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{{Short description|Infraorder of flies}}
{{Unreferenced|type=animal|date=December 2009}}
{{Automatic taxobox
{{Automatic taxobox
| image = AnophelesGambiaemosquito.jpg
| image = AnophelesGambiaemosquito.jpg
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}}


The '''Culicomorpha''' are an [[infraorder (biology)|infraorder]] of [[Nematocera]], including [[mosquito]]es, [[black fly|black flies]], and several extant and extinct families of insects.
The '''Culicomorpha''' are an [[infraorder (biology)|infraorder]] of [[Nematocera]], including [[mosquito]]es, [[black fly|black flies]], and several extant and extinct families of insects.<ref name=Borkent-2012>{{cite journal |last=Borkent |first=Art |title=The pupae of Culicomorpha : morphology and a new phylogenetic tree |journal=Zootaxa |volume=3396 |issue=1 |year=2012 |url=https://mosquito-taxonomic-inventory.myspecies.info/sites/mosquito-taxonomic-inventory.info/files/Borkent%202012.pdf |doi=10.11646/zootaxa.3396.1 |isbn=978-1-86977-957-3 |oclc=807999306}}</ref> They originated 176 million years ago, in the [[Triassic]] period. There are phylogenetic patterns that are used to interpret bionomic features such as differences in the nature of blood-feeding by adult females, daytime or nighttime feeding by adult females, and occurrence of immature stages in aquatic habitats.<ref name=Borkent-2012/>

Most adult, females lay their eggs on bodies of water. Some are restricted to very clean waters, but others can tolerate highly polluted environments.<ref>{{Cite book |url=https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/899273856 |title=Ecology and General Biology |date=2015 |publisher=Academic Press |others=James H. Thorp, D. Christopher Rogers |isbn=978-0-12-385027-0 |edition=4th |location=London |oclc=899273856}}</ref>

Many adults transmit parasites or diseases that can be debilitating or fatal to humans, such as [[malaria]] and [[West Nile virus]]. Biting midges can transmit an extensive range of pathogens of veterinary importance, including [[Akabane orthobunyavirus|Akabane virus]], [[bovine ephemeral fever]] virus, [[Schmallenberg orthobunyavirus|Schmallenberg virus]], [[African horse sickness]] virus, [[Epizootic hemorrhagic disease virus|epizootic haemorrhagic disease virus]], and [[Bluetongue disease|bluetongue virus]].<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Carpenter |first1=Simon |last2=Groschup |first2=Martin H. |last3=Garros |first3=Claire |last4=Felippe-Bauer |first4=Maria Luiza |last5=Purse |first5=Bethan V. |date=October 2013 |title=Culicoides biting midges, arboviruses and public health in Europe |journal=Antiviral Research |volume=100 |issue=1 |pages=102–113 |doi=10.1016/j.antiviral.2013.07.020 |issn=1872-9096 |pmid=23933421|doi-access=free }}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Carpenter |first1=S. |last2=Veronesi |first2=E. |last3=Mullens |first3=B. |last4=Venter |first4=G. |date=April 2015 |title=Vector competence of Culicoides for arboviruses: three major periods of research, their influence on current studies and future directions |url=https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/26470451 |journal=Revue Scientifique et Technique (International Office of Epizootics) |volume=34 |issue=1 |pages=97–112 |doi=10.20506/rst.34.1.2347 |issn=0253-1933 |pmid=26470451|doi-access=free }}</ref>


