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'''Frew Donald McMillan''' (born [[May 20]], [[1942]] in [[Springs, South Africa|Springs]], [[South Africa]]) was a professional male [[tennis]] player from [[South Africa]].
{{Infobox Holiday |
|holiday_name=Columbus Day
|image=Christopher_Columbus3.jpg
|caption=''First Landing of Columbus on the Shores of the New World'', after the painting by [[Discoro Téofilo de la Puebla]]
|observedby=[[USA]], some [[Latin America]]n countries, [[Spain]]
|date=second Monday in October (USA);
[[October 12]] (actual/traditional)
|type=Historical
|significance=Celebrations honoring [[Christopher Columbus]]' first voyage to the Americas in 1492
|relatedto=[[Thanksgiving (Canada)|Thanksgiving in Canada]], which falls on the same date.
|date{{CURRENTYEAR}}=[[October {{Weekday in month|{{CURRENTYEAR}}|10|1|3}}]] (USA)
|date{{next year}}=[[October {{Weekday in month|{{next year}}|10|1|2}}]] (USA)
|date2007=[[October 8]] (USA)
|date2008=[[October 13]] (USA)
|date2009=[[October 12]] (USA)
|date2010=[[October 11]] (USA)
}}
Many countries in the [[New World]] and elsewhere celebrate the anniversary of [[Christopher Columbus]]'s arrival in the [[Americas]], which occurred on [[October 12]], [[1492]] in the [[Julian calendar]] and [[October 21]], [[1492]] in the modern [[Gregorian calendar]], as an official [[holiday]]. The day is celebrated as '''Columbus Day''' in the [[United States]], as '''''Día de la Raza''''' (Day of the Race) in many countries in [[Latin America]], as '''''Día de las Culturas''''' (Day of the Cultures) in [[Costa Rica]], as '''Discovery Day''' in [[The Bahamas]], as '''''Día de la Hispanidad''''' (Hispanic Day) and [[National Day]] in [[Spain]], and as '''''Día de la Resistencia Indígena''''' (Day of Indigenous Resistance) in [[Venezuela]].


==Columbus' arrival in the Americas==
He won five major doubles championships including three [[The Championships, Wimbledon|Wimbledon]]s with [[Bob Hewitt]]. The most notable aspect of his game was that he had both a two-handed backhand and forehand, which simultaneously increased his power while restricting his mobility. In the 1967 Wimbledon, the pair did not lose a set, and McMillan did not once lose a service game.
Columbus celebrations commemorate the [[Genoa|Genoese]] explorer's [[Voyages of Christopher Columbus|first expedition]] across the Atlantic Ocean in 1492. Columbus, on commission by the [[Spain|Spanish]] monarchy, was hoping to find a new naval route to [[India]] and the other nations of the East, but instead found the American continent which was virtually unknown to [[Europe]]ans at the time. Columbus's sailor [[Rodrigo de Triana]] was the first on the voyage to spot land in the New World; he found the island the natives called [[Guanahani]] at approximately 2:00 AM on [[October 12]], [[1492]]. The exact location of this island is unknown, though it was somewhere in [[the Bahamas]]. Columbus's expedition launched the first large-scale [[European colonization of the Americas]].


==United States observance==
McMillan was inducted into the [[International Tennis Hall of Fame]] in [[Newport, Rhode Island]] in 1992. He works as a tennis commentator for [[Eurosport]] and on [[BBC Radio 5]] during [[The Championships, Wimbledon|Wimbledon]].
The first Columbus Day celebration was held in 1792, when [[New York City]] celebrated the 300th anniversary of his landing in the New World. In 1892, President [[Benjamin Harrison]] called upon the people of the United States to celebrate Columbus Day on the 400th anniversary of the event.


