Same-sex relationship and 808s & Heartbreak: Difference between pages

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
(Difference between pages)
Content deleted Content added
VisualWikitext
 
 
Line 1: Line 1:
{{future album}}
{{Close Relationships}}
{{Infobox Album <!--See Wikipedia:WikiProject Albums-->
A '''Same-sex relationship''' can take one of several forms, from [[Romantic love|romantic]] and [[sexual]], to non-romantic close relationships between two persons of the same sex.
|Name = 808's & Heartbreak
|Type = studio
|Artist = [[Kanye West]]
|Cover =‎ nocover.svg
|Released = November 25, 2008
|Recorded = 2008
|Length =
|Label = [[Roc-A-Fella Records|Roc-A-Fella]], [[The Island Def Jam Music Group|Island Def Jam]]
|Producer = [[Kanye West]]
|Reviews =
|Last album = ''[[Graduation (album)|Graduation]]'' <br />(2007)
|This album = '''''808s & Heartbreak'''''<br />(2008)
|Next album =
{{Singles
|Name = 808's & Heartbreak
|Type = studio
|single 1 = [[Love Lockdown]]
|single 1 date = September 18, 2008
|single 2 = [[Heartless (Kanye West song)|Heartless]]
|single 2 date = TBA
}}
}}


'''''808's & Heartbreak''''' is the upcoming fourth album by American [[Hip hop music|rap]] artist [[Kanye West]]. The album is scheduled to be released on November 25, 2008. West announced on his blog that he has finished the album.<ref>[http://urbanlookout.com/kanye-pushing-808s-heartbreak-forward-to-november-16th/ Kanye West Dropping a Month Early] Accessed September 4, 2008</ref>
The term same-sex relationship may be used when the [[sexual orientation]] of participants in a same-sex relationship is not known. As [[bisexual]] or [[pansexual]] people may participate in same-sex relationships, some [[activists]] claim that referring to a same-sex relationship as a "gay relationship" or a "lesbian relationship" is a form of [[bisexual erasure]]. The term ''[[same-sex marriage]]'' is used similarly.
==Background==
The album was originally rumored to be entitled ''A Good Ass Job'' by the magazine ''Billboard'', though it was later revealed by online hip-hop and fashion magazine ''Urban Lookout'' that the correct name would be ''808's & Heartbreak''.<ref>[http://urbanlookout.com/kanyes-new-album-is-called-808s-heartbreak-not-good-ass-job/ Kanye's New Album Is Not Called Good Ass Job!] Accessed September 17, 2008</ref> This was later confirmed through the rapper's online blog.


The first single from the album will be "[[Love Lockdown]]", which has been performed live and has aired on the radio.<ref>[http://www.allaccess.com/ Top 40/M Future Releases] Accessed September 9, 2008</ref> The official version of the song was posted onto West's blog on September 16 and is being played by radio stations. The song was premiered at the 2008 [[MTV Video Music Awards]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.mtv.com/news/articles/1594283/20080908/spears_britney.jhtml|title=It's Britney Spears' Night At The VMAs, While Kanye West Ends The Show With A Bang|publisher =[[MTV]]|accessdate=2008-09-12}}</ref> The second single is announced as "[[Heartless (Kanye West song)|Heartless]]".<ref name="blogspot">[http://amajanese.blogspot.com/2008/10/kanye-west-performs-heartless.html Kanye confirms Heartless as second single and November 25, 2008 release date]</ref> Another song revealed is "Welcome to Heartbreak", which was revealed on a poster for an ''808s & Heartbreak'' listening event that will take place on October 14.<ref name=listeningevent>[http://www.kanyeuniversecity.com/blog/?em3106=209615_-1__0_~0_-1_10_2008_0_0&em3281=&em3161= 808s & Heartbreak listening event poster.] ''Kanye West's Blog.'' Accessed October 12, 2008.</ref>
== Same-sex relationships in history ==


As of September 19, the album was being recorded in [[Hawaii]].<ref>http://www.kanyeuniversecity.com/blog/?em3106=206717_-1__0_~-1_-1_05_2008_0_0&em3281=&em3161=</ref> On September 24, West announced that he had finished the album and would be releasing it sometime in November.<ref name=blognovember>[http://www.kanyeuniversecity.com/blog/index.php?em3106=207365_-1__0_~0_-1_9_2008_0_0&em3281=&em3161 808s & Heartbreak coming soon....] ''www.kanyeuniversecity.com.'' Accessed September 24, 2008.</ref> West later stated that the album would be released on November 25, 2008.<ref name="blogspot"/>
The lives of many historical figures, including [[Socrates]], [[Alexander the Great]], [[George Gordon Byron, 6th Baron Byron|Lord Byron]], [[Edward II of England|Edward II]], [[Hadrian]], [[Julius Caesar]], [[Michelangelo]], [[Donatello]], [[Leonardo DaVinci]], and [[Christopher Marlowe]] included or were centered upon love and sexual relationships with people of their own sex. Terms such as ''[[Gay (term)|gay]]'' or ''[[bisexual]]'' have been often applied to them; some, such as [[Michel Foucault]], regard this as risking the anachronistic introduction of a contemporary [[social construction|construction]] of sexuality foreign to their times,<ref name=foucault>{{cite book |title=The History of Sexuality |first=Michel |last=Foucault |authorlink=Michel Foucault |year=1986 |publisher=Pantheon Books |isbn=0394417755}}</ref> though others challenge this.<ref>Thomas K. Hubbard, Review of David M. Halperin, ''How to Do the History of Homosexuality.'' in Bryn Mawr Classical Review 2003.09.22</ref>


