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{{Short description|Species of fungus}}
{{Taxobox
{{Speciesbox
⚫
| name = ''Cladonia furcata''
| image = Cladonia_furcata_Molter.jpg
| image = Cladonia_furcata_Molter.jpg
⚫
| taxon = Cladonia furcata
| image_width = 250px
| regnum = [[Fungi]]
| authority = ([[Huds.]]) [[Schrad.]] (1794)
| divisio = [[Ascomycota]]
| classis = [[Lecanoromycetes]]
| ordo = [[Lecanorales]]
| familia = [[Cladoniaceae]]
| genus = ''[[Cladonia]]''
| species = '''''C. furcata'''''
| binomial = ''Cladonia furcata''
| binomial_authority = ([[Huds.]]) [[Schrad.]]
}}
}}

'''''Cladonia furcata''''' is a [[lichen]]ized species of fungi in the [[Cladoniaceae]] family. It has an intermediate to tolerant [[air pollution]] sensitivity.<ref name="isbn0-87071-394-9"/> Extracts from this species have been shown to kill [[leukemia]] cells [[in vitro]], and may have possible value in the treatment of cancer.
'''''Cladonia furcata''''' or the '''many-forked cup lichen'''<ref name=NGSWG>{{NGSWG}}</ref> is a species of [[Cladonia|cup lichen]] in the family [[Cladoniaceae]]. It has an intermediate to tolerant [[air pollution]] sensitivity.<ref name="isbn0-87071-394-9"/> Extracts of this species have been shown to kill [[leukemia]] cells [[in vitro]], and may have possible value in the treatment of cancer.


==Description==
==Description==
⚫
Like other lichens in the genus ''[[Cladonia]]'', the [[fruiting body]] of ''C.&nbsp;furcata'' is made of a flattened primary [[thallus]] and a secondary upright stalk that forms the secondary thallus. The secondary thallus – the ''[[podetium]]'' – is extensively branched, and may reach up to {{convert|10|cm|in}} tall. The podetia ranges in color from grayish or pale green to brown. The [[axil]], the inner junction of a branchlet with a branch or with another branchlet, is open, with inrolled branches, and frequently with a longitudinal groove that extends down the podetium from the axil. The fertile (reproductive) branches of this lichen are more or less flattened, and often grooved. ''C.&nbsp;furcata'' does not have the [[Vegetative reproduction|vegetative]] reproductive structures [[soredia]] and [[isidia]], but instead has [[apothecia]]—cup-like [[ascocarp]]s that contain [[ascus|asci]] on which [[ascospore]]s are borne. The apothecia are brown, small, and borne at the end of the branches.<ref name="isbn0-87071-394-9">{{cite book |vauthors=Geiser L, McCune B |title=Macrolichens of the Pacific Northwest |publisher=Oregon State University Press |location=Corvallis |year=1997 |page=88 |isbn=978-0-87071-394-1}}</ref>

⚫
Like other lichens in the genus ''[[Cladonia]]'', the [[fruiting body]] of ''C. furcata'' is made of a flattened primary [[thallus]] and a secondary upright stalk that forms the secondary thallus. The secondary thallus &ndash; the ''podetium'' &ndash; is extensively branched, and may reach up to {{convert|10|cm|in}} tall. The podetia ranges in color from grayish or pale green to brown. The [[axil]], the inner junction of a branchlet with a branch or with another branchlet, is open, with inrolled branches, and frequently with a longitudinal groove that extends down the podetium from the axil. The fertile (reproductive) branches of this lichen are more or less flattened, and often grooved. ''C. furcata'' does not have the [[Vegetative reproduction|vegetative]] reproductive structures [[soredia]] and [[isidia]], but instead has [[apothecia]]&mdash;cup-like [[ascocarp]]s that contain [[ascus|asci]] on which [[ascospore]]s are borne. The apothecia are brown, small, and borne at the end of the branches.<ref name="isbn0-87071-394-9">{{cite book |author=Geiser L, McCune B. |title=Macrolichens of the Pacific Northwest |publisher=Oregon State University Press |location=Corvallis |year=1997 |page=88 |isbn=0-87071-394-9}}</ref>


