Jäckh took up issues from the Heilbronn women's movement in his section on women's issues and thoughts in the Neckar newspaper.
The USPD in Heilbronn had been the publisher of the weekly newspaper Sozialistische Republik - organ of the independent social democracy of the Unterland with the editor August Hornung since 1919 . Since December 1, 1921, the KPD Heilbronn was the publisher of the daily newspaper Volksstimme - Communist organ for the interests of the working population of the Württemberg lowlands . The SPD had in the time of the Weimar Republic the majority. The NSDAP , whose first local group was founded in Heilbronn in 1923, remained small and insignificant until 1933. During his visit to the city on May 15, 1926, Hitler was not a welcome guest, and there was a scuffle with several injured because of a man who was mistaken for Hitler. Hitler himself was able to deliver his speech unmolested in the town hall of Harmonie . The press organ of the National Socialists had been the Heilbronn observer since 1930 . Heilbronn was considered a “red stronghold” in the people's state of Württemberg due to the large number of workers and the press and trade unions that represented them . In March 1932, unemployment in Heilbronn peaked at 12,246.
In 1931 the Reichsbanner , SPD, trade unions and workers' sports associations formed a federation and henceforth called themselves the Iron Front , with the declared aim of preserving the Weimar Republic. On January 30, 1933, the Iron Front demonstrated against Hitler and von Papen . The SA then forcibly entered the houses of the Heilbronn trade unions. Heilbronn trade unionists were arrested and deported to concentration camps. Carl Baßler, Friedrich Reinhardt, Wilhelm Schwan, Hermann Gerstlauer, Adolf Hermann, Walter Vielhauer , Erich Leucht , Adolf Herrmann, Konrad Erb, Karl Biehler, Wilhelm Egerter, Karl Feidengruber, Hermann Schmidt, Otto Kirchner and Erich Ceffinato were Nazi victims in Heilbronn. They came to the Heuberg concentration camp or Buchenwald .
On March 3, 1933, Kurt Schumacher from the SPD appeared in Heilbronn, while the NSDAP received only 39% on March 5. On March 6, 1933, the city parliament still refused to follow the motion of the Nazi parliamentary group and to discriminate against members of the municipal council and members of the KPD. The council members of the KPD should be excluded and the KPD members should not be given any welfare support.
Construction of the Neckar Canal and the motorway
Planning for the canalization of the Neckar from Mannheim to Heilbronn and on to Plochingen had begun in 1905. After initial planning in 1911 had stalled, the idea of expanding the river for large shipping was promoted again by the Südwestdeutscher Kanalverein founded by Peter Bruckmann in 1916 and the expansion finally started in 1921 by the Neckar AG under Otto Konz and Otto Hirsch . The operation of the waterway was thus transferred to the empire. On July 28, 1935, the major shipping route Heilbronn-Mannheim and the 2300 m long canal port between Neckargartach and the weir at Theresienwiese were opened. The port of Heilbronn is one of the ten largest German inland ports today.
In 1936 the motorway from nearby Weinsberg to Stuttgart (now part of the A 81 ) was completed. The city administration is said to have campaigned for “the Stuttgart – Nuremberg autobahn to be built via Heilbronn and not via Backnang – Crailsheim” . Heilbronn was therefore at the intersection of the newest and fastest traffic axes. On May 30, 1936, the tram line to Trappensee was also opened in the city. In 1943 the tram carried 16 million passengers.
National Socialists take power
The NSDAP district leader in Heilbronn had been Richard Drauz , son of a respected Heilbronn family from 1932 , who also belonged to the Reichstag from 1933 and vigorously promoted the alignment of the Heilbronn associations and the Heilbronn press. In the 1933 Reichstag election , the SPD received more votes than the NSDAP in Heilbronn. The crushing of this very strong opposition was therefore the first concern of the leading Heilbronn National Socialists. The SPD daily Neckar-Echo was banned on March 7, 1933, and its real estate and furnishings went to the Nazi newspaper Heilbronner Tagblatt (newly founded in 1932) . City councils of the SPD and KPD, including a city council of the DDP, were partly beaten up, partly taken into " protective custody " or both. There were a total of 14 local NSDAP groups in Heilbronn: Altstadt, Au, Bahnhofsvorstadt, Fleinerhöhe, Kastropp (named after a deceased local group leader), Pfühl, Mönchsee, Rosenberg and Wartberg as well as three local groups in Böckingen and one each in Neckargartach and Sontheim.
Mayor Emil Beutinger , who fell ill for a long time at the beginning of March 1933 , was initially replaced by State Commissioner Heinrich Valid , appointed by President Murr on March 17, and later completely dismissed. Hostilities against Jews and political opponents of the new rulers quickly began. In front of the Landauer department store on Kaiserstraße and in front of other Jewish shops, the National Socialists called for a boycott of Jews on April 1, 1933 . On April 25th there was a bomb attack on the department store, on the same day an anti-Semitic rally took place in front of the Heilbronn bank association, where a crowd demanded the extradition of the Jewish bank association director Otto Igersheimer . On April 29, 1933, another bomb exploded in the weaving department store for the bridge, which was also run by Jewish owners . On May 2, 1933, the SA forcibly entered the houses of the Heilbronn trade unions. The Volkshaus at the corner of Weinsberger / Paulinenstrasse and the house at the corner of Gartenstrasse / Weinsberger Strasse (today the DGB house) were confiscated, trade unionists deposed and arrested. The 23 Heilbronn unions and their 12,000 members were considered illegal in the Nazi state. There was no resistance to speak of. Former trade unionists and members of the opposition such as the Kaiser / Riegraf group limited themselves to conspiratorial meetings. A well-known meeting place for communists, Jews and other people who did not like the Nazi rulers was the Heilbronn restaurant Adlerbrauerei des Juden Würzburger in Deutschhofstrasse 1.
The attacks by the National Socialists against those who think differently were reported in many cases. The investigations ordered by the Heilbronn Police Director Josef Georg Wilhelm, who had been in office since 1931, were usually averted by District Leader Drauz and Gauleiter Murr . The correctly investigating Wilhelm was a thorn in the side of the Nazi rulers and was finally transferred to Stuttgart in October 1935 after lengthy complaints by the Nazi dignitaries.
The Heilbronn publisher Viktor Kraemer was forced out of business by reprisals in 1934 and his publishing house was taken over by the NSDAP. The Neckar-Zeitung continued to appear under Nazi direction in the publishing house of the National Socialist Heilbronner Tagblatt, from January 1, 1935 under the title Heilbronner Morgenpost , but was finally discontinued on July 31, 1937. Intellectuals like Ernst Jäckh or Will Schaber , who both had worked in Heilbronn for a long time before the beginning of the Nazi era, were mostly left with emigration.
Hitler visited Heilbronn for the second time on March 20, 1935.
Independent city from October 1938
As part of an administrative reform, Heilbronn became the seat of the new district of Heilbronn on October 1, 1938 . At the same time, Heilbronn became a district, i.e. an independent city , and the previously independent communities Sontheim and Neckargartach were incorporated. The former city (since 1919) Böckingen had already been incorporated in 1933. The Kreuzgrund settlement and the Haselter settlement were founded. With 72,000 inhabitants, Heilbronn was the second largest city in Württemberg after Stuttgart .
November pogroms 1938
On the morning of November 10, 1938, the day after the Reichspogromnacht , the Heilbronn synagogue was destroyed by arson. The role of the Heilbronn fire brigade in the synagogue fire has not been conclusively clarified. What is clear is that she did not put out the fire in the synagogue, but limited herself to protecting the surrounding buildings. In January 1940 the ruins of the synagogue were demolished.
Shops and homes of Jews were looted and their belongings burned. Leading community members fled or were deported . 234 Jewish citizens from Heilbronn and Sontheim were murdered in the extermination and concentration camps. On November 11, 1938, the first deportation took place in the Dachau concentration camp and the detention camp Welzheim , on 26 November 1941, the second in the KZ Riga , on 23 March 1942, the third in the Theresienstadt concentration camp , to Auschwitz and Maly Trostinec , on 24 April 1942 the fourth to the Izbica ghetto and finally on August 20, 1942 the last deportation to Theresienstadt, Auschwitz and Maly Trostinec.
As a result of the November pogroms and the subsequent increased emigration, the city acquired around 30 buildings from formerly Jewish property. Some of the buildings were given to deserving party functionaries, in addition to Mayor Heinrich Valid and Mayor Hugo Kölle, among others, to the local group leader Max Fork and the deputy district leader Ludwig Zeller . In 1939 the city acquired another Jewish property at 28 Bruckmannstrasse and had it prepared for Richard Drauz, the district manager .
Second World War
With the beginning of the Second World War, private residential construction ceased. Instead, the creation of air raid shelters came to the fore. Heilbronn was not classified as particularly hazardous to air. Since it of the city's numerous requirements of air protection adequate shelter was, you saw only the construction of new bunkers less forced. In addition to the shelter at Industrieplatz and the rescue station under Kaiser-Friedrich-Platz, the General Wever Tower on Theresienwiese, commissioned by the Reich Aviation Ministry from mid-1940, was one of only three new bunkers in the city center.
The first air raid on Heilbronn took place on the night of December 16-17, 1940, followed by numerous other nights of bombing in autumn 1941, which, however, only caused limited damage. The first heavy bomb damage occurred during the air raids in September 1944. From this time onwards, the population was also exposed to frequent low-flying attacks.
From 1942 onwards, art treasures from Germany, France and Italy were stored in the salt mines in and around Heilbronn. Likewise, armaments-important operations were relocated to the mine tunnels. An armaments factory of IG Farben was set up in the tunnels of the Neckargartach salt mine . Another tunnel was built for the Tengelmann food company, which stored several shiploads of food here. From Heilbronn to Neckarelz , a multitude of partly gigantic underground systems was created. The expansion of the tunnels was subject to the commands of the branch offices of the Natzweiler-Struthof concentration camp in Bad Friedrichshall- Kochendorf and Neckargartach.
In the Steinbock subcamp set up between Böllinger and Wimpfener Strasse in Neckargartach at the end of August 1944 , 1200 prisoners, members of the Waffen SS and the Luftwaffe, and staff from the Todt Organization were housed.
A heavy air raid on September 27-28, 1944 induced Lord Mayor Valid to repeatedly submit an evacuation plan for the city of Heilbronn to the Stuttgart Ministry of the Interior for approval. The mayor's plans included the resettlement of 1974 women and children from Heilbronn's old town to the district. Once again, the permit was not granted.
Destruction of the city on December 4th, 1944
The air raid on Heilbronn on December 4, 1944, in which the entire old town and 62 percent of the entire city were destroyed, became a catastrophe for Heilbronn . (See also: Lost Monuments in Heilbronn .) 282 Lancaster bombers of the 5th bomber group of the RAF and ten escort aircraft flew into the city in the early evening and dropped around 1200 tons of bombs, including well over 240,000 stick bombs, over the city area. According to official figures, more than 6,500 people died in the firestorm caused by this, most of the victims were suffocated in air raid shelters. Over 5,000 dead were buried in mass graves in the nearby Köpfertal, today's Ehrenfriedhof , where to this day the victims are commemorated in an hour of mourning on every anniversary.
From December 27, 1944 to March 31, 1945 another 13 air raids were carried out on Heilbronn. Overall, the city's population shrank to 46,350 during the war.
The end of the war in Heilbronn
As the front approached, the Volkssturm was formed in Heilbronn from January 17, 1945 . On January 20, there was another heavy air raid, on February 28, calls for surrender were dropped. On March 26th, the Neckargartacher Volkssturm was called and tank traps were set up at the end of the town. The next day rumors spread that the Americans were approaching and that food warehouses were about to be blown up, so that the next day hamster purchases took place.