In an interview with ''[[URB (magazine)|URB]]'', rapper [[Kid Cudi]] (signed onto West's label, [[GOOD Music]]) stated he was working in the studio with West on ''808s''. He also revealed that he will be featured on two of the songs on the album.<ref>[http://www.urb.com/permalink/3685/Kid-Cudi-speaks-on-808's-&-Heartbreak.html Kid Cudi Speaks on 808's & Heartbreak]</ref>
=== Forms of same-sex relationships throughout history===


==Confirmed tracks==
Scholars who investigate the various forms that same-sex relationships have taken in different societies, and look for patterns as well as differences, group these socio-historical variations into three separate categories:<ref name="chicagoseries">{{cite book|title= Homosexualities |series=Worlds of Desire: The Chicago Series on Sexuality, Gender, and Culture |last= Murray |first= Stephen |authorlink= Stephen O. Murray |editor= [[Gilbert Herdt]] (ed.) |year= 2002 |publisher= [[University of Chicago Press]] |location= |isbn= 0226551946 |pages= p.2 }}</ref><ref name="queeringanthro">{{citation |contribution=Queering Anthropology |editor-first=Theo |editor-last=Sandfort (ed.) |title=Lesbian and Gay Studies: An Introductory, Interdisciplinary Approach |publication-place=London/NY |publisher=Routledge |year=2000 |isbn=076195418X}}</ref>
{|class="wikitable"

{| class="wikitable"
|-
|-
!Title
!Association
!Featured guest(s)
!Annotations
!Length
!See also
|-
|-
|"[[Heartless (Kanye West song)|Heartless]]"
|Egalitarian
|
|Features two partners with no relevance to age. Additionally, both play the same socially accepted sex role as [[heterosexuality|heterosexuals]] of their own sex. This is exemplified by relationships currently prevalent in Western society between partners of similar age and sex.
|
|[[Sexuality and gender identity-based cultures]]
|-
|-
|"[[Love Lockdown]]"
|Gender-structured
|
|Features each partner playing a different [[gender role]]. This is exemplified by traditional relations between men in the [[Mediterranean Basin]], the [[Middle East]] and [[Central Asia|Central]] and [[South Asia|South]] [[Asia]], as well as [[Two-Spirit]] or shamanic gender-changing practices seen in native societies. In North America, this is best represented by the [[butch and femme|butch–femme]] practice.
|4:30
|[[Homosexuality and Islam]], [[Two-Spirit]], and [[Hijra (South Asia)|Hijra]]
|-
|"Welcome to Heartbreak"<ref name=listeningevent/>
|
|
|-
|-
|Age-structured
|Features partners of different ages, usually one adolescent and the other adult. This is exemplified by [[pederasty]] among the [[Hellenic civilization|Classical Greeks]] or those engaged in by novice [[samurai]] with more experienced warriors; southern Chinese boy marriage rites; and ongoing Central Asian and Middle Eastern practices.
|[[Shudo]], [[Pederasty]], [[Historical pederastic couples]], and [[Homosexuality in China]]
|}

Usually in any society one form of same-sex relationship predominates, though others are likely to co-exist. As historian [[Rictor Norton]] points out in his [http://www.infopt.demon.co.uk/social19.htm ''Intergenerational and Egalitarian Models,''] in ancient Greece egalitarian relationships co-existed (albeit less privileged) with the institution of [[pederasty]], and fascination with adolescents can also be found in modern sexuality, both opposite-sex and same-sex. Egalitarian same-sex relationships is the principal form present in the Western world, while age- and gender-structured same-sex relationships are less common. As a byproduct of growing Western cultural dominance, this form is spreading from Western culture to non-Western societies, although there are still defined differences between the various cultures.

=== Same-sex relationships in militaries ===

A few [[Ancient history|ancient]] and [[medieval]] societies, such as [[Ancient Greece|Greece]] and [[History of Japan|Japan]], fostered erotic love bonds between experienced warriors and their apprentices. It was believed that a man and youth who were in love with each other would fight harder and with greater [[morale]]. A classic example of a military force built upon this belief is the [[Sacred Band of Thebes]]. However, most ancient and medieval cultures such as the [[Saxons]] and [[Vikings]] did not engage in this practice openly, and these examples must be regarded as isolated.

The adoption of [[Christianity]] by the [[Roman Empire|Roman]] Emperor [[Constantine I (emperor)|Constantine]] in the [[4th century|fourth century]] and subsequent predominance of Christianity led to a diminished emphasis on erotic love among military forces. By the time of the [[Crusades]], the military of [[Europe]] was asserting that carnal relations between males were sinful and therefore had no place in an army that served their perception of [[God]]'s will. One reason that the [[Knights Templar]], a prominent military order, was destroyed was throughaccusations of [[sodomy]]; these allegations were probably fabricated, however.

=== Examples in art and literature ===
{{Further|[[Homoeroticism]], [[Lesbian literature]], [[Gay literature]]}}

[[Image:Love play in China.jpg|thumb|''Young men sipping tea, reading poetry, and making love''<br /> Individual panel from a hand scroll on same-sex themes, paint on silk; [[China]], [[Qing]] dynasty (c. 18th–19th); [[Kinsey Institute]], Bloomington, Indiana]]

The record of same-sex love has been preserved through [[literature]] and [[art]]. Male homoerotic sensibilities are visible in the foundations of art in the West, to the extent that those roots can be traced back to the [[ancient Greeks]]. [[Homer]]'s ''[[Iliad]]'' is considered to have the love between two men as its central feature, a view held since antiquity. [[Plato]]'s ''[[Symposium (Plato)|Symposium]]'' also gives readers commentary on the subject, at one point putting forth the claim that male-male love is superior to male-female love.