==Habitat and distribution==
==Habitat and distribution==
⚫
''Cladonia furcata'' is most commonly found in forests near [[coastline]]s, at low to mid [[elevation]]s. It may be found growing on [[moss]], [[humus]], and soil, more rarely on rotten wood or at the base of trees.<ref name="isbn0-87071-394-9"/> In North America, it is found from [[Alaska]]<ref>{{cite journal |author=Stenroos S. |year=1993|title=Taxonomy and distribution of the lichen family Cladoniaceae in the Antarctic and peri-Antarctic regions |journal=Cryptogamic Botany |volume=3 |issue=4 |pages=310–44}}</ref> to [[California]], and is very common in the west [[Cascade range]].

⚫
''C. furcata'' is most commonly found in forests near [[coastlines]], at low to mid [[elevation]]s. It may be found growing on [[moss]], [[humus]], and soil, more rarely on rotten wood or at the base of trees.<ref name="isbn0-87071-394-9"/> In North America, it is found from [[Alaska]]<ref>{{cite journal |last=Stenroos S|year=1993|title=Taxonomy and distribution of the lichen family Cladoniaceae in the Antarctic and peri-Antarctic regions |journal=Cryptogamic Botany |volume=3 |issue=4 |pages=310&ndash;44}}</ref> to [[California]], and is very common in the west [[Cascade range]].


==Sensitivity to agrochemicals==
==Sensitivity to agrochemicals==
⚫
A field experiment on the effects of various common [[agrochemical]]s ([[Fertilizer#Inorganic fertilizers .28mineral fertilizer.29|mineral fertilizer]], [[Agricultural lime|lime]] and [[calcium cyanamide]]) as well as [[organic fertilizer]] ([[manure]]) on ''C.&nbsp;furcata'' revealed that mineral fertilizer had no direct effect on lichen growth, manure promoted the length of the podetia, and calcium cyanamide proved to be lethal to ''C.&nbsp;furcata''.<ref>{{cite journal |vauthors=Vagts I, Kinder M, Müller J |year=1994 |title=The effect of agrochemicals on the growth of ''Cladonia furcata'' |journal=The Lichenologist |issue=1 |pages=73–82 |volume= 26|doi=10.1006/lich.1994.1006 }}</ref> Another study showed that application of fertilizers containing either a combination of [[nitrogen]], [[phosphorus]] and [[potassium]], or solely potassium had a significant stimulatory effect on the growth of ''C.&nbsp;furcata''.<ref>{{cite journal |vauthors=Vagts I, Kinder M |year=1999 |title=The response of different ''Cladonia'' species after treatment with fertilizer or lime in Heathland |journal=The Lichenologist |volume=31 |issue=1 |pages=75–83 |doi=10.1017/s0024282999000109}}</ref>