Some [[Italian-Americans]] observe Columbus Day as a celebration of their heritage, the first occasion being in New York City on [[October 12]], [[1866]].<ref>Charles Speroni, "The Development of the Columbus Day Pageant of San Francisco," ''Western Folklore'', Vol. 7, No. 4 (Oct., 1948), pp. 325-335.</ref><ref>U.S. State Department, Bureau of International Information Programs, [http://usinfo.state.gov/scv/life_and_culture/holidays/columbus_day.html Holidays: Columbus Day].</ref> Columbus Day was popularized as a holiday in the United States by a lawyer, a son of [[Genoa|Genoese]] immigrants who came to [[California]]. During the 1850s, Genoese immigrants settled and built ranches along the [[Sierra Nevada (U.S.)|Sierra Nevada]] foothills. As the gold ran out, these skilled "Cal-Italians", from the [[Apennines]], were able to prosper as self-sufficient farmers in the [[Mediterranean climate]] of Northern California. [[San Francisco, California|San Francisco]] has the second oldest Columbus Day celebration, with [[Italy|Italians]] having commemorated it there since 1869.
==Doubles titles (63)==
{| class="sortable wikitable"
|- bgcolor="#eeeeee"
|'''No.
|'''Date
|'''Tournament
|'''Surface
|'''Partnering
|'''Opponent in the final'''
|'''Score
|-
|-
| 1.
| 1970
| [[Legg Mason Tennis Classic|Washington D.C.]], [[U.S.]]
| Hard
| {{flagicon|RSA|1928}} [[Bob Hewitt]]
| {{flagicon|ROU|1965}} [[Ilie Năstase]] <br> {{flagicon|ROU|1965}} [[Ion Ţiriac]]
| 7–5, 6–0
|-
| 2.
| 1970
| [[Hamburg Masters|Hamburg]], [[Germany]]
| Clay
| {{flagicon|RSA|1928}} Bob Hewitt
| {{flagicon|NED}} [[Tom Okker]] <br> {{flagicon|YUG}} [[Nikola Pilić]]
| 6–3, 7–5, 6–2
|-
| 3.
| 1972
| [[Bournemouth]], [[England]]
| Clay
| {{flagicon|RSA|1928}} Bob Hewitt
| {{flagicon|ROU|1965}} [[Ilie Năstase]] <br> {{flagicon|ROU|1965}} [[Ion Ţiriac]]
| 7–5, 6–2
|- bgcolor="#e5d1cb"
| 4.
| 1972
| [[French Open]], [[Paris]]
| Clay
| {{flagicon|RSA|1928}} Bob Hewitt
| {{flagicon|CHI}} [[Patricio Cornejo]] <br> {{flagicon|CHI}} [[Jaime Fillol]]
| 6–3, 8–6, 3–6, 6–1
|-
| 5.
| 1972
| [[Bristol Open|Bristol]], [[England]]
| Grass
| {{flagicon|RSA|1928}} Bob Hewitt
| {{flagicon|USA}} [[Clark Graebner]] <br> {{flagicon|AUS}} [[Lew Hoad]]
|
|- bgcolor="#e5d1cb"
| 6.
| 1972
| [[The Championships, Wimbledon|Wimbledon]], [[London]]
| Grass
| {{flagicon|RSA|1928}} Bob Hewitt
| {{flagicon|USA}} [[Stan Smith]] <br> {{flagicon|USA}} [[Erik Van Dillen]]
| 6–2, 6–2, 9–7
|-
| 7.
| 1972
| [[Cincinnati Masters|Cincinnati]], [[U.S.]]
| Clay
| {{flagicon|RSA|1928}} Bob Hewitt
| {{flagicon|USA}} [[Paul Gerken]] <br> {{flagicon|VEN}} [[Humphrey Hose]]
| 7–6, 6–4
|-
| 8.
| 1972
| [[ATP Houston|Indianapolis]], [[U.S.]]
| Clay
| {{flagicon|RSA|1928}} Bob Hewitt
| {{flagicon|CHI}} [[Patricio Cornejo]] <br> {{flagicon|CHI}} [[Jaime Fillol]]
| 6–2, 6–3
|-
| 9.
| 1972
| [[SAP Open|Albany]], [[U.S.]]
| Carpet
| {{flagicon|RSA|1928}} Bob Hewitt
| {{flagicon|SWE}} [[Ove Nils Bengtson]] <br> {{flagicon|SWE}} [[Björn Borg]]
| 6–4, 6–2
|-
| 10.
| 1973
| [[Jackson, Mississippi|Jackson]], [[U.S.]]
| Hard (i)
| {{flagicon|USA}} [[Zan Guerry]]
| {{flagicon|CHI}} [[Jaime Pinto-Bravo]] <br> {{flagicon|ARG}} [[Tito Vasquez]]
| 6–2, 6–4
|-
| 11.
| 1973
| Tanglewood, [[U.S.]]
| Other
| {{flagicon|AUS}} [[Bob Carmichael]]
| {{flagicon|EGY|1972}} [[Ismail El Shafei]] <br> {{flagicon|NZL}} [[Brian Fairlie]]
| 6–3, 6–4
|-
| 12.
| 1973
| [[ATP Houston|Indianapolis]], [[U.S.]]
| Clay
| {{flagicon|AUS}} Bob Carmichael
| {{flagicon|ESP|1939}} [[Manuel Orantes]] <br> {{flagicon|ROU|1965}} [[Ion Ţiriac]]
| 6–3, 6–4
|-
| 13.
| 1973
| [[Quebec WCT|Quebec]], [[Canada]]
| Other
| {{flagicon|AUS}} Bob Carmichael
| {{flagicon|USA}} [[Jimmy Connors]] <br> {{flagicon|USA}} [[Marty Riessen]]
| 6–2, 7–6
|-
| 14.
| 1974
| [[Salisbury, Maryland|Salisbury]], [[U.S.]]
| Carpet
| {{flagicon|USA}} [[Jimmy Connors]]
| {{flagicon|RSA|1928}} [[Byron Bertram]] <br> {{flagicon|Rhodesia}} [[Andrew Pattison]]
| 3–6, 6–2, 6–1
|-
| 15.
| 1974
| [[Washington D.C.|Washington WCT]], [[U.S.]]
| Carpet
| {{flagicon|RSA|1928}} Bob Hewitt
| {{flagicon|NED}} [[Tom Okker]] <br> {{flagicon|USA}} [[Marty Riessen]]
| 7–6, 6–3
|-
| 16.
| 1974
| [[ATP Rotterdam|Rotterdam]], [[Netherlands]]
| Carpet
| {{flagicon|RSA|1928}} Bob Hewitt
| {{flagicon|FRA}} [[Pierre Barthès]] <br> {{flagicon|ROU|1965}} [[Ilie Năstase]]
| 3–6, 6–4, 6–3
|-
| 17.
| 1974
| [[Munich|Munich WCT]], [[Germany]]
| Carpet
| {{flagicon|RSA|1928}} Bob Hewitt
| {{flagicon|FRA}} [[Pierre Barthès]] <br> {{flagicon|ROU|1965}} [[Ilie Năstase]]
| 6–2, 7–6
|-
| 18.
| 1974
| [[Johannesburg|Johannesburg WCT]], [[South Africa]]
| Hard
| {{flagicon|RSA|1928}} Bob Hewitt
| {{flagicon|USA}} [[Jim McManus (tennis)|Jim McManus]] <br> {{flagicon|Rhodesia}} [[Andrew Pattison]]
| 6–2, 6–4, 7–6
|- bgcolor="ffffcc"
| 19.
| 1974
| [[Tennis Masters Cup|World Doubles WCT]], [[Montreal]]
| Carpet
| {{flagicon|RSA|1928}} Bob Hewitt
| {{flagicon|AUS}} [[Owen Davidson]] <br> {{flagicon|AUS}} [[John Newcombe]]
| 6–2, 6–7, 6–1, 6–2
|-
| 20.
| 1974
| [[ATP Johannesburg|Johannesburg]], [[South Africa]]
| Hard
| {{flagicon|RSA|1928}} Bob Hewitt
| {{flagicon|NED}} [[Tom Okker]] <br> {{flagicon|USA}} [[Marty Riessen]]
| 7–6, 6–4, 6–3
|-
| 21.
| 1975
| [[ATP Rotterdam|Rotterdam WCT]], [[Netherlands]]
| Carpet
| {{flagicon|RSA|1928}} Bob Hewitt
| {{flagicon|ESP|1939}} [[José Higueras]] <br> {{flagicon|HUN}} [[Balázs Taróczy]]
| 6–2, 6–2
|-
| 22.
| 1975
| [[Munich|Munich WCT]], [[Germany]]
| Carpet
| {{flagicon|RSA|1928}} Bob Hewitt
| {{flagicon|ITA}} [[Corrado Barazzutti]] <br> {{flagicon|ITA}} [[Antonio Zugarelli]]
| 6–3, 6–4
|-
| 23.
| 1975
| [[Monte Carlo Masters|Monte Carlo WCT]], [[Monaco]]
| Clay
| {{flagicon|RSA|1928}} Bob Hewitt
| {{flagicon|USA}} [[Arthur Ashe]] <br> {{flagicon|NED}} [[Tom Okker]]
| 6–3, 6–2
|-
| 24.
| 1975
| [[Stockholm Open|Stockholm]], [[Sweden]]
| Hard (i)
| {{flagicon|RSA|1928}} Bob Hewitt
| {{flagicon|USA}} [[Charlie Pasarell]] <br> {{flagicon|USA}} [[Roscoe Tanner]]
| 3–6, 6–3, 6–4
|-
| 25.
| 1976
| [[Columbus, Ohio|Columbus WCT]], [[U.S.]]
| Carpet
| {{flagicon|RSA|1928}} Bob Hewitt
| {{flagicon|USA}} [[Arthur Ashe]] <br> {{flagicon|NED}} [[Tom Okker]]
| 7–6, 6–4
|-
| 26.
| 1976
| [[Baltimore WCT]], [[U.S.]]
| Carpet
| {{flagicon|RSA|1928}} Bob Hewitt
| {{flagicon|ROU|1965}} [[Ilie Năstase]] <br> {{flagicon|USA}} [[Cliff Richey]]
| 3–6, 7–6, 6–4
|-
| 27.
| 1976
| [[Toronto|Toronto Indoor WCT]], [[Canada]]
| Carpet
| {{flagicon|CHI}} [[Jaime Fillol]]
| {{flagicon|USSR|1955}} [[Alex Metreveli]] <br> {{flagicon|ROU|1965}} [[Ilie Năstase]]
| 6–7, 6–2, 6–3
|-
| 28.
| 1976
| [[ATP Rotterdam|Rotterdam WCT]], [[Netherlands]]
| Carpet
| {{flagicon|AUS}} [[Rod Laver]]
| {{flagicon|USA}} [[Arthur Ashe]] <br> {{flagicon|NED}} [[Tom Okker]]
| 6–1, 6–7, 7–6
|-
| 29.
| 1976
| [[Davidoff Swiss Indoors|Basel]], [[Switzerland]]
| Carpet
| {{flagicon|NED}} [[Tom Okker]]
