Pilatus PC-12 and Redistricting: Difference between pages

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<!-- This article is a part of [[Wikipedia:WikiProject Aircraft]]. Please see [[Wikipedia:WikiProject Aircraft/page content]] for recommended layout. -->
{{Infobox Aircraft
|name = PC-12
|image =Image:US Immigration and Customs Enforcement aircraft.jpg
|caption = Pilatus PC-12 Sentinel of the U.S. Bureau of Immigration and Customs Enforcement
|type = Passenger and cargo aircraft
|national origin= [[Switzerland]]
|manufacturer = [[Pilatus Aircraft]]
|designer =
|first flight = 31 May 1991
|introduced = 1994
|retired =
|status =
|primary user = Civil aviation
|more users = [[United States Air Force]]
|produced =
|number built = 700+
|unit cost =
|variants with their own articles =
}}


'''Redistricting''', a form of [[Redistribution (election)|redistribution]], is the process of changing of political [[border]]s in the United States. This often means changing [[electoral district]] and [[constituency]] boundaries, usually in response to periodic [[census]] results. This takes place by law or [[constitution]] at least every decade in most [[representative democracy]] systems using [[first-past-the-post]] or similar electoral systems to prevent geographic [[malapportionment]].
The '''Pilatus PC-12''' is a single-engine [[turboprop]] passenger and cargo aircraft manufactured by [[Pilatus Aircraft]] of [[Switzerland]]. The main market for the aircraft is corporate transport and regional airliner operators.


In 36 states, the [[State legislature (United States)|state legislature]] has primary responsibility for creating a redistricting plan, in many cases subject to approval by the state [[governor]]. To reduce the role that legislative politics might play, 5 states ([[Arizona]], [[Hawaii]], [[Idaho]], [[New Jersey]] and [[Washington]]), carry out congressional redistricting by an independent, bipartisan commission. [[Iowa]] and [[Maine]] give independent bodies authority to propose redistricting plans, but preserve the role of legislatures to approve them. Seven states have only a single representative for the entire state because of their low populations; these are [[Alaska]], [[Delaware]], [[Montana]], [[North Dakota]], [[South Dakota]], [[Vermont]] and [[Wyoming]]. The state constitutions and laws also mandate which body has responsibility over drawing the state legislature boundaries. In addition, those [[municipal]] [[government]]s that are elected on a district basis (as opposed to at-large) also redistrict.
==Design and development==


Each state has its own standards for creating Congressional and legislative districts. In addition to equalizing the population of districts and complying with Federal requirements, criteria may include attempting to create compact, contiguous districts, trying to keep political units and communities within a single district, and avoiding the drawing of boundaries for purposes of partisan advantage or incumbent protection. In the states where the legislature (or another body where a partisan majority is possible such as IL or OH) is in charge of redistricting, the possibility of [[gerrymandering]] (the deliberate manipulation of political boundaries for electoral advantage, usually of [[incumbent]]s or a specific [[political party]]) often makes the process very politically contentious, especially when the two houses of the legislature, or the legislature and the governor, are from different parties. The state and federal court systems are often involved in resolving disputes over Congressional and legislative redistricting when gridlock prevents redistricting in a timely manner. In addition, the losers to an adopted redistricting plan often challenge it in state and federal courts. [[United States Department of Justice|Justice Department]] approval (which is known as preclearence) is required under Section 5 of the [[Voting Rights Act of 1965]] in certain states that have had a history of racial barriers to voting.
Pilatus announced the development of the PC-12 at the [[National Business Aircraft Association]]'s annual convention in October 1989. The first flight of the first of two prototypes took place on 31 May 1991. Certification of the type was originally planned for mid-1991 but a redesign of the wings (increase of wing span and addition of winglets to ensure performance guarantees were met) delayed this. Swiss certification finally took place on 30 March 1994 and [[Federal Aviation Administration|FAA]] approval followed on 15 July 1994.