On March 30, Heilbronn and the ten-kilometer radius were declared a fortress area. OB Valid was appointed battalion leader of the Volkssturm and made his office available to City Councilor Karl Kübler. On April 2, German troops blew up all Neckar bridges and the Sontheimer Steg, while individual American tanks reached Neckargartach, but withdrew to Frankenbach. On April 3, the 100th Infantry Division of the 6th US Corps under General Withers A. Burress (1894-1958) advanced with 6000 to 8000 men from the west to the Neckar and occupied Obereisesheim and Neckargartach. At Neckargartach, the Americans managed to cross the Neckar for the first time, from where they tried to advance south towards the destroyed city center. About 1000 to 1200 German soldiers offered bitter resistance in Heilbronn.
The concentration camp in Neckargartach was cleared by the SS in the first week of April 1945 . The prisoners were brought to Dachau concentration camp partly on foot ( Hessental death march ) and partly in freight wagons . Deceased prisoners were buried both in the Sontheim Jewish cemetery and on a hill above the camp between the Gewann Werthalde and Hüttenäcker.
Since no advance into the city center seemed possible due to the heavy fighting over the salt mine, the Americans built a southern bridgehead around the Götz Tower on April 6th. District leader Drauz dissolved the NSDAP district leadership on the same day and fled in the direction of the Gaffenberg . On his way there, he noticed white flags on Schweinsbergstrasse, whereupon he had four residents, including the deputy mayor Kübler, shot. For four days, the German artillery met the American attempts to build pontoon bridges over the Neckar with violent fire from the Wartberg and the Jägerhaus. An urban war of several days broke out around the city center. The Allied forces also had to fight 16-year-old boys from the Hitler Youth in the Heilbronn “fortress” . After eleven days of fighting over the strategically important crossing of the Neckar, the US division history notes for April 12, 1945: "At 3:30 p.m. the city is finally cleared of German troops."
US prison camp, troop and missile base
After the end of the Second World War , Heilbronn belonged to the state of Württemberg-Baden in the American zone of occupation . The American military administration set up a DP camp managed by UNRRA in Neckargartach to accommodate so-called displaced persons . West of Böckingen was the Heilbronn camp from 1945 to 1947 , through which hundreds of thousands of prisoners of war passed.
US troops stayed in Heilbronn for decades. From 1951 they were permanently stationed in Heilbronn. They used existing barracks from before the Second World War and also built their own facilities, including housing estates and infrastructure. The 1977 were east of the center in on the four kilometer Heilbronn town forest located Waldheide American, nuclear -tipped Pershing IA - short-range missiles stationed. With the retrofit decision the missiles were 1984-1985 by Pershing II - medium-range missiles replaced.
Reconstruction of the Heilbronn city center
Emil Beutinger (1875–1957), who had been mayor until 1933, was reinstated in his office on April 13, 1945 and immediately began to consider rebuilding the destroyed city. The first task was to clear rubble and repair buildings that were not completely destroyed. By order of the American military government, full working hours were initially applicable on all weekdays including Sundays until November 1945. On May 15, there were first dismissals from the city administration due to membership in the NSDAP. The first streets were renamed on June 8th. All 16- to 55-year-old men were obliged to do twelve days of labor service from February 1946 to September 1947, former NSDAP members had to do 18 days of labor service.
Until January 30, 1946 Lt. Col. Montgomery in command of the city and district of Heilbronn, followed on February 1, 1946 by Major Terry. The first free municipal council elections since 1933 took place on May 26, 1946. The US military government continued to exist until September 20, 1949. Until January 20, 1950, the compulsory use of food cards continued.
The housing shortage in the destroyed city led to the formation of barracks settlements such as the Schweinsbergsiedlung after the air raid on December 4, 1944, and to the conversion of the former Heilbronn camp as emergency accommodation for those looking for accommodation from 1948.
There was a lively public debate about the reconstruction of the completely destroyed old town of Heilbronn, with some even advocating the preservation of the inner-city ruins as a memorial and the construction of a new city outside the old city limits. In many cases, the feasibility of rebuilding itself was also questioned. In the official gazette of March 8, 1946, Mayor Emil Beutinger announced some basic ideas for reconstruction: only the Kilian's Church , the market square with town hall , the port market with port market tower, the Deutschhof with the Teutonic Order Church and the meat shop were to be preserved in the old town . Otherwise, the city center should be newly and generously parceled out and rebuilt without any historicizing echoes. The vineyard families that were once numerous in the city center were to be assigned new quarters for their agricultural properties outside the city center. The traffic connections to the surrounding area should also be taken into account, with particular consideration given to the further canalisation of the Neckar.
The Stuttgart architect Hans Volkart was commissioned with the first reconstruction plans in March 1946 , who had most of the planning carried out by his colleague Hans Gerber . After Paul Metz was elected Lord Mayor in August 1946, the former Mayor Beutinger remained responsible for continuing the reconstruction of the old town. On November 22, 1946, Volkart, government builder Karl Gonser and the Heilbronn architect Richard Schumacher presented plans for reconstruction to the Heilbronn municipal council. From February 1, 1947, there was a planning and construction office of the city of Heilbronn, whose head Prof. Volkart's employee Gerber was appointed. Due to the shortage of materials, however, the beginning of the reconstruction could not yet be thought of and the first draft plans therefore only led to further discussions, especially about supplying the population. The ideas competition announced on March 14, 1947 for a shopping center on Wollhausplatz resulted from these considerations.
In the meantime, the Heilbronn-based architects Richard Scheffler , Hermann Wahl and Eric Beutinger had written a memorandum that first called for the creation of an overall development plan and then the detailed planning while holding design competitions. As a result, the competition for the shopping center on Wollhausplatz was rejected again - it was only realized with the Wollhauszentrum in the 1970s . Instead, an ideas competition for the general plan for the reconstruction of the old town was advertised on June 13, 1947, to which only architects from the city and district of Heilbronn were allowed, from whom it was hoped that submissions would be faster than from national participants.
In the further planning, the traffic-related issues in particular moved into focus, while social and health-political aspects were postponed. On June 20, 1947, Volkart and Gonser presented their new reconstruction plan, which presented an inner city largely freed from through traffic with a decentralized system of parking spaces on the edge of the old town. Streets and alleys with shop fronts should alternate with alleys for delivery in the inner city area. The plan met with great approval in the local council. Volkart and Gonser were, in addition to Mayor Metz, Minister of Education a. D. Theodor Heuss , General Building Director Prof. Walther Hoß , Government Building Director Otto Ernst Schweizer as well as various city councils and building councilors were appointed to the jury of the ideas competition. After the deadline for submission on October 15, 1947, the jury was unable to agree on first place, as none of the submitted works were completely convincing. Instead, the Heilbronn architect Kurt Marohn was honored with the second, the building councilor Gabel and the Heilbronn architect Hermann Wahl each with a third prize. More than with the submitted proposals, the fundamental ideas of the jury coincided with the plans submitted by Prof. Volkart in June 1947 (as well as the traffic plans by Karl Gonser and Kurt Leibbrand ), so that these were used for further planning.
An important traffic-related part of Gonser's plan to free the city center from through traffic was the so-called Alleenring , which was to circumnavigate the city center and the suburb of the station as a distribution circle and where shops, restaurants and hotels were to be located. However, in order to build the avenue ring, large areas of the railway systems in the west of the city would have had to be relocated, for which the Reichsbahn had no funds at the time. Alternatively, in order to gain road construction space between the train station and today's Europaplatz, filling in the historic Wilhelmskanal was considered . Ultimately, however, an agreement was reached on the maintenance of the railway facilities and the Wilhelmskanal, so that the planned Alleenring was abandoned because only the nooks and crannies planned Kranenstrasse could only cross the bottleneck of the railway and the canal, but could not cope with a large volume of traffic. Even without a complete avenue ring, the former park-like avenue became the main traffic axis in the city center as part of the traffic planning during the reconstruction period.
Only after completing the basic road planning could the plans for the reconstruction of the quarters and buildings begin, which were pushed ahead with high pressure in view of the currency reform on June 20, 1948. The local council decided on March 5, 1948 the construction plan for the old town and on April 28, 1948 the construction plan . The latter divided the old town into 25 building blocks, which were then to be further developed by the five Heilbronn architects Marohn, Gabel, Mayer, Wahl and Scheffler, who won the ideas competition. The reallocation of building land reduced the number from 1,086 parcels to 582, whereby each owner had to give up 15% of the previous land area for the creation of public areas (road widening, enlargement of Kiliansplatz, etc.). On February 16, 1950, the Ministry of the Interior approved the first development plan for one of the inner city quarters in the Metzgergasse area.
The tram network was partially operated again from July 30, 1945, but gradually replaced by the Heilbronn trolleybus and new bus routes. The tram operation ended on April 1, 1955, the trolleybus operation in 1960. Subsequently, local public transport in the city took place exclusively with buses until the end of the 20th century.
Growth at the time of the economic miracle
Particularly in the years from 1950 to 1955, a reconstruction effort took place in Heilbronn, which also received national attention. For his part in this, the former mayor Beutinger was made an honorary citizen of Heilbronn in 1955. In 1953 the rebuilt historic town hall was inaugurated, in 1958 the newly built urban festival hall Harmonie and the newly built main train station. When the residential buildings were rebuilt in 1958, the pre-war status was reached, but due to the increasing number of residents, residential construction remained an urgent issue in the following years. Some of the major historical reconstruction projects continued for many years. The reconstruction of Kilian's Church was not completed until 1965, and the reconstruction of the Deutschhof even dragged on until the archive building was completed in 1977.
As long as the city center was still in ruins, Heilbronner Wilhelmstrasse, in which many buildings had survived the war only slightly damaged, temporarily developed into the city's most important shopping street. In the spring of 1950, Lichdi opened the first self-service supermarket in Germany on the corner of Wilhelmstrasse and Luisenstrasse. However, most stores soon moved back to the city center after their stores were completed. The department store of the Merkur department store chain, built according to plans by Egon Eiermann and Robert Hilgers , also opened there in Fleiner Strasse in November 1951 as the company's first post-war new building.
The construction boom of the post-war years created numerous jobs in the construction and finishing trades. The rebuilt industrial companies offered around 17,000 jobs as early as 1951. The industrial sector peaked in 1963 when around 27,000 employees worked in 145 factories. Structural change within the industry was already apparent in the 1950s. The number of employees in the chemical industry, in the production of carbon materials, in the food industry and in textile companies fell, while mechanical and vehicle construction, steel and light metal construction, paper and printing, and electrical engineering gained in importance. In the handicrafts, too, there were significant gains despite the falling number of companies and the simultaneous expansion of existing companies. The Heilbronn power plant was built in the 1950s and 1960s to meet the city's energy needs .
In those years of full employment , foreigners began to move into the city. In 1959, the proportion of foreigners (excluding the Americans stationed in Heilbronn) was less than one percent. By 1970 the quota of foreigners rose to around nine percent.
In the 1960s, larger new building areas were developed to cover further housing needs, including the Sachsenäcker building area in Neckargartach and the residential areas on the Schanz in Böckingen, where around 4,900 people lived by 1966/67. A large school and sports hall construction program followed.
Big city from 1970
With the incorporation of Klingenberg on January 1, 1970, Heilbronn grew to over 100,000 inhabitants and thus became a major city . In 1972 and 1974 Kirchhausen , Biberach , Frankenbach and Horkheim were incorporated. During the district reform on January 1, 1973 , Heilbronn remained an independent city and the seat of the now enlarged district of Heilbronn. It also became the seat of the newly formed Franconia region (today the Heilbronn-Franconia region ).