The European tradition of homoeroticism was continued in the works of artists and writers such as [[Leonardo da Vinci]], [[Michelangelo]] and [[Shakespeare]]. Since the Renaissance, both male and female homoeroticism has remained a common, if subtle and hidden, theme in the visual arts of the West.

In Islamic societies homoeroticism was present in the work of such writers as [[Abu Nuwas]] and [[Omar Khayyam]]. A large corpus of literature, numbering in the hundreds of works, fostered the [[shudo]] tradition in [[Japan]], together with a widespread tradition of homoerotic [[shunga]] art.<ref>Gregory M. Pflugfelder, ''Cartographies of Desire, passim''</ref>

In the Chinese literary tradition, works such as ''[[Homosexuality in China#Same-sex love in literature|Bian er Zhai]]'' and ''[[Homosexuality in China#Same-sex love in literature|Jin Ping Mei]]'' survived the many purges to record the homoerotic climate of their time. Today, the Japanese [[anime]] subgenre [[yaoi]] centers on gay youths. Japan is unusual in that the culture's male homoerotic art has typically been the work of female artists addressing a female audience, mirroring the case of lesbian eroticism in western art.

In the twentieth century, entertainers such as [[Noel Coward]], [[Madonna (entertainer)|Madonna]], [[k.d. lang]], and [[David Bowie]] have brought homoeroticism into the field of western popular music. It is through these and other modern songwriters and poets that female homoerotic work by women, rather than erotic art by men with lesbian themes, has had its greatest cultural impact in the West since the ancient Greek poet [[Sappho]].

In the 1990s, a number of American television comedies began to feature themes on same-sex relationships and characters who expressed same-sex attractions. The 1997 [[Coming out|coming-out]] of comedian [[Ellen DeGeneres]] on her show ''[[Ellen (TV series)|Ellen]]'' was front-page news in America and brought the show its highest ratings. However, public interest in the show swiftly declined after this, and the show was canceled after one more season. Immediately afterward, ''[[Will & Grace]]'', which ran from 1998 to 2005 on [[NBC]], became the most successful series to date focusing on male-male sexual relationships.

Playwrights have penned such popular homoerotic works as [[Tennessee Williams]]'s ''[[Cat on a Hot Tin Roof]]'' and [[Tony Kushner]]'s ''[[Angels in America: A Gay Fantasia on National Themes|Angels in America]]''. Same-sex relationships have also been a frequent theme in [[Broadway theatre|Broadway]] musicals, such as ''[[A Chorus Line]]'' and ''[[Rent (musical)|Rent]]''. In 2005, the film ''[[Brokeback Mountain]]'' was a financial and critical success internationally. Unlike most same-sex couples in film, both the film's lovers were traditionally [[masculinity|masculine]] and married. The movie's success was considered a milestone in the public acceptance of the [[Gay rights in the United States|American gay rights movement]].

== Platonic same-sex relationships ==
{{Expand|date=July 2008}}
Other forms of same-sex relationships (which may or may not include romantic aspects or sexuality) include [[romantic friendship]]s, ''bromances'', and other forms of closely bonded same-sex relationships.

==Same-sex couples==
State protections and prohibitions regarding (romantic or sexual) same-sex couples vary by jurisdiction. In some locations, same-sex couples are extended full marriage rights just as opposite-sex couples, and in other locations they may be extended limited protections or none at all. Policy also varies regarding the [[LGBT adoption|adoption]] of children by same-sex couples.
=== State recognition of same-sex couples ===
{{Further|[[Civil partnership]], [[Civil union]], [[Same-sex marriage]]}}

[[Image:Weddinginholland.jpg|thumb|left|Two men marrying in [[Amsterdam]] within the first month that marriage was opened to [[Same-sex marriage in the Netherlands|same-sex couples]] in the [[Netherlands]] (2001).]]
Government recognition of same-sex marriage is presently available in seven countries and two U.S. states. [[Same-sex marriage in the Netherlands|The Netherlands]] was the first country to authorize same-sex marriage in 2001 and they are now also recognized in [[Same-sex marriage in Belgium|Belgium]], [[Same-sex marriage in Canada|Canada]], [[Same-sex marriage in South Africa|South Africa]], [[Same-sex marriage in Spain|Spain]], Norway<ref name="norwgaymarr">{{citation |last=France-Press |first=Agence |url=http://afp.google.com/article/ALeqM5jko_BIHizUFFqUtmEaUrAEoPXFWw |title=Norway adopts gay marriage law |year=2008 |periodical=[[news.google.com]]}}</ref>, [[Civil partnerships in the United Kingdom|United Kingdom]] and the [[U.S. states]] of [[Same-sex marriage in Massachusetts|Massachusetts]], [[Same-sex marriage in California|California]] and [[Same-sex marriage in Iowa|Iowa]], though Iowa's issuance of marriage licenses is on hold until a Supreme Court appeal is heard. The states of [[Same-sex marriage in New York|New York]], [[Same-sex marriage in Rhode Island|Rhode Island]] and [[Same-sex marriage in New Mexico|New Mexico]] do not allow same-sex marriages to be performed, but do recognize such marriages performed elsewhere. [[Same-sex marriage in Israel|Israel]]'s High Court of Justice ruled to recognize same-sex marriages performed in other countries, although it is still illegal to perform them within the country.

Other countries, including the majority of [[Europe]]an nations, have enacted laws allowing [[civil unions]], designed to give gay couples similar rights as married couples concerning legal issues such as inheritance and immigration. Most [[Scandinavia]]n countries (Denmark, Sweden, Iceland, Finland, with the sole exception of the Faroe Islands) have enacted [[civil union]] laws.