Partisan domination of state legislatures and improved technology to design contiguous districts that pack opponents into as few districts as possible have led to district maps which are skewed towards one party. So many states (including Texas, Michigan, Pennsylvania, Florida, Georgia and Maryland) have succeeded in removing competition for most House seats in those states that it has deadened competition for House seats nationally. Other states (New York, New Jersey, California) have opted to protect incumbents of both parties, again reducing the number of competitive districts. The Supreme Court's ruling on the Pennsylvania gerrymander in ''[[Vieth v. Jubelirer]]'' <ref>[http://supct.law.cornell.edu/supct/html/02-1580.ZS.html]</ref> effectively cemented the right of elected officials to choose their constituents, and it is up to a small number of competitive districts in a small number of states to determine majority control of Congress, since each party has about 190 districts which have very little likelihood of changing party control. The [[2003 Texas redistricting|2003 redistricting in Texas]] and the mid-decade redistricting in Georgia established the precedent of allowing the majority party in state governments to redraw the boundaries to favor the election of the majority-party candidates in subsequent elections.
As with many other Pilatus aircraft, the PC-12 is powered by a single [[Pratt & Whitney Canada PT6|Pratt & Whitney Canada PT6A-67B]] turboprop engine. It is certified for single-pilot [[Instrument flight rules|IFR]] operations, though operators may choose to utilize a second flight crew member. The PC-12 is offered in standard nine-seat airliner form, in a four-passenger seat/freight Combi version and as a six-place corporate transport. A pure freighter model is under consideration.

[[Image:Natenco Pilatus PC-12 D-FINE.jpg|thumb|left|Pilatus PC-12]]

The '''PC-12M''' (Multipurpose) is based on the basic PC-12 but equipped with a more powerful electrical generation system in order to enable the integration of additional power-consuming equipment. This enables the PC-12M to perform special mission tasks such as flight inspection, air ambulance, parachutist dropping, aerial photography and aerial surveillance. This version is marketed in the [[United States]] as the '''PC-12 Spectre''' paramilitary special missions platform.

The '''U-28A''' is the [[United States Air Force]] variant of the PC-12 for intra-theater support of [[special operations forces]]. The [[319th Special Operations Squadron]] is stationed at [[Hurlburt Field]], [[Florida]] at the headquarters of the [[Air Force Special Operations Command]].

Pilatus unveiled the PC-12 47/E (Next Generation) at the 2007 National Business Aircraft Association meeting in Atlanta.{{Fact|date=July 2008}} The 47/E model features a more powerful Pratt & Whitney PT6-67P engine with better climb performance and an increase in maximum cruise speed to 280kts TAS. The Next Generation aircraft also features a Honeywell APEX Glass Cockpit. The revised cockpit includes automatic pressurization control as well as cursor controlled inputs to the navigation system.

==Operational history==
[[Image:pilatus.pc12.landing.arp.jpg|thumb|right|Pilatus PC-12]]
[[Image:PC-12KAPA.jpg|right|thumb|Pilatus PC-12 at [[Centennial Airport]]]]

Most PC-12s are used as corporate transports, but recent regulatory changes in [[Australia]], [[Brazil]], [[Canada]] and the United States have cleared single engine turboprops such as the PC-12 for regional passenger transport operations in those nations. This has opened up a new potential market for the PC-12 as a regional airliner, in order to replace older twin [[piston engine|piston-engined]] aircraft.

Planesense, a [[New Hampshire]]-based [[fractional ownership]] company, is the largest fractional operator of PC-12s in the world, operating 34 PC-12s.<ref>[http://www.planesense.aero Planesense]</ref> Their aircraft have logged over 80,000 flight hours.

The [[Royal Flying Doctor Service of Australia]] were the launch customer for the PC-12 in 1994. The RFDS operate 20 PC-12 aircraft with more to follow and have logged more than 120,000 hours.{{Fact|date=February 2008}}

==Variants==

* '''PC-12''' -
* '''PC-12M''' - upgrade for special missions.
* '''PC-12 Spectre''' - paramilitary special missions platform marketed in the [[United States]].
* '''PC-12 NG''' -

==Operators==
[[Image:PC-12.png|right|thumb|Pilatus PC-12]]

===Civilian Users===
More than 780 PC-12s have been sold as of June 2008; most are used in the civil market.