The topping-out ceremony for the new Stadtbad in March 1970 marked the end of the reconstruction phase after 25 years. The then Lord Mayor Hans Hoffmann stated that we are now in a phase in which we have to create the necessary conditions for a modern Heilbronn . In the early 1970s there was a change in the local commercial and business structure. Between 1970 and 1974 over 60 companies, including well-known companies such as the vehicle manufacturer Dautel or the retail chain Lidl & Schwarz, turned their backs on the city due to a lack of expansion opportunities and migrated to the surrounding area. In the city center, the trend was away from small shops and towards larger inner-city shopping centers. The 14-storey shopping house on the avenue, built in 1971, not only creates a lot of usable space on a small area, but has also become a landmark in the city center and an example of the sleek architectural style of brutalism . In 1974 he was followed by the ten-storey Wollhauszentrum on the site of the old town pool that was blown up in 1972 . Also in residential construction in the neighborhoods they sat on a concrete block , so on the Böckinger Schanz , in the Acher Neckargartacher Saxony fields , or on the Maihalde in Frankenbach. Between 1968 and 1983, 13,000 apartments and around 10,000 commercial properties were built.
In the 1970s, the city built generous public buildings for around 50 million DM for the incorporated districts. The weir hall was built in Kirchhausen in 1974, followed by the Böckingen community center and the weir hall in Horkheim in 1975, the indoor swimming pool in Biberach in 1976 and the Leintalsporthalle in Frankenbach in 1978. Extensive renovation work has started in Neckargartach. Various new urban school buildings with 16 gyms and sports halls and 17 sports facilities for a total of 168 million DM were also built by 1983. The city's total construction budget between 1968 and 1983 was around 1 billion DM, around a quarter of the total at that time the city generated construction costs of around DM 4 billion.
The strong and sustained increase in population was not only due to the incorporation, but also to the increased influx of foreigners, the number of which reached a provisional high of 13,804 in 1974. Especially in the course of family reunification , the number of Turkish citizens registered in Heilbronn doubled between 1971 and 1981. Turks formed the largest group of foreigners in 1982 with 5970 people, followed by 2509 Yugoslavs and 2447 Italians.
The inauguration of the federal motorway 6 from Heilbronn to Mannheim in 1968 already set important economic trends for Heilbronn. The continuation of the A 81 to Würzburg in 1974 and the A 6 to Nuremberg in 1979 with their intersection at the nearby Weinsberger Kreuz again underlined Heilbronn's position as an important traffic junction in southwest Germany. Numerous large companies settled along the new traffic arteries, the convenient location promoted the designation of many new industrial areas in the city and in the surrounding area.
Neckartalstraße , which was started in 1969, is an important bypass road that saves north-south through traffic the traditional route through the city center. From 1970, after the demolition of the old city theater , which was damaged in the war, and the associated possibility of changing the traffic route, the avenue was expanded into the central traffic axis of the city center. At the same time, the traditional north-south axis that was bypassed, Fleiner Strasse and its extension into Sülmer Strasse, was redesigned in late 1971 into a pedestrian zone with surrounding traffic-calmed areas. The pedestrian zone was later expanded to include Kaiserstraße running across it and various side streets. In the summer of 1971, two pedestrian underpasses with escalators were opened for the first time on the avenue in the Harmonie area, and another followed later at the main post office.
In contrast, the plans drawn up in 1970 to connect the city to the InterCity network or the extension of the Stuttgart – Bietigheim S-Bahn to Heilbronn requested by the city have not yet been implemented . After a short-term increase in the number of rail passengers following the electrification of the most important routes in the surrounding area in the early 1970s, the number of passengers in local transport fell noticeably and continuously, while at the same time the number of vehicles rose sharply. With 292 vehicles per 1000 inhabitants, Heilbronn was in eighth place in a nationwide comparison in 1971.
In the cultural field, the Heilbronn Historical Museum, which most recently focused on prehistory, changed in the late 1970s to today's Heilbronn City Museum with a particular focus on contemporary sculptures and departments on archeology and city history. With the completion of the archive building as the seat of the Heilbronn City Archives , the reconstruction of the Deutschhof was completed in 1977 . The inauguration of the new Heilbronn City Theater , the construction of which went back to the late 1950s, but which was not completed until 1982, closed one of the last major urban and cultural gaps in the city center that had arisen as a result of the Second World War.
The 1980s and 1990s
Due to the US nuclear weapons base on the Waldheide, Heilbronn moved into the interests of the peace movement in the 1980s. The population was initially not informed about the nuclear weapons from the official side, and the few who kept the secrets were obliged to maintain silence. The city administration stated until 1984 that it did not know anything about the exact use of the Waldheide area. Nevertheless, the largest peace rally took place in Heilbronn as early as 1983, at which 30,000 participants demonstrated against nuclear weapons. In response to public pressure, the Heilbronn municipal council declared nuclear weapons to be "undesirable" on July 19, 1984. When a rocket accident on January 11, 1985 claimed three lives, Heilbronn once again became a national perception. On February 2, 1985, there was a silent march with 10,000 participants, a little later peace groups began to block the missile site for an unlimited period. Prominent representatives of the peace movement such as Gert Bastian and Petra Kelly joined the protests and called for civil disobedience and non-violent resistance . After the INF contract was signed , the missiles were withdrawn from 1988 to 1990. In 1992 the last US Army units withdrew. Heilbronn has been a demilitarized city since then . The former missile base on the Waldheide has been renatured and has been a public park since 1996. From 2002 onwards, most of the former American barracks and the (former military) hospital at the Jägerhaus were demolished and built over with residential buildings or industrial areas.
In the 1980s, two supraregional events of the state of Baden-Württemberg took place in Heilbronn: 1981 the home days Baden-Württemberg and from May 24th to September 8th 1985 the sixth state horticultural show Baden-Württemberg, for which new parks and green spaces were created. The most important public green space created at that time is the Wertwiesenpark as the venue for the state horticultural show. When the park was laid out in 1982, the Neckaraue was kept free from development, while the surrounding districts were upgraded. The 1985 State Horticultural Show offered around 1,500 events over 108 days and was visited by around a million people. Heilbronn presented itself as a sculpture city during the garden show . The two-kilometer-long sculpture avenue led along 74 exhibits from the city center to the garden show grounds. Some of the sculptures that were erected at the time or that were created during a sculpture symposium at the same time were bought by the city of Heilbronn and can still be seen in public spaces today. The 1985 State Garden Show is considered to be the outstanding urban event of the 1980s. Because of its green spaces, the city was u. a. Awarded a gold medal at the European " Entente Florale Europe " competition in 2000.
In a serious train accident near Klingenberg on August 12, 1984, three people died, 35 were seriously injured and 21 were slightly injured.
The major construction projects of the 1980s included the construction of the employment office and telecommunications office at Rosenberg, the conversion of the clinic at Gesundbrunnen into a general clinic, the expansion of the Heilbronn University of Applied Sciences in 1984, the inauguration of the Frankenstadion in 1988 and the construction of the new main fire station for the Heilbronn fire brigade in 1989 the Heilbronn power plant with the 250 meter high chimneys and the 140 meter high cooling tower, which were completed by 1986, became a landmark that can be seen from afar.
In October 1986 the Triebe architects presented a new cityscape master plan entitled "Heilbronn 2000". In 1989, the Neckartalstrasse , which had already begun in 1969 and was built in several sections, was completed from the Obereisesheim motorway junction to the B 27 to Sontheim, relieving the city center by up to 50,000 vehicles a day.
In 1992, the economic research company Prognos drew up an economic development concept as part of the expansion of the Böllinger Höfe industrial area and the reorganization of the old industrial area on the Neckar. When analyzing the economic structure , Prognos found that the growth in gross value added in Heilbronn since 1970 has developed below average compared to the district and the state. The manufacturing sector in particular performed below average , while trade and transport were well above the national average. The strengths of Heilbronn's economic structure were identified in 1992 in the strong influence of small and medium-sized companies, the broad mix of industries , the city's role as a trading center in the region, the high density of craftsmen and the above-average number of start-ups . The weaknesses, on the other hand, lay in the not very future-oriented traditional product range, in the low differentiation of the service area, in the indirect dependence on vehicle construction among the subordinate crafts and in the low export rate . Prognos recommended the further development of the traditional industrial location Heilbronn into a modern, environmentally oriented technology location with selected special segments. This development should u. a. can also be achieved with the expansion of research, the establishment of a technology park, the improvement of the transport infrastructure and the improvement of the residential and leisure value of the city. Direct consequences of this model were, among other things. a. the establishment of new chairs at the Heilbronn University of Applied Sciences , the expansion of the Böllinger Höfe industrial area , the establishment of the Heilbronn Innovation Factory, supported by the cities of Heilbronn and Neckarsulm, the district of Heilbronn and various banks, on the site of the former Ferdinand C. Weipert machine factory, and not least the Greater urban development orientation towards the Neckar as an experience space, which was recently brought about by the redesign of the Upper and Lower Neckarstrasse and the establishment of the Experimenta .
The withdrawal of the American armed forces in 1992 also enabled the city of Heilbronn to acquire 300 hectares of land previously used by the military, including the former American houses in the south of the city, where 1,100 apartments had become empty. On the former barracks areas were u. a. the residential area Badener Hof and the industrial area Schwabenhof .
From 1998 the newly founded Heilbronn Stadtbahn was connected to the local transport network of the Karlsruhe Stadtbahn . Here, the Heilbronn city center in the area of the route leading from west to east along Kaiserstrasse and Moltkestrasse once again underwent a large-scale redesign, including a renovation of the Harmonie concert and congress center . The extension of the Stadtbahn eastwards to Öhringen was opened on December 10, 2005. In addition to the city of Heilbronn, the communities along the tram route also benefited from the improved transport connections.
Heilbronn in the 21st century
At the beginning of the 21st century, the city pushed ahead with the modernization and structural redesign of its older industrial parks. The newly ordered area Wohlgelegen to the site of the 1993 resolution Kali Chemie became the future Park Wohlgelegen redesigned the former agricultural machinery factory Weipert was as Heilbronner Innovationsfabrik the core of innovation parks hip Various depraved to socially deprived residential areas in the northern city of Christopher Street or at Rathenauplatz were upgraded . The Nordstadt was already included in 2002, the Südstadt quarters along Wilhelmstrasse and Werderstrasse were included in the federal-state funding program Social City in 2003. In 2005 and 2006 Heilbronn became Germany's first UNICEF children's city.
On April 25, 2007, the police murder of Heilbronn took place on the Theresienwiese festival site , in which a young woman police officer was shot dead by unknown perpetrators in the official vehicle and her colleague was critically injured. A major manhunt with a massive police presence and extensive roadblocks that brought traffic in Heilbronn to a standstill for hours was unsuccessful. The act caused a sensation nationwide and also beyond Germany. In June 2007, DNA traces on the police officers' service vehicle could be assigned to a (supposed) serial offender who was referred to by the press as a Heilbronn Phantom . In March 2009, however, this unknown, searched for since 1993, turned out to be an investigation mishap, as the DNA found was that of a worker from Bavaria who packed the cotton swabs used to pick up the DNA . The act was later assigned to the terrorist group National Socialist Underground .
In the city center, the Stadtgalerie shopping center operated by the ECE company was built on a former fallow site near Deutschhof from summer 2006 to March 2008 . The project was controversial among the citizens because of its dimensions and the expected traffic problems, and more than 10,000 signatures against the construction were collected. At the same time, the post-war buildings in the inner-city district of Klosterhof on Kiliansplatz were demolished, where another shopping center was built by spring 2009. In 2008/09 the old Hagenbucher storage building was converted into the Science Center Experimenta and in 2009/10 the Harmonie was expanded to include the Vogelmann art gallery .
The proportion of foreigners in the city is around 18 percent today. Turks make up the largest ethnic group among the approximately 23,000 foreigners living in the city. The number of Muslims in the Heilbronn district is estimated at around 10,000 people. The majority are Muslims of Turkish descent; there are also Muslims of Bosnian, Arab and German descent. Mosques in the urban area of Heilbronn emerged a. a. in Goppelstrasse, Hans-Seyfer-Strasse, Salzstrasse, Weinsberger Strasse and in Böckinger Strasse. Due in particular to the influx of Eastern Europeans of the Jewish faith, the post-war Jewish community, which was insignificant until the 1980s, grew to 150 members by 1990. The Jewish community of Heilbronn, as a subsidiary of the Israelite religious community in Württemberg, was able to inaugurate a new prayer room in a building on the avenue in 2006.