Jurisdictions in the U.S. that offer civil unions or domestic partnerships granting nearly all of the state-recognized rights of marriage to same-sex couples include [[Domestic partnership in California|California]] (2000), [[civil unions in Vermont|Vermont]] (2000), [[civil unions in Connecticut|Connecticut]] (2005), [[civil unions in New Jersey|New Jersey]] (2006), [[Domestic partnership in Oregon|Oregon]] (2007), and [[civil unions in New Hampshire|New Hampshire]] (2008). States in the U.S. with domestic partnerships or similar status granting some of the rights of marriage include [[Domestic partnerships in Hawaii|Hawaii]] (1996), [[domestic partnership in Maine|Maine]] (1999), [[Domestic partnership in Washington|Washington]] (2007), as well as the [[Domestic partnerships in District of Columbia|District of Columbia]] (Washington, DC) (2001).

=== Same-sex couples as parents ===
[[Image:2 dads.jpg|thumb|right|Male same-sex couple with child.]]
{{main|LGBT parenting}}

Many same-sex couples are parents, often by way of adoption, donor insemination, foster parenting, or surrogacy. In the [[United States Census, 2000|2000 U.S. Census]], 33 percent of female same-sex couple households and 22 percent of male same-sex couple households reported at least one child under the age of 18 living in the home.<ref name="apa">[http://www.apa.org/pi/lgbc/policy/parents.html APA Policy Statement on Sexual Orientation, Parents & Children], [[American Psychological Association]], July 28 & 30, 2004. Retrieved on [[2007-04-06]].</ref> In January 2008, the [[European Court of Human Rights]] ruled that same-sex couples have the right to adopt a child.<ref>[http://cmiskp.echr.coe.int/tkp197/view.asp?item=1&portal=hbkm&action=html&highlight=43546/02&sessionid=4859311&skin=hudoc-en EMRK is for the LGBT adoption]</ref><ref>[http://www.euronews.net/index.php?page=info&article=466057&lng=3 Euronews: Gleichgeschlechtliche Adoptiveltern - Gerichtshof rügt Frankreich (german)]</ref>

Same-sex couples are supported by the positions of a number of organizations, including the [[American Psychological Association]], the Child Welfare League of America, the [[American Bar Association]], the [[American Psychiatric Association]], the [[National Association of Social Workers]], the North American Council on Adoptable Children, the [[American Academy of Pediatrics]], the [[American Psychoanalytic Association]], and the [[American Academy of Family Physicians]].<ref name="profviewparenting">{{citation |title= Professional Organizations on GLBT Parenting |url=http://www.hrc.org/issues/parenting/professional-opinion.asp |publisher=[[Human Rights Campaign|HRC]].org |accessdate=[[2007-09-01]]}}</ref>

The [[American Psychological Association]] has stated that:
<blockquote>there is no scientific evidence that parenting effectiveness is related to parental sexual orientation: lesbian and gay parents are as likely as heterosexual parents to provide supportive and healthy environments for their children…research has shown that the adjustment, development, and psychological well-being of children is unrelated to parental sexual orientation and that the children of lesbian and gay parents are as likely as those of heterosexual parents to flourish….<ref name="apa" /></blockquote>
''Children's Development of Social Competence Across Family Types'', a major report prepared by the [[Department of Justice (Canada)]] in July 2006 but not released by the government until forced to do so by a request under the [[Access to Information Act]] in May 2007,<ref name='ssmc050907'>{{cite news | first=Bourassa | last=Kevin | coauthors= Joe Varnell | title=Harper shoves family study into the closet | date=2007-05-09 | publisher=equalmarriage.ca | url =http://www.samesexmarriage.ca/advocacy/PDH090507.htm | work =Equal Marriage for Same-sex Couples: Advocacy News | pages = | accessdate = 2007-07-30 | language = }}</ref> reaches this conclusion:

<blockquote>The strongest conclusion that can be drawn from the empirical literature is that the vast majority of studies show that children living with two mothers and children living with a mother and father have the same levels of social competence. A few studies suggest that children with two lesbian mothers may have marginally better social competence than children in traditional nuclear families, even fewer studies show the opposite, and most studies fail to find any differences. The very limited body of research on children with two gay fathers supports this same conclusion.<ref name='gayparents0606'>{{cite news | first= | last= | coauthors= | title=Children's Development of Social Competence Across Family Types | date=July 2006 | publisher=Department of Justice Canada | url =http://www.samesexmarriage.ca/docs/Justice_Child_Development.pdf | work = | pages =(Long PDF document, 7.7 Mb) | accessdate = 2007-07-30 | language = }}</ref></blockquote>

== Same-sex sexuality ==
Types of relationships vary from one couple to the next. Some relationships are meant to be temporary, such as prostitution, casual, or anonymous sex. Other relationships are more permanent. There are same-sex couples are in committed relationships and do not have sexual relationships with anyone else. Others are in an [[open relationships]], and while committed to each other, allow themselves and their partner to have relationships with others. Other couples may be in secret, especially if one of the partners is heterosexually married.

The names of legal same-sex relationships vary depending on the laws of the land. Same-sex relationships may be legally recognized as [[gender-neutral marriage]], [[same-gender marriage]], [[same-sex marriage]], [[civil union]], [[domestic partnership]], or [[registered partnership]].