| {{flagicon|TCH}} [[Jiří Hřebec]] <br> {{flagicon|TCH}} [[Jan Kodeš]]
| 6–4, 7–6, 6–4
|-
| 30.
| 1976
| [[Nuremberg]], [[Germany]]
| Carpet
| {{flagicon|FRG}} [[Karl Meiler]]
| {{flagicon|Rhodesia}} [[Colin Dowdeswell]] <br> {{flagicon|AUS}} [[Peter Kronk]]
| 7–6, 6–4
|-
| 31.
| 1976
| [[BA-CA TennisTrophy|Vienna]], [[Austria]]
| Hard (i)
| {{flagicon|RSA|1928}} Bob Hewitt
| {{flagicon|USA}} [[Brian Gottfried]] <br> {{flagicon|MEX}} [[Raúl Ramírez]]
| 6–4, 4–0 RET
|-
| 32.
| 1976
| [[Cologne Grand Prix|Cologne]], [[Germany]]
| Carpet
| {{flagicon|RSA|1928}} Bob Hewitt
| {{flagicon|Rhodesia}} [[Colin Dowdeswell]] <br> {{flagicon|USA}} [[Mike Estep]]
| 6–1, 3–6, 7–6
|-
| 33.
| 1976
| [[Stockholm Open|Stockholm]], [[Sweden]]
| Hard (i)
| {{flagicon|RSA|1928}} Bob Hewitt
| {{flagicon|NED}} [[Tom Okker]] <br> {{flagicon|USA}} [[Marty Riessen]]
| 6–4, 4–6, 6–4
|-
| 34.
| 1977
| [[U.S. Pro Indoor|Philadelphia WCT]], [[U.S.]]
| Carpet
| {{flagicon|RSA|1928}} Bob Hewitt
| {{flagicon|POL}} [[Wojtek Fibak]] <br> {{flagicon|NED}} [[Tom Okker]]
| 6–1, 1–6, 6–3
|-
| 35.
| 1977
| [[Springfield, Massachusetts|Springfield]], [[U.S.]]
| Carpet
| {{flagicon|RSA|1928}} Bob Hewitt
| {{flagicon|ROU|1965}} [[Ion Ţiriac]] <br> {{flagicon|ARG}} [[Guillermo Vilas]]
| 7–6, 6–2
|-
| 36.
| 1977
| [[San Jose, California|San Jose]], [[U.S.]]
| Hard
| {{flagicon|RSA|1928}} Bob Hewitt
| {{flagicon|USA}} [[Tom Gorman (tennis)|Tom Gorman]] <br> {{flagicon|AUS}} [[Geoff Masters]]
| 6–2, 6–3
|-
| 37.
| 1977
| [[Indian Wells Masters|Palm Springs]], [[U.S.]]
| Hard
| {{flagicon|RSA|1928}} Bob Hewitt
| {{flagicon|USA}} [[Marty Riessen]] <br> {{flagicon|USA}} [[Roscoe Tanner]]
| 7–6, 7–6
|-
| 38.
| 1977
| [[ATP Johannesburg|Johannesburg]], [[South Africa]]
| Hard
| {{flagicon|RSA|1928}} Bob Hewitt
| {{flagicon|USA}} [[Charlie Pasarell]] <br> {{flagicon|USA}} [[Erik Van Dillen]]
| 6–2, 6–0
|-
| 39.
| 1977
| [[La Costa, California|La Costa]], [[U.S.]]
| Hard
| {{flagicon|RSA|1928}} Bob Hewitt
| {{flagicon|AUS}} [[Ray Ruffels]] <br> {{flagicon|AUS}} [[Allan Stone]]
| 6–4, 6–2
|-
| 40.
| 1977
| [[Los Angeles|Los Angeles PSW]], [[U.S.]]
| Carpet
| {{flagicon|RSA|1928}} Bob Hewitt
| {{flagicon|USA}} [[Bob Lutz (tennis)|Robert Lutz]] <br> {{flagicon|USA}} [[Stan Smith]]
| 6–3, 6–4
|-
| 41.
| 1977
| [[Jackson, Mississippi|Jackson]], [[U.S.]]
| Carpet
| {{flagicon|RSA|1928}} Bob Hewitt
| {{flagicon|AUS}} [[Phil Dent]] <br> {{flagicon|AUS}} [[Ken Rosewall]]
| 6–2, 7–6
|- bgcolor="#e5d1cb"
| 42.
| 1977
| [[US Open (tennis)|U.S. Open]], [[New York]]
| Clay
| {{flagicon|RSA|1928}} Bob Hewitt
| {{flagicon|USA}} [[Brian Gottfried]] <br> {{flagicon|MEX}} [[Raúl Ramírez]]
| 6–4, 6–0
|-
| 43.
| 1977
| [[Countrywide Classic|Los Angeles]], [[U.S.]]
| Hard
| {{flagicon|USA}} [[Sandy Mayer]]
| {{flagicon|USA}} [[Tom Leonard (tennis)|Tom Leonard]] <br> {{flagicon|USA}} [[Mike Machette]]
| 6–2, 6–3
|-
| 44.
| 1977
| [[Madrid]], [[Spain]]
| Clay
| {{flagicon|RSA|1928}} Bob Hewitt
| {{flagicon|ESP|1977}} [[Antonio Muñoz (tennis)|Antonio Muñoz]] <br> {{flagicon|ESP|1977}} [[Manuel Orantes]]
| 6–7, 7–6, 6–3, 6–1
|-
| 45.
| 1977
| [[BA-CA TennisTrophy|Vienna]], [[Austria]]
| Hard (i)
| {{flagicon|RSA|1928}} Bob Hewitt
| {{flagicon|POL}} [[Wojtek Fibak]] <br> {{flagicon|TCH}} [[Jan Kodeš]]
| 6–4, 6–3
|-
| 46.
| 1977
| [[Cologne Grand Prix|Cologne]], [[Germany]]
| Carpet
| {{flagicon|RSA|1928}} Bob Hewitt
| {{flagicon|USA}} [[Fred McNair]] <br> {{flagicon|USA}} [[Sherwood Stewart]]
| 6–3, 7–5
|-
| 47.
| 1977
| [[Wembley Championship|Wembley]], [[England]]
| Hard (i)
| {{flagicon|USA}} Sandy Mayer
| {{flagicon|USA}} [[Brian Gottfried]] <br> {{flagicon|MEX}} [[Raúl Ramírez]]
| 6–3, 7–6
|-
| 48.
| 1978
| [[Baltimore WCT]], [[U.S.]]
| Carpet
| {{flagicon|USA}} [[Fred McNair]]
| {{flagicon|GBR}} [[Roger Taylor (tennis)|Roger Taylor]] <br> {{flagicon|ITA}} [[Antonio Zugarelli]]
| 6–3, 7–5
|-
| 49.
| 1978
| [[U.S. Pro Indoor|Philadelphia WCT]], [[U.S.]]
| Carpet
| {{flagicon|RSA|1928}} Bob Hewitt
| {{flagicon|USA}} [[Vitas Gerulaitis]] <br> {{flagicon|USA}} [[Sandy Mayer]]
| 6–4, 6–4
|-
| 50.
| 1978
| [[Richmond WCT]], [[U.S.]]
| Carpet
| {{flagicon|RSA|1928}} Bob Hewitt
| {{flagicon|USA}} [[Vitas Gerulaitis]] <br> {{flagicon|USA}} [[Sandy Mayer]]
| 6–3, 7–5
|-
| 51.
| 1978
| [[St. Louis WCT]], [[U.S.]]
| Carpet
| {{flagicon|RSA|1928}} Bob Hewitt
| {{flagicon|POL}} [[Wojtek Fibak]] <br> {{flagicon|NED}} [[Tom Okker]]
| 6–3, 6–2
|-
| 52.
| 1978
| [[ATP Denver|Denver]], [[U.S.]]
| Carpet
| {{flagicon|RSA|1928}} Bob Hewitt
| {{flagicon|USA}} [[Fred McNair]] <br> {{flagicon|USA}} [[Sherwood Stewart]]
| 6–3, 6–2
|-
| 53.
| 1978
| [[ATP Johannesburg|Johannesburg]], [[South Africa]]
| Hard
| {{flagicon|RSA|1928}} Bob Hewitt
| {{flagicon|AUS}} [[Colin Dibley]] <br> {{flagicon|AUS}} [[Geoff Masters]]
| 7–5, 7–6
|-
| 54.
| 1978
| [[Queen's Club Championships|London/Queen's Club]], [[England]]
| Grass
| {{flagicon|RSA|1928}} Bob Hewitt
| {{flagicon|USA}} [[Fred McNair]] <br> {{flagicon|MEX}} [[Raúl Ramírez]]
| 6–2, 7–5
|- bgcolor="#e5d1cb"
| 55.
| 1978
| [[The Championships, Wimbledon|Wimbledon]], [[London]]
| Grass
| {{flagicon|RSA|1928}} Bob Hewitt
| {{flagicon|USA}} [[Peter Fleming (tennis)|Peter Fleming]] <br> {{flagicon|USA}} [[John McEnroe]]
| 6–1, 6–4, 6–2
|-
| 56.
| 1979
| [[ATP Stuttgart|Stuttgart Outdoor]], [[Germany]]
| Clay
| {{flagicon|Rhodesia}} [[Colin Dowdeswell]]
| {{flagicon|POL}} [[Wojtek Fibak]] <br> {{flagicon|TCH}} [[Pavel Slozil]]
| 6–4, 6–2, 2–6, 6–4
|-
| 57.
| 1979
| [[Davidoff Swiss Indoors|Basel]], [[Switzerland]]
| Hard (i)
| {{flagicon|RSA|1928}} Bob Hewitt
| {{flagicon|USA}} [[Brian Gottfried]] <br> {{flagicon|MEX}} [[Raúl Ramírez]]
| 6–3, 6–4
|-
| 58.
| 1979
| [[BA-CA TennisTrophy|Vienna]], [[Austria]]
| Hard (i)
| {{flagicon|RSA|1928}} Bob Hewitt
| {{flagicon|USA}} [[Brian Gottfried]] <br> {{flagicon|MEX}} [[Raúl Ramírez]]
| 6–4, 3–6, 6–1
|-
| 59.
| 1979
| [[ATP Johannesburg|Johannesburg]], [[South Africa]]
| Hard
| {{flagicon|RSA|1928}} Bob Hewitt
| {{flagicon|USA}} [[Mike Cahill]] <br> {{flagicon|GBR}} [[Buster Mottram]]
| 1–6, 6–1, 6–4
|-
| 60.
| 1980
| [[ATP Johannesburg|Johannesburg]], [[South Africa]]
| Hard
| {{flagicon|RSA|1928}} Bob Hewitt
| {{flagicon|ZIM}} [[Colin Dowdeswell]] <br> {{flagicon|SUI}} [[Heinz Günthardt]]
| 6–4, 6–3
|-
| 61.
| 1980
| [[ATP Stuttgart|Stuttgart Outdoor]], [[Germany]]
| Clay
| {{flagicon|ZIM}} Colin Dowdeswell
| {{flagicon|NZL}} [[Chris Lewis (tennis)|Chris Lewis]] <br> {{flagicon|RSA|1928}} [[John Yuill]]
| 6–3, 6–4
|-
| 62.
| 1981
| [[Brussels]], [[Belgium]]
| Carpet
| {{flagicon|USA}} Sandy Mayer
| {{flagicon|RSA|1928}} [[Kevin Curren]] <br> {{flagicon|USA}} [[Steve Denton]]
| 4–6, 6–3, 6–3
|-
| 63.
| 1982
| [[ATP Johannesburg|Johannesburg]], [[South Africa]]
| Hard
| {{flagicon|USA}} [[Brian Gottfried]]
| {{flagicon|ISR}} [[Shlomo Glickstein]] <br> {{flagicon|ZIM}} [[Andrew Pattison]]
| 6–2, 6–2
|}