At the northeast entrance to the city center, on Mannheimer Strasse, the Heilbronn educational campus was built from 2010/11 , on which two educational institutions of the Dieter Schwarz Foundation are based. In the opposite Untere Neckarstraße , a spacious new space with a health center and hospitality industry has been planned in front of the Stadtbad near the Bollwerksturm . The usage plan was changed several times and the construction area lay fallow for a long time. When building a hotel began in spring 2013, they came across a historic bridge arch from the 17th century from what was then the Mühlviertel. In view of the lack of historical building material in Heilbronn city center, the preservation of the site was discussed, ultimately in vain.
From 2011 to 2014 the north branch of the Heilbronn Stadtbahn was expanded, with the aim of establishing a tram connection via Neckarsulm into the Rhine-Neckar area. The construction work impaired the image of the northern city center and the inner-city traffic management for months. In 2012, old parts of the city fortifications came to light on the avenue . The large-scale work in the urban area came to an end shortly after the opening of the section from Heilbronn to Neckarsulm on November 14, 2013. In 2013, the conversion to a residential and commercial quarter also began at the former Heilbronn Süd train station .
In 2012, the redesigned House of City History was opened in the Heilbronn City Archives , which offers research, documentation and museums on the history of the City of Heilbronn.
Since the city was awarded the contract for the Federal Horticultural Show in 2019 at the end of 2005 , extensive redesigning of the banks of the Altneckar has begun, where the horticultural show area is to be created first and from this later the new Neckarbogen district . The city has acquired and cleared the space provided for this purpose, and the further expansion plans are taking place with public participation. A large-scale redesign also took place between the Bollwerk and Götzenturm, the historic western border of the city on the Altneckar. Upper and Lower Neckarstrasse were designated as pedestrian areas, where gastronomy was initially located in Lower Neckarstrasse. With the construction of the Marra House (named after the facade artist Antonio Marra ), a more intensive gastronomic use of the otherwise mainly secular residential buildings began. Together this results in the “largest restaurant mile on the river in southern Germany”, for which the city of Heilbronn is still looking for a new name.
List of city leaders since 1803
For an overview of the mayors in imperial city times, see the list of mayors of Heilbronn .
Heilbronn was incorporated into the Duchy of Württemberg on February 25, 1803 with the Reichsdeputationshauptschluss and received a new city constitution. As a result, the city parliament and the mayor were appointed by the king in the future .
- 1803–1819: Georg Christian Franz Kübel , Mayor. The first mayor in the time of Württemberg had moved to the Heilbronn council in 1800, and was appointed mayor after the transition to Württemberg. He was headed by the respective Heilbronn senior magistrate during the entire term of office.
- 1819–1822: Lebrecht Landauer , Lord Mayor. He came to Heilbronn from Stuttgart for the post, but was only in office for three years before he died at the age of 42 after a long illness.
From 1822 the Heilbronn residents elected their municipal council themselves.
- 1822–1835: Johann Clemens Bruckmann , Stadtschultheiß. He was a cousin of the silversmith Georg Peter Bruckmann , who built up the Peter Bruckmann & Sons silver goods factory during his tenure .
- 1835–1848: Heinrich Titot , Stadtschultheiß. During his term of office, the first high phase of industrialization of the city falls with the expansion of the mill system and the reform of the school system as well as the commissioning of the Neckar steamship, the railroad and the free port. Titot resigned from office during the March Revolution.
- 1848–1869: August Klett , Stadtschultheiß. His tenure was initially shaped by the crisis years in the city after the failed revolution, which was followed by the economic boom of the early 1860s.
GCF bucket
Heinrich Titot
August Klett
Karl Wüst
Paul Hegelmaier
Paul Goebel
The title of Lord Mayor was first awarded by King Karl I of Württemberg in 1874 to Karl Wüst , Stadtschultheiß since 1869.
- 1869–1884: Karl Wüst , Lord Mayor. Came into office at the age of 28. His term of office is marked by the tremendous technical progress and urban development accents from the master builder general building plan of 1873, as well as by allegations of corruption. He died in office at the age of 42.
- 1884–1904: Paul Hegelmaier , Lord Mayor. Started with the claim to clean up Karl Wüst's "Vetterleswirtschaft", but then brought the city scandals and a flood of lawsuits. Nevertheless, he managed the city in the period that was once again fertile for industrialization at the turn of the century.
- 1904–1921: Paul Göbel , Lord Mayor. He directed the fortunes of the city through the turbulent times of the First World War, the revolution and inflation. He died in office at the age of 50.
- 1921–1933: Emil Beutinger , Lord Mayor. Was an architect and not an administrative specialist and headed the city during the Weimar Republic before he was removed from office by the National Socialists.
- 1933–1945: Heinrich Valid ( NSDAP ), Lord Mayor. Headed the city's business during the National Socialist era, but lagged behind district leader Richard Drauz in public perception .
Emil Beutinger
Paul Meyle
Hans Hoffmann
Manfred Weinmann
Helmut Himmelsbach
Harry Mergel
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After the end of the war, the former Mayor Beutinger was reinstated in his office by the American city commander. His successor, Metz, was elected by the local council in 1946, and since the 1948 election it has been elected by the citizens.
- 1945–1946: Emil Beutinger , Lord Mayor. The former mayor was called back into office by the American occupying forces after the Second World War. At the beginning of this term of office, already 70 years old, the architect was still providing impetus to rebuild the destroyed city center.
- 1946–1948: Paul Metz ( SPD ), Lord Mayor. Returned to the school service after two years in which he dealt with reconstruction plans for the inner city.
- 1948–1967: Paul Meyle ( DVP ), Lord Mayor. In the first election by the citizens in 1948, it just prevailed over its predecessor. The reconstruction of the destroyed city of Heilbronn is considered his life's work.
- 1967–1983: Hans Hoffmann ( SPD ), Lord Mayor. Had previously been mayor of the neighboring town of Neckarsulm since 1955. During his term of office in Heilbronn, the municipal reform in Baden-Württemberg fell, which brought Heilbronn the incorporation of five surrounding towns and the subsequent restructuring with extensive construction projects.
- 1983–1999: Manfred Weinmann ( CDU ), Lord Mayor. Headed the city at the time of the protests against the US missile base on the Heilbronner Waldheide and beyond the upheaval times of German reunification.
- 1999–2014: Helmut Himmelsbach (independent), Lord Mayor. During his term of office, the commissioning and expansion of the Heilbronn Stadtbahn, the modernization of several large inner city areas and the planning of the new Neckarbogen district for the 2019 Federal Horticultural Show fell.
- Since 2014: Harry Mergel (SPD), Lord Mayor.
See also
literature
- Chronicle of the city of Heilbronn. Stadtarchiv Heilbronn, Heilbronn 1895–2004, volumes I – VII (741 to 1957) and X (1970 to 1974) have been published so far
- Hans Franke : History and Fate of the Jews in Heilbronn. Heilbronn City Archives, Heilbronn 1963 (Publications of the Heilbronn City Archives, 11) ( here as PDF with 1.2 MB)
- Uwe Jacobi: The missing council minutes. Verlag Heilbronner Demokratie, Heilbronn 1981, ISBN 3-921923-09-3
- Uwe Jacobi: Heilbronn as it was. Droste, Düsseldorf 1987, ISBN 3-7700-0746-8
- Helmut Schmolz , Hubert Weckbach: Heilbronn. History and life of a city. 2nd complete and enlarged edition. Konrad, Weißenhorn 1973, ISBN 3-87437-062-3 .
- Christhard Schrenk , Hubert Weckbach , Susanne Schlösser: From Helibrunna to Heilbronn. A city history (= publications of the archive of the city of Heilbronn . Volume 36 ). Theiss, Stuttgart 1998, ISBN 3-8062-1333-X .
- Peter Wanner et al. a .: Heilbronn historically! Developing a city on the river . The exhibitions in the Otto Rettenmaier House / House of City History and in the Museum in the Deutschhof (= small series of publications from the Heilbronn archive . Volume 62 ). Stadtarchiv Heilbronn, Städtische Museen Heilbronn, Heilbronn 2013, ISBN 978-3-940646-11-8 (further series: Museo. 26. Further ISBN 978-3-936921-16-8 ).
Web links
- Heilbronn city archive
- Virtual exhibition of the Heilbronn City Archives on Heilbronn's history
- City map from 1935
References and comments
- ↑ Hetzler / Bruckner: Fruit orchards promotion in Baden-Württemberg (PDF, see page 1 of 26; 2.7 MB).
- ↑ News from the old Celts at helmut-hille.de
- ↑ Bettine Gralfs, Andreas Thiel: Prevent losses. Preservation and protection of archaeological cultural monuments as part of planning advice . In: Denkmalpflege in Baden-Württemberg 4/2011, p. 213 ff. ( PDF ( Memento of the original from December 22, 2014 in the Internet Archive ) Info: The archive link has been inserted automatically and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link accordingly Instructions and then remove this note .; 5.62 MB)
- ↑ Martin Hees: Settlement archeology of the Hallstatt and early La Tène periods in the Heilbronn area "Geology of rock salt in the Heilbronn area" here (PDF; 2 MB)
- ↑ Theo Simon: Historical salt production in Baden-Württemberg here (PDF; 472 kB)
- ^ Settling in the Heilbronn area. Early salt extraction from brine. from: Heilbronn, Chronicle: 700 - turning point . Edition Braus, ISBN 3-925835-88-1
- ^ History of the district of Heilbronn at landkreis-heilbronn.de
- ↑ Fries-Knoblach: Equipment, processes and significance of the Iron Age salt works in Central and Northwestern Europe . Note: "Reconstruction of a boiling furnace in Heilbronn 1999" here (PDF; 501 kB)
- ↑ Andrea Neth: Discovery of archaeological sites then and now . In: Christina Jacob, Helmut Spatz: Schliz - a Schliemann in the Unterland? 100 years of archeology in the Heilbronn area , Städtische Museen Heilbronn 1999.
- ↑ Christhard Schrenk , Hubert Weckbach , Susanne Schlösser: From Helibrunna to Heilbronn. A city history (= publications of the archive of the city of Heilbronn . Volume 36 ). Theiss, Stuttgart 1998, ISBN 3-8062-1333-X , p. 9 f .
- ↑ Ursula Koch: Alamannen in Heilbronn: Archaeological finds of the 4th and 5th centuries, Städtische Museen Heilbronn, pp. 47–48
- ↑ Ursula Koch: Alamannen in Heilbronn: Archaeological finds of the 4th and 5th centuries, Städtische Museen Heilbronn, pp. 44–47
- ↑ Helmut Wild and Helmut Schmolz localized this location independently of one another in the 1970s by investigating the morphological conditions of the urban area, see also Wild in HVH 28 (1976), p. 9ff. Tombs from the Alemannic and Franconian times were found under Friedensplatz and on Rosenberg .
- ↑ a b Christhard Schrenk , Hubert Weckbach , Susanne Schlösser: From Helibrunna to Heilbronn. A city history (= publications of the archive of the city of Heilbronn . Volume 36 ). Theiss, Stuttgart 1998, ISBN 3-8062-1333-X , p. 12 .
- ↑ Christhard Schrenk , Hubert Weckbach , Susanne Schlösser: From Helibrunna to Heilbronn. A city history (= publications of the archive of the city of Heilbronn . Volume 36 ). Theiss, Stuttgart 1998, ISBN 3-8062-1333-X , p. 13 f .
- ↑ a b Christhard Schrenk , Hubert Weckbach , Susanne Schlösser: From Helibrunna to Heilbronn. A city history (= publications of the archive of the city of Heilbronn . Volume 36 ). Theiss, Stuttgart 1998, ISBN 3-8062-1333-X , p. 11 .