===Military Users===
;{{BGR}}
* [[Bulgarian Air Force]], since 2003.
;{{RSA}}
* [[South African Air Force]], 41 Squadron.
;{{SUI}}
* [[Swiss Air Force]]
;{{USA}}
* [[United States Air Force]] - U-28A

==Specifications (PC-12)==
[[Image:Pilatus PC 12.JPG|thumb|right|[[Royal Canadian Mounted Police|RCMP]] ''C-GMPP'' PC-12, [[Winnipeg]] c. 2007]]
[[Image:WeatherRadarPC-12KAPA.jpg|right|thumb|Weather radar on the wing of Pilatus PC-12]]

{{Aircraft specifications
|plane or copter?=plane
|jet or prop?=prop
|ref=
<!--
General characteristics
-->
|crew=one or two pilots
|capacity=9 passengers standard, 6-8 executive
|payload main=1,500 kg
|payload alt=3,502 lb
|length main= 14.40 m
|length alt= 47 ft 3 in
|span main= 16.23 m
|span alt= 53 ft 3 in
|height main= 4.26 m
|height alt= 14 ft 0 in
|area main= 25.81 m²
|area alt= 277.8 ft²
|airfoil=
|empty weight main= 2,761 kg
|empty weight alt= 5,867 lb
|loaded weight main= 4,700 kg
|loaded weight alt= 10,450 lb
|useful load main=
|useful load alt=
|max takeoff weight main= 4,740 kg
|max takeoff weight alt= 10,450 lb
|more general=
*'''Maximum landing:''' 4,700 kg (10,450 lb)
*'''Maximum payload full fuel:''' 539 kg (1,189 lb)
*'''Tail wingspan:''' 5.20 m (17 ft 1 in)
*'''Propeller:''' Hartzell HC - E4A - 3D/E10477K &ndash; 4 blade aluminum
*'''Propeller diameter:''' 2.67 m (8 ft 9 in)
*'''Propeller RPM:''' 1,700 rpm constant speed
|engine (prop)= [[Pratt & Whitney Canada PT6A]]-67B
|type of prop= [[turboprop]]
|number of props=1
|power main= 895 kW
|power alt= 1,200 shp
|power original=
<!--
Performance
-->
|max speed main=
|max speed alt=
|cruise speed main= 500 km/h
|cruise speed alt=312.5 mph / 270 KTAS
|stall speed main= 120 km/h
|stall speed alt= 74.8 mph / 65 KCAS
|never exceed speed main=
|never exceed speed alt=
|range main=
|range alt=
|ceiling main= 9,150 m
|ceiling alt= 30,000 ft
|climb rate main= 512 m/min at sea level
|climb rate alt= 1,680 ft/min
|loading main=174.3 kg/m²
|loading alt=35.7 lb/ft²
|thrust/weight=
|power/mass main= 3.7 kg/shp
|power/mass alt=8.2 lb/shp
|more performance=
*'''Range 0 passenger:''' 4,149 km (2,593 mi) (2,239 nm)
*'''Range 9 passenger:''' 2,804 km (1,753 mi) (1,513 nm)
*'''Takeoff distance over 15 m (50 ft) obstacle:''' 701 m (2,300 ft)
*'''Takeoff distance ground roll:''' 450 m (1,475 ft)
*'''Landing distance over 15 m (50 ft) obstacle:''' 558 m (1,830 ft)
*'''Landing distance ground roll:''' 228 m (945 ft)
|armament=
|avionics=
}}


==See also==
==See also==
* [[Apportionment (politics)|Apportionment]]
{{Aircontent|
* [[United States congressional apportionment]]
|related=
* [[Gerrymandering]]
|similar aircraft=
* [[Socata TBM]]
* [[Piper Meridian]]
|lists=
|see also=
}}


==References==
==References==
{{reflist}}
===Notes===
{{Reflist}}

===Bibliography===
{{refbegin}}
* Endres, Günter. ''The Illustrated Directory of Modern Commercial Aircraft''. St. Paul, Minnesota: MBI Publishing, 2001. ISBN 0-7603-1125-0.
* The information on the U-28A was obtained from an official [[United States Air Force]] fact sheet
{{refend}}


==External links==
==External links==
* [http://www.aceproject.org/main/english/bd/bdy_us.htm Reapportionment and Redistricting in the U.S.] — from the [http://www.aceproject.org ACE Project]
{{Commons|Pilatus PC-12}}
* [http://elections.gmu.edu/redistricting.htm State redistricting links] — list of links to state redistricting websites
* [http://www.pilatus-aircraft.com/html/en/products/index_195.asp Pilatus PC 12 Official manufacturer's web page]
* [http://www.census.gov/prod/2001pubs/c2kbr01-7.pdf District sizes and other data from 1900-2000]
* [http://www.flightglobal.com/articles/2008/05/12/223616/flight-test-new-avionics-are-at-the-heart-of-the-updated-pilatus-pc-12-ng.html Flight International article on the Pilatus PC 12 Next Generation]
* [http://clerk.house.gov/art_history/house_history/congApp.html U.S. House of Representatives — District apportionment 1790 to 2000]