This lawyer then moved to [[Colorado]], which had a population of Genoese miners, and where, in 1907, the first state-wide celebration was held. In 1934, at the behest of the [[Knights of Columbus]] (a Catholic fraternal service organization named for the voyager), Congress and President [[Franklin Delano Roosevelt]] set aside Columbus Day, October 12, as a [[Federal holiday]] (36 USC 107, ch. 184, 48 Stat. 657).
{{DEFAULTSORT:Macmillan, Frew}}
[[Category:1942 births|McMillan, Frew]]
[[Category:Living people|McMillan, Frew]]
[[Category:Anglo-African people]]
[[Category:People from Springs, Gauteng]]
[[Category:South African tennis players|McMillan, Frew]]
[[Category:South Africans of Scottish descent]]
[[Category:Tennis commentators|McMillan, Frew]]
[[Category:Tennis Hall of Fame members|McMillan, Frew]]


Since 1971, the holiday has been commemorated in the U.S. on the second Monday in October, the same day as [[Thanksgiving (Canada)|Thanksgiving]] in neighboring [[Canada]]. It is generally observed today by banks, the bond market, the [[United States Postal Service|U.S. Postal Service]] and other federal agencies, most state government offices, and many school districts; however, most businesses and stock exchanges remain open.
{{SouthAfrica-sport-bio-stub}}
{{tennis-bio-stub}}