- ↑ Christhard Schrenk , Hubert Weckbach , Susanne Schlösser: From Helibrunna to Heilbronn. A city history (= publications of the archive of the city of Heilbronn . Volume 36 ). Theiss, Stuttgart 1998, ISBN 3-8062-1333-X , p. 10 .
- ↑ Christhard Schrenk , Hubert Weckbach , Susanne Schlösser: From Helibrunna to Heilbronn. A city history (= publications of the archive of the city of Heilbronn . Volume 36 ). Theiss, Stuttgart 1998, ISBN 3-8062-1333-X , p. 13 .
- ↑ a b Helmut Schmolz: Basic problems of the early history of the city of Heilbronn. In: Historischer Verein Heilbronn, yearbook 27/1973, p. 51.
- ^ Helmut Schmolz: Basic problems of the early history of the city of Heilbronn. In: Historischer Verein Heilbronn, yearbook 27/1973, p. 52.
- ^ Text and translation of the document of Emperor Ludwig the Pious from 822
- ^ Schmolz / Weckbach: Heilbronn. No. 13: King Ludwig the German documents in the Royal Palatinate Heilbronn, 841. p. 27
- ^ Helmut Schmolz: Basic problems of the early history of the city of Heilbronn. In: Historischer Verein Heilbronn, yearbook 27/1973, p. 45.
- ^ Hans Dieter Bechstein: Heilbronn. Kilian's Church: the center of the city. Heilbronn printing and publishing house, Heilbronn 1975 (series on Heilbronn, 6), p. 11.
- ↑ Christhard Schrenk , Hubert Weckbach , Susanne Schlösser: From Helibrunna to Heilbronn. A city history (= publications of the archive of the city of Heilbronn . Volume 36 ). Theiss, Stuttgart 1998, ISBN 3-8062-1333-X , p. 14 .
- ^ Helmut Schmolz: Basic problems of the early history of the city of Heilbronn. In: Historischer Verein Heilbronn, yearbook 27/1973, p. 48.
- ^ Helmut Schmolz: Basic problems of the early history of the city of Heilbronn. In: Historischer Verein Heilbronn, yearbook 27/1973, p. 46.
- ^ Helmut Schmolz: Basic problems of the early history of the city of Heilbronn. In: Historischer Verein Heilbronn, yearbook 27/1973, p. 47.
- ↑ Albrecht Schaefer: The Heilbronner patriciate at the time of the family rule until 1371. In: Hist. Heilbronn Association, 21st publication, Heilbronn 1954, pp. 157-163.
- ^ Helmut Schmolz: Basic problems of the early history of the city of Heilbronn. In: Historischer Verein Heilbronn, yearbook 27/1973, p. 48/49.
- ^ Theodor Heuss : Viticulture and wine grower in Heilbronn am Neckar. Heilbronn 1906 (with new editions 1950 and 2009).
- ↑ Helmut Schmolz: "Everything you overlook is fertile" - viticulture and agriculture in old Heilbronn. In: Historischer Verein Heilbronn, yearbook 31/1986, p. 75.
- ↑ Christhard Schrenk , Hubert Weckbach , Susanne Schlösser: From Helibrunna to Heilbronn. A city history (= publications of the archive of the city of Heilbronn . Volume 36 ). Theiss, Stuttgart 1998, ISBN 3-8062-1333-X , p. 25 .
- ↑ Named after the city of Nordhausen in Thuringia, where the contract document was issued. See Peter Wanner: A milestone in the city's history. 775 years of the “Nordhausen Contract” . In: Christhard Schrenk (Ed.): Heilbronnica. Contributions to the history of the city . Heilbronn City Archives, Heilbronn 2000, ISBN 3-928990-74-8 ( digitized version of the article; PDF; 4.4 MB )
- ↑ Christhard Schrenk , Hubert Weckbach , Susanne Schlösser: From Helibrunna to Heilbronn. A city history (= publications of the archive of the city of Heilbronn . Volume 36 ). Theiss, Stuttgart 1998, ISBN 3-8062-1333-X , p. 26 .
- ↑ Christhard Schrenk , Hubert Weckbach , Susanne Schlösser: From Helibrunna to Heilbronn. A city history (= publications of the archive of the city of Heilbronn . Volume 36 ). Theiss, Stuttgart 1998, ISBN 3-8062-1333-X , p. 26 f .
- ↑ a b Schmolz / Weckbach: Heilbronn. The old city in words and pictures , Heilbronn 1966, p. 8.
- ^ Willi Zimmermann: Heilbronn and his Neckar in the course of history. In: Historischer Verein Heilbronn, 24th publication, Heilbronn 1954, p. 8/9.
-
^ In a manuscript from the Franciscan Archives in Munich it says:
“Heilbronn was named Salzbronn ago because a hero should have killed a dragon here and the city has had a dragon in its coat of arms ever since. First of all, Friedrich II allowed a black eagle with a red tongue on a golden field and three different (imperial) colors: red, white and blue. When Charlemagne was hunting in the Odenwald in 824, he came to a beautiful spring in the forest and had built a church here and named it Heilbrunn. At first it was a village, Friedrich II had surrounded the place with a wall and given it privileges. In the documents of the order Heilprunn, Helprun, Heylbrunn and Heilbrunna, Helprin, Sailprunnae are written "
- P. Adalbert Ehrenfried: Barfüßer and Klarissen in Heilbronn , Bruchsal 1977, p. 10. - ↑ a b Hans-Gert Oomen: The Carolingian royal court Heilbronn. A contribution to the history of the city from the beginning to the end of the 13th century (= publications of the archive of the city of Heilbronn . Volume 18 ). Heilbronn City Archives, Heilbronn 1972, p. 80-83 .
- ↑ Oomen 1972, p. 89
- ^ Schmolz / Weckbach: Heilbronn. No. 23: First known town charter, granted by King Rudolf I, 1281. p. 31
- ↑ Wolfram Angerbauer: On the granting of the rights from Heilbronn to the city of Eppingen in 1303. In: Eppingen - Around the Ottilienberg. Heimatfreunde and Stadtarchiv Eppingen, Eppingen. Volume 3, 1985, ZDB -ID 144594-7 , p. 60 ff.
- ↑ a b Christhard Schrenk , Hubert Weckbach , Susanne Schlösser: From Helibrunna to Heilbronn. A city history (= publications of the archive of the city of Heilbronn . Volume 36 ). Theiss, Stuttgart 1998, ISBN 3-8062-1333-X , p. 30 .
- ↑ a b c Christhard Schrenk , Hubert Weckbach , Susanne Schlösser: From Helibrunna to Heilbronn. A city history (= publications of the archive of the city of Heilbronn . Volume 36 ). Theiss, Stuttgart 1998, ISBN 3-8062-1333-X , p. 31 .
- ↑ Christhard Schrenk , Hubert Weckbach , Susanne Schlösser: From Helibrunna to Heilbronn. A city history (= publications of the archive of the city of Heilbronn . Volume 36 ). Theiss, Stuttgart 1998, ISBN 3-8062-1333-X , p. 36 .
- ^ Wilhelm Steinhilber: The health system in old Heilbronn 1281–1871 , Heilbronn 1956, p. 13.
- ^ Franke: History of the Jews in Heilbronn . Pp. 24-25
- ↑ Description of the Oberamt Heilbronn . Kohlhammer, Stuttgart 1903. p. 46
- ^ Franke: History of the Jews in Heilbronn . P. 29
- ^ Wilhelm Steinhilber: The health system in old Heilbronn , Heilbronn 1956, p. 198 ff.
- ^ Willi A. Boelcke: Heilbronn - from the medieval mill town to the first commercial town of the Kingdom of Württemberg. In: Christhard Schrenk (Ed.): Region und Reich - On the inclusion of the Neckar area in the Carolingian Empire and its parallels and consequences , Heilbronn City Archives 1992, p. 239.
- ^ A b Willi Zimmermann: Heilbronn and his Neckar in the course of history. In: Historischer Verein Heilbronn, 24th publication, Heilbronn 1954, p. 16.
- ^ Willi A. Boelcke: Heilbronn - from the medieval mill town to the first commercial town of the Kingdom of Württemberg. In: Christhard Schrenk (Ed.): Region und Reich - On the inclusion of the Neckar area in the Carolingian Empire and its parallels and consequences. Heilbronn City Archives 1992, pp. 237–253.
- ↑ Christhard Schrenk , Hubert Weckbach , Susanne Schlösser: From Helibrunna to Heilbronn. A city history (= publications of the archive of the city of Heilbronn . Volume 36 ). Theiss, Stuttgart 1998, ISBN 3-8062-1333-X , p. 32 .
- ^ Franke: History and fate of the Jews in Heilbronn . P. 26
- ↑ Christhard Schrenk , Hubert Weckbach , Susanne Schlösser: From Helibrunna to Heilbronn. A city history (= publications of the archive of the city of Heilbronn . Volume 36 ). Theiss, Stuttgart 1998, ISBN 3-8062-1333-X , p. 30 f .
- ^ A b Franke: History and Fate of the Jews in Heilbronn . P. 32
- ^ Document book of the city of Heilbronn. Volume 1. Kohlhammer Verlag, Stuttgart 1904 (Württembergische Geschichtsquellen, 5). No. 451, p. 210
- ^ Schmolz / Weckbach: Heilbronn . No. 136–137: Heilbronn silver pfennig, around 1420. P. 63
- ↑ Peter Wanner (Ed.): Flein, Flein, du noble spot . Municipality of Flein, Flein 1988. p. 95
- ^ Marianne Dumitrache, Simon M. Haag: Archaeological city cadastre Baden-Württemberg. Volume 8: Heilbronn . Landesdenkmalamt Baden-Württemberg, Stuttgart 2001, ISBN 3-927714-51-8 . No. 63: Coin, gone . P. 110
- ^ A b Wilhelm Steinhilber: The health system in old Heilbronn 1281–1871 , Heilbronn 1956, p. 146.
- ^ Wilhelm Steinhilber: The health system in old Heilbronn 1281–1871 , Heilbronn 1956, p. 115.
- ^ Wilhelm Steinhilber: The health system in old Heilbronn 1281-1871 , Heilbronn 1956, p. 144.
- ↑ a b Christhard Schrenk , Hubert Weckbach , Susanne Schlösser: From Helibrunna to Heilbronn. A city history (= publications of the archive of the city of Heilbronn . Volume 36 ). Theiss, Stuttgart 1998, ISBN 3-8062-1333-X , p. 40 .
- ^ Moriz von Rauch: The Heilbronn merchant and councilor family Orth. In: Historischer Verein Heilbronn, Heilbronn 1925, p. 57 ff., Here p. 59/60 and 74.
- ↑ Betty Kurth: An unknown youth work by Jörg Ratgebs , in Ernst Buchner (Ed.): Upper German Art of the Late Gothic and Reformation Period, Augsburg 1924, pp. 186–199, here p. 186.
- ↑ Moriz von Rauch: On the history of the painter Jörg Ratgeb . In: Württembergische Vierteljahreshefte für Landesgeschichte NF XVIII, 1909, p. 211.
- ↑ Martin Behringer: Estimation of standing spruce wood with simple means with special consideration of the so-called Heilbronn sorting. Julius Springer, Berlin 1900
- ^ Schmolz / Weckbach: Heilbronn . No. 345: Götz von Berlichingen's letter of complaint to the council of the imperial city of Heilbronn regarding the costs of his imprisonment, November 17, 1522. p. 115
- ↑ Wanner et al. 2013, p. 22.
- ^ Moriz von Rauch: The farmer's leader Jäklein Rohrbach von Böckingen. In: Württembergische Vierteljahreshefte für Landesgeschichte , NF XXXII, 1925/26, Stuttgart 1926, pp. 21–35.
- ↑ a b Christhard Schrenk , Hubert Weckbach , Susanne Schlösser: From Helibrunna to Heilbronn. A city history (= publications of the archive of the city of Heilbronn . Volume 36 ). Theiss, Stuttgart 1998, ISBN 3-8062-1333-X , p. 49 .