==Classification==
==Classification==

Extant families
The Culicomorpha comprises extant eight families divided into two superfamilies. It was described based on phylogenetic analyses of morphological features.<ref name=WoodBorkent1989>{{cite book |first1=D. M. |last1=Wood |first2=A. |last2=Borkent |chapter=Phylogeny and Classilication of the Nematocera |editor-first1=J.F. |editor-last1=McAlpine |editor-first2=D.M. |editor-last2=Woods |year=1989 |title=Manual of Nearctic Diptera, vol. 3. |publisher=Ottawa: Agriculture Canada Research Branch |url=https://publications.gc.ca/collections/collection_2016/aac-aafc/A54-3-32-eng.pdf}}</ref><ref name=Yeates2007>{{cite journal |last1=Yeates |first1= David K. |last2=Weigmann |first2=Brian M |last3=Courtney |first3=Greg W. |last4=Meier |first4=Rudolf |last5=Lambkins |first5=Christine |last6=Pape |first6=Thomas |title=Phylogeny and systematics of Diptera: Two decades of progress and prospects |year=2007 |journal=Zootaxa |volume=1668 |pages=565–590 |doi=10.11646/zootaxa.1668.1.27 }}</ref><ref name=Bertone2008>{{cite journal |last1=Bertone |first1=Matthew A. |last2=Courtney |first2=Gregory W. |last3=Wiegmann |first3=Brian M. |title=Phylogenetics and temporal diversification of the earliest true flies (Insecta: Diptera) based on multiple nuclear genes |year=2008 |journal=Systematic Entomology |volume=33 |issue=4 |pages=668–687 |doi=10.1111/j.1365-3113.2008.00437.x |s2cid=54781592 |url=http://online-keys.net/sciaroidea/add01/Bertone_et_al_Nematocera_2008.pdf }}</ref>

* Superfamily [[Culicoidea]]
* Superfamily [[Culicoidea]]
** [[Dixidae]] -meniscus midges
** [[Dixidae]] -meniscus midges
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** [[Chironomidae]] -nonbiting midges
** [[Chironomidae]] -nonbiting midges


The monophyly of Culicomorpha and Culicoidea have been confirmed in subsequent morphological and molecular studies, but several studies have found Chironomoidea to be paraphyletic.<ref name=Yeates2007/><ref name=Bertone2008/><ref name=Kutty2018>{{cite journal |last1=Narayanan Kutty |first1=Sujatha |last2=Wong |first2=Wing Hing |last3=Meusemann |first3=Karen |last4=Meier |first4=Rudolf |last5=Cranston |first5=Peter S. |title=A phylogenomic analysis of Culicomorpha (Diptera) resolves the relationships among the eight constituent families |year=2018 |journal=Systematic Entomology |volume=43 |issue=3 |pages=434–446 |doi=10.1111/syen.12285 |s2cid=90255287 |doi-access=free }}</ref> A morphological study in 2012, using characters from all life stages (egg, larva, pupae and adult), found that Chironomidae branched first and a sister relationship between Culicoidea and a clade of Simuliidae, Ceratopogonidae and Thamaleidae. A new superfamily, [[Simulioidea]], was proposed for the latter clade and restricted Chironomoidea to Chironomidae.<ref name=Borkent-2012/> A phylogenomic analysis in 2018 also found a paraphyletic Chironomoidea and a close relationship between Simuliidae and Thamaleidae, but in this study Ceratopoginidae grouped with Chironomidae.<ref name=Kutty2018/> The phylogenetic trees below illustrate the different arrangements.
Extinct families

{{clade gallery
|caption1=Traditional morphological<ref name=WoodBorkent1989/>
|caption2=Revised morphological<ref name=Borkent-2012/>
|caption3=Phylogenomic<ref name=Kutty2018/>

|cladogram1=
{{clade
|label1=Culicomorpha
|1={{clade
|label1=[[Chironomoidea]]
|1={{clade
|1=[[Thaumaleidae]]
|2={{clade
|1=[[Simuliidae]]
|2={{clade
|1=[[Ceratopogonidae]]
|2=[[Chironomidae]]
}}
}}
}}
|label2=[[Culicoidea]]
|2={{clade
|1=[[Dixidae]]
|2={{clade
|1=[[Corethrellidae]]
|2={{clade
|1=[[Chaoboridae]]
|2=[[Culicidae]]
}}
}}
}}
}}
}}