=== Same-sex relationships and sexual orientation ===
Individuals may or may not express their [[sexual orientation]] in their [[sexual behavior|behaviors]].<ref>{{citation |url=http://www.apahelpcenter.org/articles/article.php?id=31 |title=Sexual Orientation and Homosexuality |periodical=[[American Psychological Association|APA]]HelpCenter.org |accessdate=[[2007-09-07]]}}</ref> People in a same-sex relationship may identify as [[homosexual]], [[bisexual]], or even occasionally [[heterosexual]].<ref>[http://www.psychotherapynetworker.org/index.php?category=annual_conferences&sub_cat=saturday_workshops#514 When Gay guise happens to straight marriage]</ref><ref>See [[Gay for pay]]</ref>

Equally, not all people with a bisexual or homosexual orientation seek same-sex relationships. According to a 1990 study of The Social Organization of Sexuality, out of 131 women and 108 men who self-reported [[same-sex attraction]], only 43 men (40%) and 42 women (32%) had participated in gay sex.<ref>{{cite book
|title=The Social Organization of Sexuality: Sexual Practices in the United States
|last=Laumann
|first=Edward O.
|date=1994
|publisher=[[University of Chicago Press]]
|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=72AHO0rE2HoC&pg=PA4&lpg=PA4&source=web&ots=kHfFtQQH7j&sig=ZS5sk4GqzcR4e8mLVIHTNPsHt-Y#PPA299,M1
|page=299}}</ref> In comparison, a survey by the Family Pride Coalition showed that 50% of gay men had fathered children<ref>{{cite news
|title=How to tell if your husband is gay
|first=Rochelle
|last=Hentges
|publisher=[[Pittsburgh Tribune-Review]]
|date=October 4, 2006
|url=http://www.pittsburghlive.com/x/pittsburghtrib/news/tribpm/s_473458.html}}</ref> and 75% of lesbians had children,<ref>{{cite web
|title=Straight Spouses -- What to Do and What Not to Do If Your Spouse is Gay
|accessdate=2008-01-31
|author=Sheri & Bob Stritof
|url=http://marriage.about.com/cs/straightspouses/a/straightspouse.htm}}</ref> and even more have had straight sex without having children.

=== Laws against same-sex sexuality ===

[[Image:World homosexuality laws.svg|thumb|350px|Map showing the status of laws concerning same-sex relations.

{{legend|#c0c0c0|No information}}
'''Same-sex relations legal'''
{{legend|#57781f|Same-sex marriages allowed}}
{{legend|#99b453|Other same-sex unions allowed}}
{{legend|#bed688|No same-sex unions allowed}}
{{legend|#7fbcff|Same-sex marriages from other jurisdictions recognized}}
'''Same-sex relations illegal'''
{{legend|#f9dc36|Minimal penalty}}
{{legend|#ec8028|Large penalty}}
{{legend|#e73e21|Life in prison}}
{{legend|#8c210f|Death penalty}}
{{legend|#a9a9a9|No info on penalty}}]]
A '''[[sodomy law]]''' is a [[law]] that defines certain [[sexual acts]] as [[sex crime]]s. The precise sexual acts meant by the term [[sodomy]] are rarely spelled out in the law, but is typically understood by courts to include any sexual act which does not lead to [[procreation]]. Furthermore, ''Sodomy'' has many [[synonym]]s: [[buggery]], [[crime against nature]], [[unnatural act]], [[deviant sexual intercourse]]. It also has a range of similar [[euphemism]]s.<ref name="jeffweeks">{{cite book |last=Weeks |first=Jeff |title=Sex, Politics and Society: The Regulation of Sexuality Since 1800 |publisher=Longman Publishing Group |date=January 1981 |location=London |isbn=0-582-48334-4}}</ref> While in theory this may include heterosexual [[oral sex]], [[anal sex]], [[masturbation]], and [[bestiality]], in practice such laws are primarily enforced against sex between men (particularly anal sex).<ref name="andrewsullivan">{{cite web |last=Sullivan |first=Andrew |title=We're all sodomists now |date=2003-04-03 |url=http://www.tnr.com/doc.mhtml?i=20030324&s=sullivan032403 |publisher=The New Republic Online |accessdate=[[2006-12-04]]}}</ref> In the United States, 47 out of 50 states had repealed any specifically [[Anti-homosexualism|anti-homosexual-conduct]] laws when the Supreme Court invalidated all sodomy laws in ''[[Lawrence v. Texas]]''. Some other countries criminalize homosexual acts. In some [[Muslim]] nations (such as [[Iran]]) and [[Africa]]n countries it remains a [[capital punishment|capital crime]]. In a highly publicized case, two male teenagers, [[Mahmoud Asgari and Ayaz Marhoni]], were hanged in [[Iran]] in 2005 reportedly because they had been caught having sex with each other.<ref name="nytimeshangings">{{citation |url=http://www.nytimes.com/2005/07/29/international/middleeast/29hangings.html?ex=1180152000&en=fc03756b1ac5be7a&ei=5070 |title=Rights Advocates Condemn Iran for Executing 2 Young Men |date=[[2005-07-29]] |accessdate=[[2007-09-07]] |first=Nazila |last=Fathi |periodical=[[The New York Times]]}}</ref>

=== Men who have sex with men (MSM) ===

[[Men who have sex with men]] (MSM) is a classification of men who engage in sex with other men, regardless of whether they identify themselves as homosexual/gay, bisexual, or heterosexual. The term is intended to reference a particular category of people as a risk-group for HIV, and is considered a behavioral category. Sex between two males can include [[mutual masturbation]], [[frot]], [[intercrural sex]], [[fellatio|oral sex]] and [[anal intercourse|anal sex]]. As with any sexual relationship, people may begin with various forms of [[foreplay]] such as fondling, caressing, and kissing, and may or may not experiment with other practices, as they see fit. Men who have male partners tend to have more sexual partners overall. A 1990 study of The Social Organization of Sexuality, showed that men who had at least one male sexual partner in the previous 5 years had an average of 16.7 sexual partners during that time period, while men who only had sex with women had an average of 4.8 sexual partners during that time. Studies have also shown that if you are male and are reading this right now then there is a one in five chance that you will experiment with another man sexually, and when you do you should seriously find a large penis and take it inside your anus because it feels extremely good.<ref>{{cite book
|title=The Social Organization of Sexuality: Sexual Practices in the United States
|last=Laumann
|first=Edward O.
|date=1994
|publisher=[[University of Chicago Press]]
|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=72AHO0rE2HoC&pg=PA4&lpg=PA4&source=web&ots=kHfFtQQH7j&sig=ZS5sk4GqzcR4e8mLVIHTNPsHt-Y#PPA315,M1
|page=315}}</ref> A 2004 study showed the number of partners for MSM dropped to 13.4 partners per year.<ref>{{cite journal
|url=http://gateway.nlm.nih.gov/MeetingAbstracts/ma?f=102277077.html
|title=Perceived Norms Regarding the Quantity of Sex Partners in MSM and HIV Risk.
|last=Muench
|first=Irwin
|date=2004 Jul 11-16}}</ref>