- ↑ Christhard Schrenk , Hubert Weckbach , Susanne Schlösser: From Helibrunna to Heilbronn. A city history (= publications of the archive of the city of Heilbronn . Volume 36 ). Theiss, Stuttgart 1998, ISBN 3-8062-1333-X , p. 52 .
- ^ Günther Franz: The German Peasant War . 4th edition. Gentner, Darmstadt 1956
- ↑ Bernd Wunder: The imperial city of Hall in the French invasion in 1688 . In: Württembergisch Franken 45.1964, pp. 29–59
- ↑ Heilbronn. Cultural and economic history . Kunstverlag Josef Bühn, Munich 1973, p. 24.
- ↑ Christhard Schrenk , Hubert Weckbach , Susanne Schlösser: From Helibrunna to Heilbronn. A city history (= publications of the archive of the city of Heilbronn . Volume 36 ). Theiss, Stuttgart 1998, ISBN 3-8062-1333-X , p. 54 f .
- ^ Moritz von Rauch: Johann Lachmann, the reformer of Heilbronn , Heilbronn 1923.
- ↑ Heribert Hummel: Dr. Johann Kröner, preacher at St. Kilian in Heilbronn (1493–1520). In: Historischer Verein Heilbronn, 31st publication, Heilbronn 1986, pp. 25–43.
- ↑ a b Christhard Schrenk , Hubert Weckbach , Susanne Schlösser: From Helibrunna to Heilbronn. A city history (= publications of the archive of the city of Heilbronn . Volume 36 ). Theiss, Stuttgart 1998, ISBN 3-8062-1333-X , p. 48 .
- ↑ a b Christhard Schrenk , Hubert Weckbach , Susanne Schlösser: From Helibrunna to Heilbronn. A city history (= publications of the archive of the city of Heilbronn . Volume 36 ). Theiss, Stuttgart 1998, ISBN 3-8062-1333-X , p. 65 .
- ↑ Christhard Schrenk , Hubert Weckbach , Susanne Schlösser: From Helibrunna to Heilbronn. A city history (= publications of the archive of the city of Heilbronn . Volume 36 ). Theiss, Stuttgart 1998, ISBN 3-8062-1333-X , p. 66 .
- ↑ Christhard Schrenk , Hubert Weckbach , Susanne Schlösser: From Helibrunna to Heilbronn. A city history (= publications of the archive of the city of Heilbronn . Volume 36 ). Theiss, Stuttgart 1998, ISBN 3-8062-1333-X , p. 66 f .
- ↑ Christhard Schrenk , Hubert Weckbach , Susanne Schlösser: From Helibrunna to Heilbronn. A city history (= publications of the archive of the city of Heilbronn . Volume 36 ). Theiss, Stuttgart 1998, ISBN 3-8062-1333-X , p. 67 .
- ↑ Christhard Schrenk , Hubert Weckbach , Susanne Schlösser: From Helibrunna to Heilbronn. A city history (= publications of the archive of the city of Heilbronn . Volume 36 ). Theiss, Stuttgart 1998, ISBN 3-8062-1333-X , p. 38 .
- ↑ a b c Christhard Schrenk , Hubert Weckbach , Susanne Schlösser: From Helibrunna to Heilbronn. A city history (= publications of the archive of the city of Heilbronn . Volume 36 ). Theiss, Stuttgart 1998, ISBN 3-8062-1333-X , p. 69 .
- ↑ Hubert Weckbach: Gregorius Kugler, an honored town clerk . In: Swabia and Franconia. Local history supplement of the Heilbronn voice. 4th year, No. 9, Verlag Heilbronner Voice, Heilbronn September 27, 1958
- ↑ a b Christhard Schrenk , Hubert Weckbach , Susanne Schlösser: From Helibrunna to Heilbronn. A city history (= publications of the archive of the city of Heilbronn . Volume 36 ). Theiss, Stuttgart 1998, ISBN 3-8062-1333-X , p. 70 .
- ^ Schmolz / Weckbach: Heilbronn . No. 143–144: Book of Statutes of the Imperial City of Heilbronn, 1541. P. 64
- ^ Helmut Schmolz, Hubert Weckbach: Heilbronn. History and life of a city. 2nd edition 1973, note on No. 152
- ↑ Gerd Wunder: The citizens of Hall , research from Württembergisch Franken Volume 16, Sigmaringen 1980, p. 76/77
- ↑ Moriz von Rauch: In: Hist. Heilbronn Association: 9th publication 1906–1909
- ↑ a b Christhard Schrenk , Hubert Weckbach , Susanne Schlösser: From Helibrunna to Heilbronn. A city history (= publications of the archive of the city of Heilbronn . Volume 36 ). Theiss, Stuttgart 1998, ISBN 3-8062-1333-X , p. 71 .
- ↑ a b Christhard Schrenk , Hubert Weckbach , Susanne Schlösser: From Helibrunna to Heilbronn. A city history (= publications of the archive of the city of Heilbronn . Volume 36 ). Theiss, Stuttgart 1998, ISBN 3-8062-1333-X , p. 73 .
- ^ Willi Zimmermann: Old Heilbronn half-timbered buildings. In: Heilbronn Historical Association. 23. Publication. Historischer Verein Heilbronn, Heilbronn 1960, pp. 115-134.
- ↑ Helmut Schmolz, Wolfram Angerbauer: From the history of Heilbronn - The imperial city territory . In: City and District of Heilbronn. Theiss, Stuttgart / Aalen 1974. p. 46
- ↑ Jacobi: Heilbronn as it was . P. 12
- ^ Schmolz / Weckbach: Heilbronn . No. 455: Royal Württemberg hall office on Wilhelmskanal, around 1830. p. 140
- ↑ Willi Zimmermann: The Heilbronn "old cranes". In: Historischer Verein Heilbronn, year book 30/1983, pp. 89-103.
- ↑ a b c Christhard Schrenk , Hubert Weckbach , Susanne Schlösser: From Helibrunna to Heilbronn. A city history (= publications of the archive of the city of Heilbronn . Volume 36 ). Theiss, Stuttgart 1998, ISBN 3-8062-1333-X , p. 94 .
- ↑ Christhard Schrenk , Hubert Weckbach , Susanne Schlösser: From Helibrunna to Heilbronn. A city history (= publications of the archive of the city of Heilbronn . Volume 36 ). Theiss, Stuttgart 1998, ISBN 3-8062-1333-X , p. 77 ff .
- ↑ Christhard Schrenk , Hubert Weckbach , Susanne Schlösser: From Helibrunna to Heilbronn. A city history (= publications of the archive of the city of Heilbronn . Volume 36 ). Theiss, Stuttgart 1998, ISBN 3-8062-1333-X , p. 92 .
- ^ Schmolz / Weckbach: Heilbronn . No. 459: Storage vault for merchandise in the town hall, around 1820. P. 141 and No. 460: “Lagerhausafel”, 1738. P. 142
- ^ Hans Dieter Bechstein: Heilbronn. Kilian's Church: the center of the city. Heilbronn printing and publishing house, Heilbronn 1975 (series on Heilbronn, 6). P. 104
- ↑ a b c Christhard Schrenk , Hubert Weckbach , Susanne Schlösser: From Helibrunna to Heilbronn. A city history (= publications of the archive of the city of Heilbronn . Volume 36 ). Theiss, Stuttgart 1998, ISBN 3-8062-1333-X , p. 79 .
- ↑ a b c Christhard Schrenk , Hubert Weckbach , Susanne Schlösser: From Helibrunna to Heilbronn. A city history (= publications of the archive of the city of Heilbronn . Volume 36 ). Theiss, Stuttgart 1998, ISBN 3-8062-1333-X , p. 80 .
- ↑ a b c d Heribert Hummel (arrangement): Catalog of incunabula of the Heilbronn City Archives , Heilbronn 1981, p. 54.
- ↑ Heribert Hummel (arrangement): Catalog of the incunabula of the Heilbronn City Archives , Heilbronn 1981, pp. 19/20.
- ↑ Heribert Hummel (arrangement): Catalog of the incunabula of the Heilbronn City Archives , Heilbronn 1981, pp. 22/23.
- ↑ Heribert Hummel (arrangement): Catalog of the incunabula of the Heilbronn City Archives , Heilbronn 1981, p. 6.
- ↑ Heribert Hummel (arrangement): Catalog of the incunabula of the Heilbronn City Archives , Heilbronn 1981, p. 24/25.
- ^ Schmolz / Weckbach: Heilbronn . No. 409: Printing from Leonhard Franck's office in Heilbronn, 1663 . P. 132
- ↑ Heribert Hummel: Christoph Kraus (1585–1654) and the beginnings of printing in the imperial city of Heilbronn . In: Hist. Heilbronn Association, Yearbook 30 (1983)
- ↑ Heribert Hummel: Heilbronn's efforts for book printing in the 15./16. Century . In: Schwaben and Franken 25, 179, No. 6
- ^ Association for Tourism Heilbronn [Tourist Office] (ed.): Guide through the town hall and Kilian's Church in Heilbronn , Schell'sche Buchdruckerei, Victor Kraemer Heilbronn, 1907–1910 [Heilbronn City Archives, Heuss database, archive signature L006-Hc 2 Fue-1910 ], P. 13.
- ↑ a b Christhard Schrenk , Hubert Weckbach , Susanne Schlösser: From Helibrunna to Heilbronn. A city history (= publications of the archive of the city of Heilbronn . Volume 36 ). Theiss, Stuttgart 1998, ISBN 3-8062-1333-X , p. 75 .
- ^ Herbert Langer: The Heilbronner Bund (1633-35) . In: Volker Press / Dieter Stievermann (Ed.): Alternatives to the Imperial Constitution in the Early Modern Age? Oldenbourg, Munich 1995, pp. 113-122.
- ↑ Christhard Schrenk , Hubert Weckbach , Susanne Schlösser: From Helibrunna to Heilbronn. A city history (= publications of the archive of the city of Heilbronn . Volume 36 ). Theiss, Stuttgart 1998, ISBN 3-8062-1333-X , p. 77 .
- ↑ a b Christhard Schrenk , Hubert Weckbach , Susanne Schlösser: From Helibrunna to Heilbronn. A city history (= publications of the archive of the city of Heilbronn . Volume 36 ). Theiss, Stuttgart 1998, ISBN 3-8062-1333-X , p. 76 .
- ^ Wilhelm Spahmann: Field Marshal Ludwig von Schmidberg. In: Swabia and Franconia. Local history supplement of the Heilbronn voice. 17th year, No. 1, Verlag Heilbronner Voice, Heilbronn January 9, 1971.
- ^ Friedrich Sinzinger: Heilbronner Postal History up to the introduction of the postage stamp in 1851 (= Heilbronner Museumsheft 10), Heilbronn 1984.
- ↑ Christhard Schrenk , Hubert Weckbach , Susanne Schlösser: From Helibrunna to Heilbronn. A city history (= publications of the archive of the city of Heilbronn . Volume 36 ). Theiss, Stuttgart 1998, ISBN 3-8062-1333-X , p. 89 .
- ^ Willi Zimmermann: Heilbronn and his Neckar in the course of history. In: Historischer Verein Heilbronn, 24th publication, Heilbronn 1954, pp. 17-19.
- ↑ Christhard Schrenk , Hubert Weckbach , Susanne Schlösser: From Helibrunna to Heilbronn. A city history (= publications of the archive of the city of Heilbronn . Volume 36 ). Theiss, Stuttgart 1998, ISBN 3-8062-1333-X , p. 90 .
- ↑ Christhard Schrenk , Hubert Weckbach , Susanne Schlösser: From Helibrunna to Heilbronn. A city history (= publications of the archive of the city of Heilbronn . Volume 36 ). Theiss, Stuttgart 1998, ISBN 3-8062-1333-X , p. 90 f .