===States and city observations===
[[es:Frew McMillan]]

[[fr:Frew McMillan]]
====California====
[[ja:フルー・マクミラン]]
The city of [[Berkeley, California|Berkeley]] celebrates Indigenous People's Day instead of Columbus Day every year with a [[pow wow]] and Native American market.
[[pl:Frew McMillan]]

[[sv:Frew McMillan]]
====Cleveland====
The Columbus Day parade in [[Cleveland, Ohio|Cleveland]] takes place in the Little Italy nieghborhood near Univeristy Circle. The day begins with Mass at Holy Rosary Church which features the combined choirs of the four historically Italian Cleveland area churches - Holy Rosary, Holy Redeemer, St. Rocco and Our Lady of Mt. Carmel. The parade then goes down Murray Hill featuring over 100 units and a dozen marhcing bands.

====Colorado====
The Columbus Day parade in [[Denver, Colorado|Denver]] has been protested by Native American groups and their supporters for nearly two decades. Denver has the longest-running parade in the United States. <ref>Keith Coffman, [http://www.reuters.com/article/domesticNews/idUSN0625722520071006?pageNumber=1 Columbus Day protest in Denver leads to arrests], Reuters, Oct. 6, 2007.</ref>

====Hawaii====
[[Image:Captainjamescookportrait.jpg|thumb|right|150px|Discoverer's Day is celebrated on the second Monday of October in Hawaii; it honors Captain James Cook as the first European to document Hawaiian society]]
Hawaii does not officially honor Columbus day and instead celebrates [[Discoverer's Day]] on the same day, i.e., on the second Monday of each October. While many in Hawaii still celebrate the life of Columbus on Columbus Day, the alternative holiday also honors [[James Cook]], the [[United Kingdom|British]] [[navigator]] that became the first person to record the coordinates of the [[Hawaiian Islands]] and share with the world the existence of the [[ancient Hawaii]]an [[nation|people]] and [[society]]. Some people interpret the holiday as a celebration of all discoveries relative to the ancient and modern societies of Hawaii. Neither Columbus Day nor Discoverer's Day is regarded as a holiday by State government;<ref>{{cite web|url=http://hawaii.gov/hrd/State_Observed_Holidays/ |title=State Observed Holidays - Department of Human Resources Development |publisher=Hawaii.gov |date= |accessdate=2008-10-12}}</ref> state, city and county government offices and schools are open for business on Columbus Day, while Federal government offices are closed.

The Hawaii, the Discoverer's Day celebration has become a day of protest for some advocacy groups. A popular protest site is the [[Cathedral of Our Lady of Peace]] and the Chancery building of the [[Roman Catholic Diocese of Honolulu]]. Such advocacy groups have been commemorating the Discoverer's Day holiday as their own alternative, Indigenous Peoples Day. The week is called Indigenous Peoples Week.<ref> Indigenous Peoples Day, Nationmaster[http://www.nationmaster.com/encyclopedia/Indigenous-Peoples-Day]</ref><ref>[http://bullsburning.itgo.com/essays/News.htm "Discovers' Day observance protested"], Associated Press, October 13, 1997.</ref><ref>[http://bullsburning.itgo.com/essays/News.htm "Idea of Discoverers' Day insults native Americans"], Mary Adamski, ''Honolulu Star-Bulletin'', October 13, 1998.</ref>

====Massachusetts====
The city of Boston, which has a large Italian population, marks the occasion on the Sunday before Columbus Day with a parade

====New York====
In New York State, Columbus Day is a holiday, as government offices and public schools are closed. However, the stock markets remain open.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.nytimes.com/2007/10/06/nyregion/06holiday.html |title=Holiday on Monday: Columbus Day - New York Times |publisher=Nytimes.com |date=Published: October 6, 2007 |accessdate=2008-10-12}}</ref>

====Nevada====
Columbus Day is not a legal holiday in [[Nevada]], but it is a day of observance. Schools and state, city and county government offices are open for business on Columbus Day.<ref>[http://www.leg.state.nv.us/Nrs/NRS-236.html Nevada Revised Statutes].</ref>

===Puerto Rico===
As in the mainland U.S., Columbus Day is a legal holiday in the unincorporated U.S. territory of [[Puerto Rico]].