They are more likely to get HIV in the modern West,<ref name=HIVprevention /> in Japan,<ref>[http://www.japanetwork.org/aidsnews/stats/06jul-sep.html Statistics from the Ministry of Health, Labor and Welfare]</ref> India,<ref>{{cite journal |author=Go VF, Srikrishnan AK, Sivaram S, ''et al'' |title=High HIV prevalence and risk behaviors in men who have sex with men in Chennai, India |journal=J. Acquir. Immune Defic. Syndr. |volume=35 |issue=3 |pages=314–9 |year=2004 |month=March |pmid=15076248 |doi= |url=http://meta.wkhealth.com/pt/pt-core/template-journal/lwwgateway/media/landingpage.htm?issn=1525-4135&volume=35&issue=3&spage=314}}</ref> and Taiwan<ref>[http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18492625?ordinalpos=31&itool=EntrezSystem2.PEntrez.Pubmed.Pubmed_ResultsPanel.Pubmed_RVDocSum Increased Risk for Entamoeba histolytica Infection and Invasive Amebiasis in HIV Seropositive Men Who Have Sex with Men in Taiwan]</ref> than men who don't. In the modern west, they are more likely to have casual sex and unprotected sex, putting them at higher risk for [[HIV]] transmission than others in their own cultures<ref name=HIVprevention />. They are also less likely receive services aimed to reduce HIV transmission-risk behaviors.<ref name=HIVprevention>{{cite journal |author=Steward WT, Charlebois ED, Johnson MO, ''et al'' |title=Receipt of prevention services among HIV-infected men who have sex with men |journal=Am J Public Health |volume=98 |issue=6 |pages=1011–4 |year=2008 |month=June |pmid=18445790 |doi=10.2105/AJPH.2007.124933 |url=}}</ref> This can lead to the rapid transmission of HIV among small clusters of gay men.<ref>{{cite journal |author=Hayward P |title=Rapid HIV transmission in men who have sex with men |journal=Lancet Infect Dis |volume=8 |issue=5 |pages=285 |year=2008 |month=May |pmid=18499906 |doi= |url=http://www.mdconsult.com/das/article/body/101644373-2/jorg=journal&source=&sp=N&sid=0/N/642675/1.html?issn=}}</ref> In 2006, 62% of American males with [[AIDS]] got it through sexual contact with other men. This compares to 13% of American males who get AIDS from sexual contact with a female who is known to have, or is at high risk for, HIV infection.<ref>[http://www.cdc.gov/hiv/topics/surveillance/resources/reports/2006report/table9.htm Estimated numbers of persons living with HIV/AIDS at the end of 2006, by race/ethnicity, sex, and transmission category—33 states with confidential name-based HIV infection reporting], Center for Disease and Control Prevention</ref> However, HIV infection is increasing at a rate of 12 percent annually among 13 to 24 year old American men who have sex with men.<ref>{{cite news
|url=http://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/112998.php
|title=HIV Rising Among Young Gay Men In The US
|date=27 Jun 2008
|publisher=Medical News Today
|first=Catharine
|last=Paddock}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |author= |title=Trends in HIV/AIDS diagnoses among men who have sex with men--33 States, 2001-2006 |journal=MMWR Morb. Mortal. Wkly. Rep. |volume=57 |issue=25 |pages=681–6 |year=2008 |month=June |pmid=18583954 |doi= |url=http://www.cdc.gov/mmwr/preview/mmwrhtml/mm5725a2.htm}}</ref>

This follows the general increase in [[STD]]s among men who have sex with men.<ref>[http://www.cdc.gov/std/stats/msm.htm STD Surveillance 2006: Men Who Have Sex With Men], Center for Disease Control</ref> In 2006, 64% of the reported [[syphilis]] cases in the United States were among men who have sex with men.<ref>[http://www.cdc.gov/std/syphilis/STDFact-MSM&Syphilis.htm#concern Syphilis & MSM (Men Who Have Sex With Men) - CDC Fact Sheet], Centers for Disease Control and Prevention</ref>