- ↑ Christhard Schrenk , Hubert Weckbach , Susanne Schlösser: From Helibrunna to Heilbronn. A city history (= publications of the archive of the city of Heilbronn . Volume 36 ). Theiss, Stuttgart 1998, ISBN 3-8062-1333-X , p. 91 .
- ↑ Christhard Schrenk , Hubert Weckbach , Susanne Schlösser: From Helibrunna to Heilbronn. A city history (= publications of the archive of the city of Heilbronn . Volume 36 ). Theiss, Stuttgart 1998, ISBN 3-8062-1333-X , p. 93 .
- ↑ Christhard Schrenk , Hubert Weckbach , Susanne Schlösser: From Helibrunna to Heilbronn. A city history (= publications of the archive of the city of Heilbronn . Volume 36 ). Theiss, Stuttgart 1998, ISBN 3-8062-1333-X , p. 95 .
- ^ Moriz von Rauch: Heilbronn in the second half of the 18th century , in HVH special print 1988
- ↑ Christhard Schrenk , Hubert Weckbach , Susanne Schlösser: From Helibrunna to Heilbronn. A city history (= publications of the archive of the city of Heilbronn . Volume 36 ). Theiss, Stuttgart 1998, ISBN 3-8062-1333-X , p. 102 f .
- ↑ Heilbronn. Cultural and economic history . Kunstverlag Josef Bühn, Munich 1973, p. 41.
- ↑ Christhard Schrenk , Hubert Weckbach , Susanne Schlösser: From Helibrunna to Heilbronn. A city history (= publications of the archive of the city of Heilbronn . Volume 36 ). Theiss, Stuttgart 1998, ISBN 3-8062-1333-X , p. 98 .
- ↑ Schiller's letter to Gottlob Moriz Christian v. Wacks from August 16, 1793 ( Memento of the original from March 13, 2007 in the Internet Archive ) Info: The archive link was inserted automatically and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice.
- ↑ Christhard Schrenk , Hubert Weckbach , Susanne Schlösser: From Helibrunna to Heilbronn. A city history (= publications of the archive of the city of Heilbronn . Volume 36 ). Theiss, Stuttgart 1998, ISBN 3-8062-1333-X , p. 98-100 .
- ^ Moriz von Rauch: The Heilbronn merchant and councilor family Orth. In: Historischer Verein Heilbronn, Heilbronn 1925, here pp. 88–91.
- ↑ a b Christhard Schrenk , Hubert Weckbach , Susanne Schlösser: From Helibrunna to Heilbronn. A city history (= publications of the archive of the city of Heilbronn . Volume 36 ). Theiss, Stuttgart 1998, ISBN 3-8062-1333-X , p. 105 .
- ↑ Christhard Schrenk , Hubert Weckbach , Susanne Schlösser: From Helibrunna to Heilbronn. A city history (= publications of the archive of the city of Heilbronn . Volume 36 ). Theiss, Stuttgart 1998, ISBN 3-8062-1333-X , p. 107 .
- ↑ Christhard Schrenk , Hubert Weckbach , Susanne Schlösser: From Helibrunna to Heilbronn. A city history (= publications of the archive of the city of Heilbronn . Volume 36 ). Theiss, Stuttgart 1998, ISBN 3-8062-1333-X , p. 106 f .
- ↑ Christhard Schrenk , Hubert Weckbach , Susanne Schlösser: From Helibrunna to Heilbronn. A city history (= publications of the archive of the city of Heilbronn . Volume 36 ). Theiss, Stuttgart 1998, ISBN 3-8062-1333-X , p. 109 .
- ↑ a b c d Christhard Schrenk , Hubert Weckbach , Susanne Schlösser: From Helibrunna to Heilbronn. A city history (= publications of the archive of the city of Heilbronn . Volume 36 ). Theiss, Stuttgart 1998, ISBN 3-8062-1333-X , p. 110 .
- ↑ The royal treasury sold the building to an entrepreneur in 1828 without a regent ever residing in the palace. Source: Werner Heim: Heilbronn. The city in the Biedermeier period. 36 lithographs by the Wolff brothers. Heilbronn printing and publishing company, Heilbronn 1970 (series on Heilbronn, 4)
- ↑ Christhard Schrenk , Hubert Weckbach , Susanne Schlösser: From Helibrunna to Heilbronn. A city history (= publications of the archive of the city of Heilbronn . Volume 36 ). Theiss, Stuttgart 1998, ISBN 3-8062-1333-X , p. 109 f .
- ↑ Peter Wanner and others: Heilbronn historically! Developing a city on the river. The exhibitions in the Otto Rettenmaier House / House of City History and in the Museum in the Deutschhof (= small series of publications from the City of Heilbronn Archives. 62). Heilbronn City Archives, Heilbronn City Museums, Heilbronn 2013, p. 50.
- ^ Schmolz / Weckbach: Heilbronn . No. 372: Maneuvers of the VIII Federal Army Corps near Heilbronn, 12. – 20. September 1840. p. 121
- ^ Willi Zimmermann: Heilbronn and his Neckar in the course of history. In: Historischer Verein Heilbronn, 24th publication, Heilbronn 1954, p. 19.
- ^ Wilhelm Steinhilber: The health system in old Heilbronn 1281-1871 , Heilbronn 1956, p. 283/284.
- ↑ Harald Winkel : On the development of the northern Württemberg area. In: Historischer Verein Heilbronn, yearbook 30/1983, p. 168.
- ↑ Christhard Schrenk , Hubert Weckbach , Susanne Schlösser: From Helibrunna to Heilbronn. A city history (= publications of the archive of the city of Heilbronn . Volume 36 ). Theiss, Stuttgart 1998, ISBN 3-8062-1333-X , p. 113 f .
- ↑ Bernd Klagholz: The industrialization of the city of Heilbronn from its beginnings up to 1914 , Heilbronn 1986, p. 16/17.
- ↑ Joachim Hennze: A successful businessman and industrialist - and a strong woman. Friedlich Cloß (1813–1877) and Emma geb. Knorr (1829-1901). In: Christhard Schrenk (Hrsg.): Heilbronner Köpfe V. Pictures of life from five centuries. Heilbronn City Archives, Heilbronn 2009, ISBN 978-3-940646-05-7 ( Small series of publications by the Heilbronn City Archives. Volume 56), pp. 9–30, p. 11.
- ↑ Bernd Klagholz: The industrialization of the city of Heilbronn from its beginnings to 1914 , Heilbronn 1986, p. 23/24.
- ↑ a b Harald Winkel: On the development of the northern Württemberg area. In: Historischer Verein Heilbronn, year book 30/1983, p. 169, quoted from Der Württembergische Gewerbebestand, compiled in 1832. In: Wjb 1832, 1st issue, pp. 168–172.
- ↑ Christhard Schrenk , Hubert Weckbach , Susanne Schlösser: From Helibrunna to Heilbronn. A city history (= publications of the archive of the city of Heilbronn . Volume 36 ). Theiss, Stuttgart 1998, ISBN 3-8062-1333-X , p. 112 .
- ↑ Uwe Jacobi: Heilbronn as it was. Droste, Düsseldorf 1987, ISBN 3-7700-0746-8
- ↑ Christhard Schrenk , Hubert Weckbach , Susanne Schlösser: From Helibrunna to Heilbronn. A city history (= publications of the archive of the city of Heilbronn . Volume 36 ). Theiss, Stuttgart 1998, ISBN 3-8062-1333-X , p. 144 .
- ↑ Willi Zimmermann: The Heilbronn "old cranes". In: Historischer Verein Heilbronn, yearbook 30/1983, p. 101/102.
- ↑ Bernd Klagholz: The industrialization of the city of Heilbronn from its beginnings to 1914 , Heilbronn 1986, p. 24.
- ↑ a b Christhard Schrenk , Hubert Weckbach , Susanne Schlösser: From Helibrunna to Heilbronn. A city history (= publications of the archive of the city of Heilbronn . Volume 36 ). Theiss, Stuttgart 1998, ISBN 3-8062-1333-X , p. 120 .
- ↑ Christhard Schrenk , Hubert Weckbach , Susanne Schlösser: From Helibrunna to Heilbronn. A city history (= publications of the archive of the city of Heilbronn . Volume 36 ). Theiss, Stuttgart 1998, ISBN 3-8062-1333-X , p. 121 .
- ↑ Christhard Schrenk , Hubert Weckbach , Susanne Schlösser: From Helibrunna to Heilbronn. A city history (= publications of the archive of the city of Heilbronn . Volume 36 ). Theiss, Stuttgart 1998, ISBN 3-8062-1333-X , p. 116 f .
- ↑ Hans Franke: The beginnings of non-profit housing in Heilbronn. In: 1856-1981. 125 years Stadtsiedlung Heilbronn AG , Heilbronn 1981, pp. 49–72.
- ↑ a b Christhard Schrenk , Hubert Weckbach , Susanne Schlösser: From Helibrunna to Heilbronn. A city history (= publications of the archive of the city of Heilbronn . Volume 36 ). Theiss, Stuttgart 1998, ISBN 3-8062-1333-X , p. 127 .
- ↑ a b Christhard Schrenk , Hubert Weckbach , Susanne Schlösser: From Helibrunna to Heilbronn. A city history (= publications of the archive of the city of Heilbronn . Volume 36 ). Theiss, Stuttgart 1998, ISBN 3-8062-1333-X , p. 128 .
- ↑ a b Christhard Schrenk , Hubert Weckbach , Susanne Schlösser: From Helibrunna to Heilbronn. A city history (= publications of the archive of the city of Heilbronn . Volume 36 ). Theiss, Stuttgart 1998, ISBN 3-8062-1333-X , p. 145 .
- ↑ Christhard Schrenk , Hubert Weckbach , Susanne Schlösser: From Helibrunna to Heilbronn. A city history (= publications of the archive of the city of Heilbronn . Volume 36 ). Theiss, Stuttgart 1998, ISBN 3-8062-1333-X , p. 116 .
- ^ Schmolz / Weckbach: Heilbronn . No. 379: Konsumverein, 1865. p. 123
- ^ Schmolz / Weckbach: Heilbronn . No. 380: Lecture “on the workers question” to the workers' union, March 11, 1877. pp. 123f.
- ↑ a b c d Jacobi: Heilbronn as it was . P. 62
- ^ Schmolz / Weckbach: Heilbronn . No. 378: Flyer of the "Red Kittler" against the socialist hate speech, June 10, 1878. P. 122 f.
- ^ Willi Zimmermann: Heilbronn and his Neckar in the course of history. In: Historischer Verein Heilbronn, 24th publication, Heilbronn 1954, pp. 19/20.
- ↑ GA Volz: Through the city (1926), in: Christhard Schrenk (ed.): Heilbronn in early color photographs , Heilbronn city archive, Kleine Schriftenreihe vol. 55, Heilbronn 2008, p. 11.
- ↑ Christhard Schrenk , Hubert Weckbach , Susanne Schlösser: From Helibrunna to Heilbronn. A city history (= publications of the archive of the city of Heilbronn . Volume 36 ). Theiss, Stuttgart 1998, ISBN 3-8062-1333-X , p. 158 .
- ↑ a b Schmolz / Weckbach: Heilbronn . No. 505–506: “The general has fallen!” - “Our Führer appointed Chancellor”, 30./31. January 1933. p. 152
- ^ A b Hans Franke: History of the Jews in Heilbronn . P. 100
- ↑ Hans Franke: History of the Jews in Heilbronn . P. 97
- ↑ Christhard Schrenk , Hubert Weckbach , Susanne Schlösser: From Helibrunna to Heilbronn. A city history (= publications of the archive of the city of Heilbronn . Volume 36 ). Theiss, Stuttgart 1998, ISBN 3-8062-1333-X , p. 146 f .
- ↑ a b Christhard Schrenk , Hubert Weckbach , Susanne Schlösser: From Helibrunna to Heilbronn. A city history (= publications of the archive of the city of Heilbronn . Volume 36 ). Theiss, Stuttgart 1998, ISBN 3-8062-1333-X , p. 148 .