⚫
A field experiment on the effects of various common [[agrochemical]]s ([[Fertilizer#Inorganic_fertilizers_.28mineral_fertilizer.29|mineral fertilizer]], [[Agricultural lime|lime]] and [[calcium cyanamide]]) as well as [[organic fertilizer]] ([[manure]]) on ''C. furcata'' revealed that mineral fertilizer had no direct effect on lichen growth, manure promoted the length of the podetia, and calcium cyanamide proved to be lethal to ''C. furcata''.<ref>{{cite journal |last=Vagts I, Kinder M, Müller J.|year=1994|title=The effect of agrochemicals on the growth of ''Cladonia furcata'' |journal=Lichenologist |volume26= |issue=1 |pages=73&ndash;82}}</ref> Another study showed that application of fertilizers containing either a combination of [[nitrogen]], [[phosphorus]] and [[potassium]], or solely potassium had a significant stimulatory effect on the growth of ''C. furcata''.<ref>{{cite journal |last=Vagts I, Kinder M. |year=1999 |title=The response of different ''Cladonia'' species after treatment with fertilizer or lime in Heathland |journal=Lichenologist |volume=31 |issue=1 |pages=75&ndash;83}}</ref>
==Bioactive compounds==
==Bioactive compounds==
⚫
[[Polysaccharides]] isolated from ''C. furcata'' were shown to induce cell death (''[[apoptosis]]'') in human [[leukemia]] [[K562 cells]].<ref name="pmid11749844">{{cite journal |vauthors=Lin X, Cai YJ, Li ZX, Liu ZL, Yin SF, Zhao JC |title=''Cladonia furcata'' polysaccharide induced apoptosis in human leukemia K562 cells |journal=Acta Pharmacologica Sinica |volume=22 |issue=8 |pages=716–20 |year=2001 |pmid=11749844 }}</ref> Furthermore, ''C. furcata'' polysaccharides decreased the activity of [[telomerase]], an enzyme that helps some cancer cells avoid death; this activity suggests possible therapeutic potential in the treatment of cancer.<ref name="pmid12880947">{{cite journal |vauthors=Lin X, Cai YJ, Li ZX, Chen Q, Liu ZL, Wang R |title=Structure determination, apoptosis induction, and telomerase inhibition of CFP-2, a novel lichenin from ''Cladonia furcata'' |journal=Biochimica et Biophysica Acta (BBA) - General Subjects |volume=1622 |issue=2 |pages=99–108 |year=2003 |pmid=12880947 |doi=10.1016/S0304-4165(03)00131-4 }}</ref>


==See also==
⚫
[[Polysaccharides]] isolated from ''C. furcata'' were shown to induce cell death (''[[apoptosis]]'') in human [[leukemia]] [[K562 cells]].<ref name="pmid11749844">{{cite journal |author=Lin X, Cai YJ, Li ZX, Liu ZL, Yin SF, Zhao JC |title=''Cladonia furcata'' polysaccharide induced apoptosis in human leukemia K562 cells |journal=Acta Pharmacologica Sinica |volume=22 |issue=8 |pages=716–20 |year=2001 |pmid=11749844 |doi= |url=}}</ref> Furthermore, ''C. furcata'' polysaccharides decreased the activity of [[telomerase]], an enzyme that helps some cancer cells avoid death; this activity suggests possible therapeutic potential in the treatment of cancer.<ref name="pmid12880947">{{cite journal |author=Lin X, Cai YJ, Li ZX, Chen Q, Liu ZL, Wang R |title=Structure determination, apoptosis induction, and telomerase inhibition of CFP-2, a novel lichenin from ''Cladonia furcata'' |journal=Biochimica Biophysica Acta |volume=1622 |issue=2 |pages=99–108 |year=2003 |pmid=12880947 |doi= |url=http://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S0304416503001314}}</ref>
*[[List of Cladonia species|List of ''Cladonia'' species]]


==References==
==References==
{{Reflist}}


{{Taxonbar|from=Q112828}}
{{reflist}}

{{Lichen family taxonomy}}
{{DEFAULTSORT:Cladonia Furcata}}
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[[Category:Lecanorales]]
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[[Category:Lichens]]
[[Category:Fungi of North America]]


[[it:Cladonia furcata]]
[[Category:Cladonia|furcata]]
⚫
[[Category:Lichen species]]
[[ru:Кладония вильчатая]]
⚫
[[Category:Lichens of North America]]
[[Category:Lichens described in 1794]]
[[Category:Taxa named by William Hudson (botanist)]]

Latest revision as of 17:54, 5 September 2023

Cladonia furcata
Scientific classification Edit this classification
Domain: Eukaryota
Kingdom: Fungi
Division: Ascomycota
Class: Lecanoromycetes
Order: Lecanorales
Family: Cladoniaceae
Genus: Cladonia
Species:
C. furcata
Binomial name
Cladonia furcata
(Huds.) Schrad. (1794)

Cladonia furcata or the many-forked cup lichen[1] is a species of cup lichen in the family Cladoniaceae. It has an intermediate to tolerant air pollution sensitivity.[2] Extracts of this species have been shown to kill leukemia cells in vitro, and may have possible value in the treatment of cancer.