====South Dakota====
In the state of [[South Dakota]], the day is officially a state holiday known as "Native American Day", not Columbus Day.<ref>[http://legis.state.sd.us/statutes/DisplayStatute.aspx?Statute=1-5-1.2&Type=Statute South Dakota Codified Laws].</ref>

====U.S. Virgin Islands====
In the territory of the [[U.S. Virgin Islands]], the day is celebrated as "Who Gave Us This Horrible Name For Our Country? Day."

====Virginia====
The second Monday in October is a legal holiday in Virginia: Columbus Day and Yorktown Victory Day, honoring Christopher Columbus, and the final victory at Yorktown in the Revolutionary War.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://leg1.state.va.us/000/cod/2.2-3300.HTM |title=LIS > Code of Virginia > 2.2-3300 |publisher=Leg1.state.va.us |date= |accessdate=2008-10-12}}</ref>

==Día de la Raza==
{{Expand-section|date=September 2008}}
The date of Columbus' arrival in the Americas is celebrated in many countries in Latin America, although not in Brazil, (and in some Latino communities in the United States) as the ''Día de la Raza'' ("day of the race"), commemorating the first encounters of [[Europeans]] and [[Indigenous peoples of the Americas|Native Americans]]. The day was first celebrated in [[Argentina]] in 1917, [[Venezuela]] in 1921, [[Chile]] in 1923, and [[Mexico]] in 1928. The day was also celebrated under this title in Spain until 1957, when it was changed to the ''Día de la Hispanidad'' ("Hispanic Day"), and in Venezuela until 2002, when it was changed to the ''Día de la Resistencia Indígena'' (Day of Indigenous Resistance).

==Venezuelan observance==
[[Image:IMAGE0022.JPG|thumb|right|250px|Current state (June 6, 2006) of the Columbus Walk in Caracas. The statue was knocked down by activists after a "public judgment" during the celebrations of the Day of the Indigenous Resistance (October 12) in 2004<ref>IBLNEWS, AGENCIAS (13 October 2004), [http://iblnews.com/noticias/10/117331.html Derriban la estatua de Cristóbal Colón en Caracas].</ref><ref>Red Voltaire, ([[October 15]], [[2004]]), [http://www.voltairenet.org/article122448.html La estatua de Colón fue derribada en Venezuela el Día de la Resistencia Indígena].</ref>]]

Between 1921 and 2002, [[Venezuela]] had celebrated ''Día de la Raza'' along with many other Latin American nations. The holiday was officially established in 1921 under President [[Juan Vicente Gómez]]. In 2002, under Venezuelan President [[Hugo Chávez]], the name was changed to ''Día de la Resistencia Indígena'' (Day of Indigenous Resistance) to commemorate the [[Indigenous peoples of the Americas|Indigenous]] peoples' resistance to European settlement. On the 2004 Day of Indigenous Resistance, activists toppled a statue of Columbus in [[Caracas]]. The pro-Chávez, left-wing website Aporrea wrote: "Just like the statue of [[Saddam Hussein|Saddam]] in [[Baghdad]], that of Columbus the tyrant also fell this [[October 12]], [[2004]] in Caracas."<ref>Robin Nieto ([[October 13]], [[2004]]), [http://www.venezuelanalysis.com/news.php?newsno=1385 Columbus Statue Toppled in Venezuela on Day of Indigenous Resistance]</ref> The famous [[2003 invasion of Iraq media coverage#Symbolic coverage|toppling of Saddam Hussein's statue]] had occurred the previous year.

==Opposition to Columbus celebrations==
Since the later part of the 20th century groups have voiced opposition to Columbus celebrations. Indigenous groups in particular have opposed the holidays as celebrating the man who initiated the [[European colonization of the Americas|European colonization]] of the new world. Opposition often focuses on the cruel treatment indigenous peoples faced at the hands of Columbus and later European settlers and the fact that the European conquest directly and indirectly caused a massive [[Population history of American indigenous peoples|decline in population]] among the indigenous peoples.

In the summer of 1990, 350 Native Americans, representatives from all over the hemisphere, met in [[Quito, Ecuador]], at the first [[Intercontinental Gathering of Indigenous People in the Americas]], to mobilize against the quincentennial celebration of Columbus Day. The following summer, in [[Davis, California]], more than a hundred Native Americans gathered for a follow-up meeting to the Quito conference. They declared [[October 12]], [[1992]], International Day of Solidarity with Indigenous People. The largest ecumenical body in the United States, the [[National Council of Churches]], called on Christians to refrain from celebrating the Columbus quincentennial, saying, "What represented newness of freedom, hope, and opportunity for some was the occasion for oppression, degradation and genocide for others."<ref>''A Faithful Response to the 500th Anniversary of the Arrival of Christopher Columbus in A Resolution of the National Council of the Churches of Christ in the USA'', paragraph 1.</ref>

Venezuela responded to opposition by renaming the ''Día de la Raza'' holiday the ''Día de la Resistencia Indígena'' (Day of Indigenous Resistance) (see above).