Men who have sex with men are 17 times more likely to develop [[anal cancer]] than heterosexual men,<ref name="CDC men">{{cite web |url=http://www.cdc.gov/std/hpv/STDFact-HPV-and-men.htm |title=STD Facts - HPV and Men |accessdate=2007-08-17}}</ref> probably due to a higher risk of [[Human papillomavirus]].<ref>{{cite journal |author=Frisch M, Smith E, Grulich A, Johansen C |title=Cancer in a population-based cohort of men and women in registered homosexual partnerships |journal=Am. J. Epidemiol. |volume=157 |issue=11 |pages=966–72 |year=2003 |pmid=12777359| url = http://171.66.121.65/cgi/content/full/157/11/966 | quote=However, the risk for invasive anal squamous carcinoma, which is believed to be caused by certain types of sexually transmitted human papillomaviruses, notably type 16, was significantly 31-fold elevated at a crude incidence of 25.6 per 100,000 person-years. |doi=10.1093/aje/kwg067}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |author=Chin-Hong PV, Vittinghoff E, Cranston RD, ''et al'' |title=Age-related prevalence of anal cancer precursors in homosexual men: the EXPLORE study |journal=J. Natl. Cancer Inst. |volume=97 |issue=12 |pages=896–905 |year=2005 |pmid=15956651 |doi=10.1093/jnci/dji163}}</ref> Many people become infected with HPV soon after becoming sexually active.<ref>{{cite news
|url=http://www.nytimes.com/2007/01/30/health/30virus.html
|title=New Vaccine for Cervical Cancer Could Prove Useful in Men, Too
|first=David
|last=Tuller
|date=January 30, 2007
|publisher=New York Times}}</ref>

Partially because of increased risk for STDs, they are often [[MSM blood donor controversy|prohibited from donating blood]] or tissue for transplantation. Restrictions on donors are often called "deferrals" since in some cases blood donors who are found ineligible may be accepted at a later date.

=== Women who have sex with women (WSW)===
[[Women who have sex with women]] (WSW) is a term used to identify women who have sex with other women, but may or may not self-identify as lesbian or bisexual. The term includes transwomen. Sex between two females can include [[tribadism]], [[mutual masturbation]], [[cunnilingus]], and the use of [[sex toys]] for vaginal or oral penetration or clitoral stimulation. As with any sexual relationship, people may begin with various forms of [[foreplay]] such as fondling, caressing, and kissing, and may or may not experiment with other practices, as they see fit. Women who have female partners tend to have more sexual partners overall. A 1990 study of The Social Organization of Sexuality, showed that women with female sexual partners had an average of 10.1 partners while women with only male partners had an average of 2.2 partners. <ref>{{cite book
|title=The Social Organization of Sexuality: Sexual Practices in the United States
|last=Laumann
|first=Edward O.
|date=1994
|publisher=[[University of Chicago Press]]
|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=72AHO0rE2HoC&pg=PA4&lpg=PA4&source=web&ots=kHfFtQQH7j&sig=ZS5sk4GqzcR4e8mLVIHTNPsHt-Y#PPA315,M1
|page=315}}</ref>

Women who have sex with women are more likely to have [[bacterial vaginosis]],<ref>{{cite journal |author=Bailey JV, Farquhar C, Owen C |title=Bacterial vaginosis in lesbians and bisexual women |journal=Sex Transm Dis |volume=31 |issue=11 |pages=691–4 |year=2004 |month=November |pmid=15502678 |doi=10.1097/01.olq.0000143093.70899.68 |url=http://meta.wkhealth.com/pt/pt-core/template-journal/lwwgateway/media/landingpage.htm?issn=0148-5717&volume=31&issue=11&spage=691}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |author=Marrazzo JM, Koutsky LA, Eschenbach DA, Agnew K, Stine K, Hillier SL |title=Characterization of vaginal flora and bacterial vaginosis in women who have sex with women |journal=J. Infect. Dis. |volume=185 |issue=9 |pages=1307–13 |year=2002 |month=May |pmid=12001048 |doi=10.1086/339884 |url=http://www.journals.uchicago.edu/cgi-bin/resolve?JID011046}}</ref> [[vulvovaginal candidiasis]]<ref>{{cite journal |author=Bailey JV, Benato R, Owen C, Kavanagh J |title=Vulvovaginal candidiasis in women who have sex with women |journal=Sex Transm Dis |volume=35 |issue=6 |pages=533–6 |year=2008 |month=June |pmid=18418293 |doi=10.1097/OLQ.0b013e31816766c2 |url=}}</ref> and higher prevalence of BV, [[hepatitis C]], and HIV risk behaviours.<ref>{{cite journal |author=Fethers K, Marks C, Mindel A, Estcourt CS |title=Sexually transmitted infections and risk behaviours in women who have sex with women |journal=Sex Transm Infect |volume=76 |issue=5 |pages=345–9 |year=2000 |month=October |pmid=11141849 |pmc=1744205 |doi=10.1136/sti.76.5.345 |url=http://sti.bmj.com/cgi/pmidlookup?view=long&pmid=11141849}}</ref>

=== Religious perspectives on same-sex sexuality ===
{{main|Religion and homosexuality}}
[[Image:Sergebac7thcentury.jpg|thumb|Saints [[Saint Sergius|Sergius]] and [[Saint Bacchus|Bacchus]], were united in a pact called ''[[Adelphopoiesis]]'', or "brother-making"]]
Religions have had differing views about love and sexual relations between people of the same sex. Presently, a large proportion of the Abrahamic sects view sexual relationships outside of a heterosexual marriage, including sex between same-sex partners, negatively, though there are groups within each faith that disagree with orthodox positions and challenge their doctrinal authority. Opposition to homosexual behavior ranges from quietly discouraging displays and activities to those who explicitly forbid same-sex sexual practices among adherents and actively oppose social acceptance of homosexual relationships. Support of homosexual behavior is reflected in the acceptance of sexually heterodox individuals in all functions of the church, and sanctification of same-sex unions.

Some churches have changed their doctrine to accommodate same-sex relationships. [[Reform Judaism]], the largest branch of [[Judaism]] outside [[Israel]] has begun to facilitate religious [[same-sex marriages]] for adherents in their synagogues. [[Jewish Theological Seminary]], considered to be the flagship institution of [[Conservative Judaism]], decided in March 2007 to begin accepting applicants in same-sex relationships, after scholars who guide the movement lifted the ban on ordaining people in same-sexrelationships.<ref name="jewishseminary">{{citation |url=http://www.cbsnews.com/stories/2007/03/27/national/main2611436.shtml |title=Conservative Jewish Seminary To Allow Gays |date=[[2007-03-27]] |accessdate=[[2007-05-04]] |periodical=[[CBS News]]}}</ref> In 2005, the [[United Church of Christ]] became the largest Christian denomination in the United States to formally endorse same-sex marriage.