Description[edit]

Like other lichens in the genus Cladonia, the fruiting body of C. furcata is made of a flattened primary thallus and a secondary upright stalk that forms the secondary thallus. The secondary thallus – the podetium – is extensively branched, and may reach up to 10 centimetres (3.9 in) tall. The podetia ranges in color from grayish or pale green to brown. The axil, the inner junction of a branchlet with a branch or with another branchlet, is open, with inrolled branches, and frequently with a longitudinal groove that extends down the podetium from the axil. The fertile (reproductive) branches of this lichen are more or less flattened, and often grooved. C. furcata does not have the vegetative reproductive structures soredia and isidia, but instead has apothecia—cup-like ascocarps that contain asci on which ascospores are borne. The apothecia are brown, small, and borne at the end of the branches.[2]

Habitat and distribution[edit]

Cladonia furcata is most commonly found in forests near coastlines, at low to mid elevations. It may be found growing on moss, humus, and soil, more rarely on rotten wood or at the base of trees.[2] In North America, it is found from Alaska[3] to California, and is very common in the west Cascade range.

Sensitivity to agrochemicals[edit]

A field experiment on the effects of various common agrochemicals (mineral fertilizer, lime and calcium cyanamide) as well as organic fertilizer (manure) on C. furcata revealed that mineral fertilizer had no direct effect on lichen growth, manure promoted the length of the podetia, and calcium cyanamide proved to be lethal to C. furcata.[4] Another study showed that application of fertilizers containing either a combination of nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium, or solely potassium had a significant stimulatory effect on the growth of C. furcata.[5]

Bioactive compounds[edit]

Polysaccharides isolated from C. furcata were shown to induce cell death (apoptosis) in human leukemia K562 cells.[6] Furthermore, C. furcata polysaccharides decreased the activity of telomerase, an enzyme that helps some cancer cells avoid death; this activity suggests possible therapeutic potential in the treatment of cancer.[7]

See also[edit]

References[edit]

  1. ^ "Standardized Common Names for Wild Species in Canada". National General Status Working Group. 2020.
  2. ^ a b c Geiser L, McCune B (1997). Macrolichens of the Pacific Northwest. Corvallis: Oregon State University Press. p. 88. ISBN 978-0-87071-394-1.
  3. ^ Stenroos S. (1993). "Taxonomy and distribution of the lichen family Cladoniaceae in the Antarctic and peri-Antarctic regions". Cryptogamic Botany. 3 (4): 310–44.
  4. ^ Vagts I, Kinder M, Müller J (1994). "The effect of agrochemicals on the growth of Cladonia furcata". The Lichenologist. 26 (1): 73–82. doi:10.1006/lich.1994.1006.
  5. ^ Vagts I, Kinder M (1999). "The response of different Cladonia species after treatment with fertilizer or lime in Heathland". The Lichenologist. 31 (1): 75–83. doi:10.1017/s0024282999000109.
  6. ^ Lin X, Cai YJ, Li ZX, Liu ZL, Yin SF, Zhao JC (2001). "Cladonia furcata polysaccharide induced apoptosis in human leukemia K562 cells". Acta Pharmacologica Sinica. 22 (8): 716–20. PMID 11749844.
  7. ^ Lin X, Cai YJ, Li ZX, Chen Q, Liu ZL, Wang R (2003). "Structure determination, apoptosis induction, and telomerase inhibition of CFP-2, a novel lichenin from Cladonia furcata". Biochimica et Biophysica Acta (BBA) - General Subjects. 1622 (2): 99–108. doi:10.1016/S0304-4165(03)00131-4. PMID 12880947.
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