- ↑ Christhard Schrenk , Hubert Weckbach , Susanne Schlösser: From Helibrunna to Heilbronn. A city history (= publications of the archive of the city of Heilbronn . Volume 36 ). Theiss, Stuttgart 1998, ISBN 3-8062-1333-X , p. 150 .
- ↑ Christhard Schrenk , Hubert Weckbach , Susanne Schlösser: From Helibrunna to Heilbronn. A city history (= publications of the archive of the city of Heilbronn . Volume 36 ). Theiss, Stuttgart 1998, ISBN 3-8062-1333-X , p. 146 .
- ^ Roland Rösch: The Heilbronn industrial railway in Kleinäulein and in the harbor . Heilbronn City Archives, Heilbronn 2007, ISBN 978-3-928990-96-7 (Small series of publications by the Heilbronn City Archives, 53). Pp. 61-89
- ↑ Christhard Schrenk , Hubert Weckbach , Susanne Schlösser: From Helibrunna to Heilbronn. A city history (= publications of the archive of the city of Heilbronn . Volume 36 ). Theiss, Stuttgart 1998, ISBN 3-8062-1333-X , p. 150 f .
- ↑ a b c Christhard Schrenk , Hubert Weckbach , Susanne Schlösser: From Helibrunna to Heilbronn. A city history (= publications of the archive of the city of Heilbronn . Volume 36 ). Theiss, Stuttgart 1998, ISBN 3-8062-1333-X , p. 152 .
- ↑ a b c Christhard Schrenk , Hubert Weckbach , Susanne Schlösser: From Helibrunna to Heilbronn. A city history (= publications of the archive of the city of Heilbronn . Volume 36 ). Theiss, Stuttgart 1998, ISBN 3-8062-1333-X , p. 155 .
- ↑ a b c Christhard Schrenk , Hubert Weckbach , Susanne Schlösser: From Helibrunna to Heilbronn. A city history (= publications of the archive of the city of Heilbronn . Volume 36 ). Theiss, Stuttgart 1998, ISBN 3-8062-1333-X , p. 154 .
- ↑ Susanne Stickel-Pieper (arrangement): Trau! Look! Whom? Documents on the history of the labor movement in the Heilbronn / Neckarsulm area 1844–1949 . Distel-Verlag, Heilbronn 1994, ISBN 3-929348-09-8 , in the book ISBN 3-923348-09-8 . P. 276
- ↑ Christhard Schrenk , Hubert Weckbach , Susanne Schlösser: From Helibrunna to Heilbronn. A city history (= publications of the archive of the city of Heilbronn . Volume 36 ). Theiss, Stuttgart 1998, ISBN 3-8062-1333-X , p. 165 .
- ^ Jacobi: The missing council minutes . P. 50
- ↑ Christhard Schrenk: The year 1944 . In: Heilbronn 1944/45. Life and death of a city . Stadtarchiv Heilbronn, Heilbronn 1995, ISBN 3-928990-53-5 (sources and research on the history of the city of Heilbronn, 6)
- ↑ a b Christhard Schrenk , Hubert Weckbach , Susanne Schlösser: From Helibrunna to Heilbronn. A city history (= publications of the archive of the city of Heilbronn . Volume 36 ). Theiss, Stuttgart 1998, ISBN 3-8062-1333-X , p. 163-168 .
- ↑ a b Susanne Schlösser: Chronicle of the city of Heilbronn . Volume IV: 1933-1938. Heilbronn City Archives, Heilbronn 2001, ISBN 3-928990-77-2 , p. XIX – XXIII ( Publications of the City of Heilbronn Archives . Volume 39).
- ↑ Christhard Schrenk: Heilbronn around 1933. A city comes under the swastika . In: heilbronnica 5. Contributions to town and regional history , Heilbronn town archive, Heilbronn 2013, pp. 276/277.
- ↑ Arrest and concentration camps are the fate of the Heilbronn trade unionists Carl Baßler, Friedrich Reinhardt, Wilhelm Schwan, Hermann Gerstlauer and Adolf Hermann (Buchenwald concentration camp).
- ↑ Susanne Schlösser: The Heilbronn NSDAP and their "leaders" - an inventory of National Socialist personnel policy at the local level and its effects "on site" (PDF; 652 kB), in: Heilbronnica 2, Heilbronn 2003, p. 303/304.
- ↑ Susanne Schlösser: The Heilbronn NSDAP and their "leaders" - an inventory of National Socialist personnel policy at the local level and its effects "on site" (PDF; 652 kB), in: Heilbronnica 2, Heilbronn 2003, pp. 303-305.
- ↑ For the further fate of JG Wilhelm see holdings Q 2/25: Nachlass Josef Wilhelm (1887–1952) - preliminary note
- ↑ Christhard Schrenk: The chronology of the so-called "Reichskristallnacht" in Heilbronn. In: Yearbook for Swabian-Franconian History 32 . Historischer Verein Heilbronn, Heilbronn 1992. pp. 293-314, here p. 300.
- ↑ Susanne Schlösser: The Heilbronn NSDAP and their "leaders" - an inventory of National Socialist personnel policy at the local level and its effects "on site" (PDF; 652 kB), in: Heilbronnica 2, Heilbronn 2003, pp. 305/306.
- ↑ Walter Hirschmann, Susanne Schlösser: A memorial is discovered. The opening of the General Wever Tower on Theresienwiese on the Open Monument Day 2000. In: Heilbronnica 2. Contributions to City History , Heilbronn 2003, pp. 361–374.
- ↑ a b c Christhard Schrenk , Hubert Weckbach , Susanne Schlösser: From Helibrunna to Heilbronn. A city history (= publications of the archive of the city of Heilbronn . Volume 36 ). Theiss, Stuttgart 1998, ISBN 3-8062-1333-X , p. 173 .
- ↑ Troop strengths according to Uwe Jacobi: The end of the war. Scenes in 1944/45 in Heilbronn, in the Unterland and in Hohenlohe . Heilbronn Voice, Heilbronn 1985, ISBN 3-921923-03-4 (Heilbronn Voice: book series, 2)
- ^ Herbert Kaletta: 35,000 trees and a new peak . In: Heilbronn voice from April 11, 2011 . ( from Stimme.de [accessed on November 9, 2012]).
- ↑ Bernd Holtwick: Flexible Response. The NATO double decision and its implementation in Baden-Württemberg . In: The ultimate peace. Baden-Württemberg and the NATO double decision . House of History Baden-Württemberg, Stuttgart 2004, p. 8-19 .
- ↑ Christhard Schrenk , Hubert Weckbach , Susanne Schlösser: From Helibrunna to Heilbronn. A city history (= publications of the archive of the city of Heilbronn . Volume 36 ). Theiss, Stuttgart 1998, ISBN 3-8062-1333-X , p. 179 .
- ^ Uwe Jacobi: The 50s in Heilbronn and the region. Volume 1. Wartberg-Verlag 2002, p. 10.
- ↑ Uwe Jacobi: Heilbronn - Days that moved the city , Heilbronn 2007, p. 22.
- ↑ Christhard Schrenk , Hubert Weckbach , Susanne Schlösser: From Helibrunna to Heilbronn. A city history (= publications of the archive of the city of Heilbronn . Volume 36 ). Theiss, Stuttgart 1998, ISBN 3-8062-1333-X , p. 180 f .
- ↑ Christhard Schrenk , Hubert Weckbach , Susanne Schlösser: From Helibrunna to Heilbronn. A city history (= publications of the archive of the city of Heilbronn . Volume 36 ). Theiss, Stuttgart 1998, ISBN 3-8062-1333-X , p. 182 .
- ↑ Werner Föll: Chronicle of the City of Heilbronn, Volume X, 1970–1974 , Heilbronn 1999, p. 18
- ^ Bernhard Lattner with texts by Joachim J. Hennze: Stille Zeitzeugen. 500 years of Heilbronn architecture . Edition Lattner, Heilbronn 2005, ISBN 3-9807729-6-9 . P. 87f.
- ↑ a b Christhard Schrenk , Hubert Weckbach , Susanne Schlösser: From Helibrunna to Heilbronn. A city history (= publications of the archive of the city of Heilbronn . Volume 36 ). Theiss, Stuttgart 1998, ISBN 3-8062-1333-X , p. 185 .
- ↑ Christhard Schrenk , Hubert Weckbach , Susanne Schlösser: From Helibrunna to Heilbronn. A city history (= publications of the archive of the city of Heilbronn . Volume 36 ). Theiss, Stuttgart 1998, ISBN 3-8062-1333-X , p. 184 .
- ^ City of Heilbronn: Administrative report 1979–1981 , p. 38.
- ↑ Werner Föll: Chronicle of the City of Heilbronn, Volume X, 1970–1974 , Heilbronn 1999, p. XLI
- ↑ a b Iris Baars-Werner: The day from which the nuclear missiles were undesirable . In: Heilbronner Voice from July 15, 2009 . ( from Stimme.de [accessed on April 26, 2013]).
- ↑ Gerd Kempf: Pershing accident brings fatal certainty. In: Heilbronn voice. January 9, 2010.
- ^ Siegfried Schilling: The SPD pushed through its motions with a very narrow majority . In: Heilbronner Voice of July 20, 1984 . S. 17-18 .
- ↑ Erhard Jöst: The Heilbronner Waldheide as a Pershing location at www.stadtarchiv-heilbronn.de
- ↑ ub / hk: asked to persevere . In: Heilbronner Voice of September 23, 1985 . S. 13 .
- ↑ a b Christhard Schrenk , Hubert Weckbach , Susanne Schlösser: From Helibrunna to Heilbronn. A city history (= publications of the archive of the city of Heilbronn . Volume 36 ). Theiss, Stuttgart 1998, ISBN 3-8062-1333-X , p. 187 .
- ↑ Uwe Jacobi: That was the 20th century in Heilbronn. The book for the Heilbronner Voice series . Wartberg-Verlag, Gudensberg-Gleichen 2001, ISBN 3-86134-703-2 . P. 93
- ^ Konrad Roesler and Toni F. Schlegel: Economic Development Concept for the City of Heilbronn, Basel 1992.
- ↑ a b Christhard Schrenk , Hubert Weckbach , Susanne Schlösser: From Helibrunna to Heilbronn. A city history (= publications of the archive of the city of Heilbronn . Volume 36 ). Theiss, Stuttgart 1998, ISBN 3-8062-1333-X , p. 188 .
- ↑ Heilbronn voice of October 31, 2010.
- ↑ Zukunftspark Wohlhotels at Heilbronn.de
- ↑ Hip innovation park ( Memento of the original from May 22, 2013 in the Internet Archive ) Info: The archive link was inserted automatically and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice. at heilbronn.de
- ↑ Peter Reinhardt: The mystery of the phantom is solved . In: Heilbronn voice . March 28, 2009.
- ^ Day of the German Mosque: Dialogue of Religions - Tidying Up Prejudices . In: Heilbronn voice . October 5, 2009 ( from Stimme.de [accessed October 24, 2009]).
- ↑ Iris Baars-Brenner: Bridge will be torn down, stones will be preserved, in: Heilbronner Voice of March 5, 2013.
- ↑ Jürgen Kümmerle: Archaeologists investigate the alley construction site, in Heilbronn's voice from October 1, 2012.
- ↑ http://www.swr.de/landesschau-aktuell/bw/heilbronn/marra-haus-in-heilbronn-wo-mal-der-ca-war/-/id=1562/did=16588832/nid=1562 /1hmhft4/index.html
- ↑ http://www.amos-bau.de/fileadmin/medienablage/dokumente/ueber_uns/news/amos_bau_marrahaus_heilbronner_stimme_2015_12_04.pdf
- ↑ http://www.stimme.de/heilbronn/nachrichten/stadt/Gastromeile-gemeinsam-schoener-machen;art1925,3644113
- ↑ a b Jacobi: Heilbronn as it was . P. 25