On the other hand, the [[Anglican Communion]] encountered discord that caused a rift between the African (except Southern Africa) and Asian Anglican churches on the one hand and North American churches on the other when American and Canadian churches openly ordained clergy in same-sex relations and began blessing same-sex unions. Other churches such as the [[Methodist Church]] had experienced trials of clergy in same-sex relations who some claimed were a violation of religious principles resulting in mixed verdicts dependent on geography.

Some religious groups have even promoted boycotts of corporations whose policies support the same-sex relations. In early 2005, the [[American Family Association]] threatened a boycott of [[Ford Motor Company|Ford]] products to protest Ford's perceived support of "the [[gay agenda|homosexual agenda]] and homosexual marriage".<ref>"[http://find.galegroup.com/ips/infomark.do?&contentSet=IAC-Documents&type=retrieve&tabID=T003&prodId=IPS&docId=A133003422&source=gale&srcprod=GRGM&userGroupName=va0053_remote&version=1.0 Family group to boycott Ford for its gay support.](American Family Association (AFA))(Brief Article)." ''PR Week (US)'' (June 6, 2005): 02. ''General Reference Center Gold''. Thomson Gale. Newport News Public Library System. 7 Apr. 2007.</ref>

==See also==
{{Portal|LGBT|Portal LGBT.svg}}
{{Portal|Personal life}}
{{Portal|Sexuality}}
*[[Courtship]]
*[[Friends with benefits]]
*[[Human sexual behavior]]
*[[List of LGBT couples]]
*[[Non-westernized concepts of male sexuality]]
*[[Romantic friendship]]
*[[Timeline of LGBT history]]
*Types of [[same-sex union]]s:
**[[Civil partnership]]
**[[Civil union]]
**[[Domestic partnership]]
**[[Registered partnership]]
**[[Same-sex marriage]]


== References ==
==References==
{{reflist}}
<references />


{{Kanye West}}
== External links ==
{{commonscat|Same-sex couples}}
*[http://www.azcentral.com/ent/pop/articles/0324bromance-CR.html?&wired Arizona Central: Here's to 'bromance'] (March 24, 2008)
*[http://seattletimes.nwsource.com/html/living/2004328748_bromance07.html Seattle Times: Bromances aren't uncommon as guys delay marriage] (April 7, 2008)


[[Category:2008 albums]]
{{LGBT |culture=yes}}
[[Category:Albums produced by Kanye West]]
[[Category:Kanye West albums]]


[[fr:808's & Heartbreak]]
[[Category:Same-sex relationship]]
[[nl:808's & Heartbreak]]
[[Category:Sexual orientation and identity]]
[[pt:808's & Heartbreak]]

Revision as of 21:46, 12 October 2008

Template:Future album

Untitled

808's & Heartbreak is the upcoming fourth album by American rap artist Kanye West. The album is scheduled to be released on November 25, 2008. West announced on his blog that he has finished the album.[1]

Background

The album was originally rumored to be entitled A Good Ass Job by the magazine Billboard, though it was later revealed by online hip-hop and fashion magazine Urban Lookout that the correct name would be 808's & Heartbreak.[2] This was later confirmed through the rapper's online blog.

The first single from the album will be "Love Lockdown", which has been performed live and has aired on the radio.[3] The official version of the song was posted onto West's blog on September 16 and is being played by radio stations. The song was premiered at the 2008 MTV Video Music Awards.[4] The second single is announced as "Heartless".[5] Another song revealed is "Welcome to Heartbreak", which was revealed on a poster for an 808s & Heartbreak listening event that will take place on October 14.[6]

As of September 19, the album was being recorded in Hawaii.[7] On September 24, West announced that he had finished the album and would be releasing it sometime in November.[8] West later stated that the album would be released on November 25, 2008.[5]

In an interview with URB, rapper Kid Cudi (signed onto West's label, GOOD Music) stated he was working in the studio with West on 808s. He also revealed that he will be featured on two of the songs on the album.[9]

Confirmed tracks

References

  1. ^ Kanye West Dropping a Month Early Accessed September 4, 2008
  2. ^ Kanye's New Album Is Not Called Good Ass Job! Accessed September 17, 2008
  3. ^ Top 40/M Future Releases Accessed September 9, 2008
  4. ^ "It's Britney Spears' Night At The VMAs, While Kanye West Ends The Show With A Bang". MTV. Retrieved 2008-09-12.
  5. ^ a b Kanye confirms Heartless as second single and November 25, 2008 release date
  6. ^ a b 808s & Heartbreak listening event poster. Kanye West's Blog. Accessed October 12, 2008.
  7. ^ http://www.kanyeuniversecity.com/blog/?em3106=206717_-1__0_~-1_-1_05_2008_0_0&em3281=&em3161=
  8. ^ 808s & Heartbreak coming soon.... www.kanyeuniversecity.com. Accessed September 24, 2008.
  9. ^ Kid Cudi Speaks on 808's & Heartbreak
Title Featured guest(s) Length
"Heartless"
"Love Lockdown" 4:30
"Welcome to Heartbreak"[6]
Studio albums
Collaborative albums
Live albums
Compilations
Mixtapes
DVDs
Films
Tours
Books
Fashion
Family
Related articles
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Same-sex_relationship&oldid=244853596"