Some groups and individuals have in turn defended Columbus celebrations. Michael Berliner of the [[Ayn Rand Institute]] said [[Western civilization]] brought “[[reason]], [[science]], [[Self-sufficiency|self-reliance]], [[individualism]], ambition, and productive achievement” to a people who were based in “[[primitivism]], [[mysticism]], and [[collectivism]]”, and to a land that was “sparsely inhabited, unused, and underdeveloped.”<ref>''Blackfoot Physics: A Journey Into The Native American Universe'', by F. David Peat, Weiser, 2005, ISBN 1578633710, pg 310</ref>

==See also==
*[[Leif Erikson Day]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
* [http://www.osia.org/public/culture/columbus.asp Christopher Columbus] &mdash; An Italian-American perspective on Columbus Day, from the [[Order Sons of Italy in America|OSIA]]
* [http://www.ipdpowwow.org Berkeley's Indigenous Peoples Day]&mdash; History of the annual celebration, pow wow and Native American market
* [http://memory.loc.gov/ammem/today/oct12.html Today in History: October 12] &mdash; An article about Columbus Day at The [[Library of Congress]]
* [http://www.aktalakota.org/index.cfm?cat=61&artid=176 Native American Day in South Dakota]
* [http://www.transformcolumbusday.org/ Transform Columbus Day Alliance] &mdash; Denver-based organization with background on opposition to Columbus Day
* [http://www.edhelper.com/Columbus_Day.htm Columbus Day Activities for Teachers]
* [http://www.frontpagemag.com/Articles/Read.aspx?GUID=5B0330E9-F379-4533-96BE-6B628C93160E Columbus Day Celebrates Western Culture - Frontpagemag.com]

{{US Federal Holidays}}

[[Category:Holidays in the United States]]
[[Category:Italian-American culture]]
[[Category:October observances]]
[[Category:Secular holidays]]

[[de:Kolumbus-Tag]]
[[es:Día de la Raza]]
[[fr:Jour de Christophe Colomb]]
[[it:Columbus Day]]
[[ja:コロンブス・デー]]
[[nl:Día de la Raza]]
[[simple:Columbus Day]]
[[zh:哥伦布日]]

Revision as of 18:21, 13 October 2008

Columbus Day
First Landing of Columbus on the Shores of the New World, after the painting by Discoro Téofilo de la Puebla
Observed byUSA, some Latin American countries, Spain
TypeHistorical
SignificanceCelebrations honoring Christopher Columbus' first voyage to the Americas in 1492
Datesecond Monday in October (USA); October 12 (actual/traditional)
2024 dateOctober 21 (USA)date missing (please add)
2025 dateOctober 13 (USA)
Related toThanksgiving in Canada, which falls on the same date.

Many countries in the New World and elsewhere celebrate the anniversary of Christopher Columbus's arrival in the Americas, which occurred on October 12, 1492 in the Julian calendar and October 21, 1492 in the modern Gregorian calendar, as an official holiday. The day is celebrated as Columbus Day in the United States, as Día de la Raza (Day of the Race) in many countries in Latin America, as Día de las Culturas (Day of the Cultures) in Costa Rica, as Discovery Day in The Bahamas, as Día de la Hispanidad (Hispanic Day) and National Day in Spain, and as Día de la Resistencia Indígena (Day of Indigenous Resistance) in Venezuela.

Columbus' arrival in the Americas

Columbus celebrations commemorate the Genoese explorer's first expedition across the Atlantic Ocean in 1492. Columbus, on commission by the Spanish monarchy, was hoping to find a new naval route to India and the other nations of the East, but instead found the American continent which was virtually unknown to Europeans at the time. Columbus's sailor Rodrigo de Triana was the first on the voyage to spot land in the New World; he found the island the natives called Guanahani at approximately 2:00 AM on October 12, 1492. The exact location of this island is unknown, though it was somewhere in the Bahamas. Columbus's expedition launched the first large-scale European colonization of the Americas.

United States observance

The first Columbus Day celebration was held in 1792, when New York City celebrated the 300th anniversary of his landing in the New World. In 1892, President Benjamin Harrison called upon the people of the United States to celebrate Columbus Day on the 400th anniversary of the event.

Some Italian-Americans observe Columbus Day as a celebration of their heritage, the first occasion being in New York City on October 12, 1866.[1][2] Columbus Day was popularized as a holiday in the United States by a lawyer, a son of Genoese immigrants who came to California. During the 1850s, Genoese immigrants settled and built ranches along the Sierra Nevada foothills. As the gold ran out, these skilled "Cal-Italians", from the Apennines, were able to prosper as self-sufficient farmers in the Mediterranean climate of Northern California. San Francisco has the second oldest Columbus Day celebration, with Italians having commemorated it there since 1869.

This lawyer then moved to Colorado, which had a population of Genoese miners, and where, in 1907, the first state-wide celebration was held. In 1934, at the behest of the Knights of Columbus (a Catholic fraternal service organization named for the voyager), Congress and President Franklin Delano Roosevelt set aside Columbus Day, October 12, as a Federal holiday (36 USC 107, ch. 184, 48 Stat. 657).

Since 1971, the holiday has been commemorated in the U.S. on the second Monday in October, the same day as Thanksgiving in neighboring Canada. It is generally observed today by banks, the bond market, the U.S. Postal Service and other federal agencies, most state government offices, and many school districts; however, most businesses and stock exchanges remain open.

States and city observations

California

The city of Berkeley celebrates Indigenous People's Day instead of Columbus Day every year with a pow wow and Native American market.

Cleveland

The Columbus Day parade in Cleveland takes place in the Little Italy nieghborhood near Univeristy Circle. The day begins with Mass at Holy Rosary Church which features the combined choirs of the four historically Italian Cleveland area churches - Holy Rosary, Holy Redeemer, St. Rocco and Our Lady of Mt. Carmel. The parade then goes down Murray Hill featuring over 100 units and a dozen marhcing bands.

Colorado

The Columbus Day parade in Denver has been protested by Native American groups and their supporters for nearly two decades. Denver has the longest-running parade in the United States. [3]

Hawaii

Discoverer's Day is celebrated on the second Monday of October in Hawaii; it honors Captain James Cook as the first European to document Hawaiian society

Hawaii does not officially honor Columbus day and instead celebrates Discoverer's Day on the same day, i.e., on the second Monday of each October. While many in Hawaii still celebrate the life of Columbus on Columbus Day, the alternative holiday also honors James Cook, the British navigator that became the first person to record the coordinates of the Hawaiian Islands and share with the world the existence of the ancient Hawaiian people and society. Some people interpret the holiday as a celebration of all discoveries relative to the ancient and modern societies of Hawaii. Neither Columbus Day nor Discoverer's Day is regarded as a holiday by State government;[4] state, city and county government offices and schools are open for business on Columbus Day, while Federal government offices are closed.