* [http://azredistricting.org/ Arizona Independent Redistricting Commission]
{{Pilatus aircraft}}
* Rodriguez, Lori. "[http://www.chron.com/CDA/archives/archive.mpl?id=1991_805597 Getting point of redistricting]." ''[[Houston Chronicle]]''. Saturday August 24, 1991. A25.
{{US utility aircraft}}
{{aviation lists}}

[[Category:Swiss airliners 1990-1999]]
[[Category:Swiss civil utility aircraft 1990-1999]]
[[Category:Propeller aircraft]]
[[Category:Single engine aircraft]]
[[Category:Low wing aircraft]]
[[Category:Pilatus aircraft|PC-12]]


[[Category:United States congressional districts|*]]
[[de:Pilatus PC-12]]
[[es:Pilatus PC-12]]
[[Category:Voting theory]]
[[Category:Redistricting]]
[[fr:Pilatus PC-12]]
[[no:Pilatus PC-12]]
[[pl:Pilatus PC-12]]
[[pt:Pilatus PC-12]]
[[ru:Pilatus PC-12]]

Revision as of 08:26, 13 October 2008

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Redistricting, a form of redistribution, is the process of changing of political borders in the United States. This often means changing electoral district and constituency boundaries, usually in response to periodic census results. This takes place by law or constitution at least every decade in most representative democracy systems using first-past-the-post or similar electoral systems to prevent geographic malapportionment.

In 36 states, the state legislature has primary responsibility for creating a redistricting plan, in many cases subject to approval by the state governor. To reduce the role that legislative politics might play, 5 states (Arizona, Hawaii, Idaho, New Jersey and Washington), carry out congressional redistricting by an independent, bipartisan commission. Iowa and Maine give independent bodies authority to propose redistricting plans, but preserve the role of legislatures to approve them. Seven states have only a single representative for the entire state because of their low populations; these are Alaska, Delaware, Montana, North Dakota, South Dakota, Vermont and Wyoming. The state constitutions and laws also mandate which body has responsibility over drawing the state legislature boundaries. In addition, those municipal governments that are elected on a district basis (as opposed to at-large) also redistrict.

Each state has its own standards for creating Congressional and legislative districts. In addition to equalizing the population of districts and complying with Federal requirements, criteria may include attempting to create compact, contiguous districts, trying to keep political units and communities within a single district, and avoiding the drawing of boundaries for purposes of partisan advantage or incumbent protection. In the states where the legislature (or another body where a partisan majority is possible such as IL or OH) is in charge of redistricting, the possibility of gerrymandering (the deliberate manipulation of political boundaries for electoral advantage, usually of incumbents or a specific political party) often makes the process very politically contentious, especially when the two houses of the legislature, or the legislature and the governor, are from different parties. The state and federal court systems are often involved in resolving disputes over Congressional and legislative redistricting when gridlock prevents redistricting in a timely manner. In addition, the losers to an adopted redistricting plan often challenge it in state and federal courts. Justice Department approval (which is known as preclearence) is required under Section 5 of the Voting Rights Act of 1965 in certain states that have had a history of racial barriers to voting.

Partisan domination of state legislatures and improved technology to design contiguous districts that pack opponents into as few districts as possible have led to district maps which are skewed towards one party. So many states (including Texas, Michigan, Pennsylvania, Florida, Georgia and Maryland) have succeeded in removing competition for most House seats in those states that it has deadened competition for House seats nationally. Other states (New York, New Jersey, California) have opted to protect incumbents of both parties, again reducing the number of competitive districts. The Supreme Court's ruling on the Pennsylvania gerrymander in Vieth v. Jubelirer [1] effectively cemented the right of elected officials to choose their constituents, and it is up to a small number of competitive districts in a small number of states to determine majority control of Congress, since each party has about 190 districts which have very little likelihood of changing party control. The 2003 redistricting in Texas and the mid-decade redistricting in Georgia established the precedent of allowing the majority party in state governments to redraw the boundaries to favor the election of the majority-party candidates in subsequent elections.

See also

References

  1. ^ [1]

External links

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