The Hawaii, the Discoverer's Day celebration has become a day of protest for some advocacy groups. A popular protest site is the Cathedral of Our Lady of Peace and the Chancery building of the Roman Catholic Diocese of Honolulu. Such advocacy groups have been commemorating the Discoverer's Day holiday as their own alternative, Indigenous Peoples Day. The week is called Indigenous Peoples Week.[5][6][7]

Massachusetts

The city of Boston, which has a large Italian population, marks the occasion on the Sunday before Columbus Day with a parade

New York

In New York State, Columbus Day is a holiday, as government offices and public schools are closed. However, the stock markets remain open.[8]

Nevada

Columbus Day is not a legal holiday in Nevada, but it is a day of observance. Schools and state, city and county government offices are open for business on Columbus Day.[9]

Puerto Rico

As in the mainland U.S., Columbus Day is a legal holiday in the unincorporated U.S. territory of Puerto Rico.

South Dakota

In the state of South Dakota, the day is officially a state holiday known as "Native American Day", not Columbus Day.[10]

U.S. Virgin Islands

In the territory of the U.S. Virgin Islands, the day is celebrated as "Who Gave Us This Horrible Name For Our Country? Day."

Virginia

The second Monday in October is a legal holiday in Virginia: Columbus Day and Yorktown Victory Day, honoring Christopher Columbus, and the final victory at Yorktown in the Revolutionary War.[11]

Día de la Raza

The date of Columbus' arrival in the Americas is celebrated in many countries in Latin America, although not in Brazil, (and in some Latino communities in the United States) as the Día de la Raza ("day of the race"), commemorating the first encounters of Europeans and Native Americans. The day was first celebrated in Argentina in 1917, Venezuela in 1921, Chile in 1923, and Mexico in 1928. The day was also celebrated under this title in Spain until 1957, when it was changed to the Día de la Hispanidad ("Hispanic Day"), and in Venezuela until 2002, when it was changed to the Día de la Resistencia Indígena (Day of Indigenous Resistance).

Venezuelan observance

Current state (June 6, 2006) of the Columbus Walk in Caracas. The statue was knocked down by activists after a "public judgment" during the celebrations of the Day of the Indigenous Resistance (October 12) in 2004[12][13]

Between 1921 and 2002, Venezuela had celebrated Día de la Raza along with many other Latin American nations. The holiday was officially established in 1921 under President Juan Vicente Gómez. In 2002, under Venezuelan President Hugo Chávez, the name was changed to Día de la Resistencia Indígena (Day of Indigenous Resistance) to commemorate the Indigenous peoples' resistance to European settlement. On the 2004 Day of Indigenous Resistance, activists toppled a statue of Columbus in Caracas. The pro-Chávez, left-wing website Aporrea wrote: "Just like the statue of Saddam in Baghdad, that of Columbus the tyrant also fell this October 12, 2004 in Caracas."[14] The famous toppling of Saddam Hussein's statue had occurred the previous year.

Opposition to Columbus celebrations

Since the later part of the 20th century groups have voiced opposition to Columbus celebrations. Indigenous groups in particular have opposed the holidays as celebrating the man who initiated the European colonization of the new world. Opposition often focuses on the cruel treatment indigenous peoples faced at the hands of Columbus and later European settlers and the fact that the European conquest directly and indirectly caused a massive decline in population among the indigenous peoples.

In the summer of 1990, 350 Native Americans, representatives from all over the hemisphere, met in Quito, Ecuador, at the first Intercontinental Gathering of Indigenous People in the Americas, to mobilize against the quincentennial celebration of Columbus Day. The following summer, in Davis, California, more than a hundred Native Americans gathered for a follow-up meeting to the Quito conference. They declared October 12, 1992, International Day of Solidarity with Indigenous People. The largest ecumenical body in the United States, the National Council of Churches, called on Christians to refrain from celebrating the Columbus quincentennial, saying, "What represented newness of freedom, hope, and opportunity for some was the occasion for oppression, degradation and genocide for others."[15]

Venezuela responded to opposition by renaming the Día de la Raza holiday the Día de la Resistencia Indígena (Day of Indigenous Resistance) (see above).

Some groups and individuals have in turn defended Columbus celebrations. Michael Berliner of the Ayn Rand Institute said Western civilization brought “reason, science, self-reliance, individualism, ambition, and productive achievement” to a people who were based in “primitivism, mysticism, and collectivism”, and to a land that was “sparsely inhabited, unused, and underdeveloped.”[16]

See also

References

  1. ^ Charles Speroni, "The Development of the Columbus Day Pageant of San Francisco," Western Folklore, Vol. 7, No. 4 (Oct., 1948), pp. 325-335.
  2. ^ U.S. State Department, Bureau of International Information Programs, Holidays: Columbus Day.
  3. ^ Keith Coffman, Columbus Day protest in Denver leads to arrests, Reuters, Oct. 6, 2007.
  4. ^ "State Observed Holidays - Department of Human Resources Development". Hawaii.gov. Retrieved 2008-10-12.
  5. ^ Indigenous Peoples Day, Nationmaster[1]
  6. ^ "Discovers' Day observance protested", Associated Press, October 13, 1997.
  7. ^ "Idea of Discoverers' Day insults native Americans", Mary Adamski, Honolulu Star-Bulletin, October 13, 1998.
  8. ^ "Holiday on Monday: Columbus Day - New York Times". Nytimes.com. Published: October 6, 2007. Retrieved 2008-10-12. {{cite web}}: Check date values in: |date= (help)
  9. ^ Nevada Revised Statutes.
  10. ^ South Dakota Codified Laws.
  11. ^ "LIS > Code of Virginia > 2.2-3300". Leg1.state.va.us. Retrieved 2008-10-12.
  12. ^ IBLNEWS, AGENCIAS (13 October 2004), Derriban la estatua de Cristóbal Colón en Caracas.
  13. ^ Red Voltaire, (October 15, 2004), La estatua de Colón fue derribada en Venezuela el Día de la Resistencia Indígena.
  14. ^ Robin Nieto (October 13, 2004), Columbus Statue Toppled in Venezuela on Day of Indigenous Resistance
  15. ^ A Faithful Response to the 500th Anniversary of the Arrival of Christopher Columbus in A Resolution of the National Council of the Churches of Christ in the USA, paragraph 1.
  16. ^ Blackfoot Physics: A Journey Into The Native American Universe, by F. David Peat, Weiser, 2005, ISBN 1578633710, pg 310

External links

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