|cladogram2=
{{clade
|label1=Culicomorpha
|1={{clade
|1={{clade
|label1=[[Chironomoidea]]
|1=[[Chironomidae]]
}}
|2={{clade
|label1=[[Simulioidea]]
|1={{clade
|1=[[Ceratopogonidae]]
|2={{clade
|1=[[Thaumaleidae]]
|2=[[Simuliidae]]
}}
}}
|label2=[[Culicoidea]]
|2={{clade
|1=[[Dixidae]]
|2={{clade
|1=[[Corethrellidae]]
|2={{clade
|1=[[Chaoboridae]]
|2=[[Culicidae]]
}}
}}
}}
}}
}}
}}

|cladogram3=
{{clade
|label1=Culicomorpha
|1={{clade
|1={{clade
|label1=[[Chironomoidea]]
|1={{clade
|1=[[Chironomidae]]
|2=[[Ceratopogonidae]]
}}
}}
|2={{clade
|label1=[[Simulioidea]]
|1={{clade
|1=[[Thaumaleidae]]
|2=[[Simuliidae]]
}}
|label2=[[Culicoidea]]
|2={{clade
|1=[[Dixidae]]
|2={{clade
|1=[[Corethrellidae]]
|2={{clade
|1=[[Chaoboridae]]
|2=[[Culicidae]]
}}
}}
}}
}}
}}
}}

}}

===Extinct families===
* [[Asiochaoboridae]] (Upper [[Jurassic]])
* [[Asiochaoboridae]] (Upper [[Jurassic]])
* [[Architendipedidae]] (Upper Triassic)
* [[Architendipedidae]] (Upper Triassic)
* [[Protendipedidae]] (Middle Jurassic)
* [[Protendipedidae]] (Middle Jurassic)
* [[Mesophantasmatidae]] (Middle Jurassic)
* [[Mesophantasmatidae]] (Middle Jurassic)

==References==
{{Reflist}}


{{Diptera|1}}
{{Diptera|1}}
{{Taxonbar|from=Q950698}}
{{Taxonbar|from=Q950698}}
{{Authority control}}


[[Category:Culicomorpha| ]]
[[Category:Culicomorpha| ]]
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{{Fly-stub}}
{{Culicomorpha-stub}}

Latest revision as of 20:17, 15 October 2023

Culicomorpha
Scientific classification Edit this classification
Domain: Eukaryota
Kingdom: Animalia
Phylum: Arthropoda
Class: Insecta
Order: Diptera
Suborder: Nematocera
Infraorder: Culicomorpha
Hennig, 1948
Superfamilies

Culicoidea
Chironomoidea
See text for families.

The Culicomorpha are an infraorder of Nematocera, including mosquitoes, black flies, and several extant and extinct families of insects.[1] They originated 176 million years ago, in the Triassic period. There are phylogenetic patterns that are used to interpret bionomic features such as differences in the nature of blood-feeding by adult females, daytime or nighttime feeding by adult females, and occurrence of immature stages in aquatic habitats.[1]

Most adult, females lay their eggs on bodies of water. Some are restricted to very clean waters, but others can tolerate highly polluted environments.[2]

Many adults transmit parasites or diseases that can be debilitating or fatal to humans, such as malaria and West Nile virus. Biting midges can transmit an extensive range of pathogens of veterinary importance, including Akabane virus, bovine ephemeral fever virus, Schmallenberg virus, African horse sickness virus, epizootic haemorrhagic disease virus, and bluetongue virus.[3][4]

Classification[edit]

The Culicomorpha comprises extant eight families divided into two superfamilies. It was described based on phylogenetic analyses of morphological features.[5][6][7]

The monophyly of Culicomorpha and Culicoidea have been confirmed in subsequent morphological and molecular studies, but several studies have found Chironomoidea to be paraphyletic.[6][7][8] A morphological study in 2012, using characters from all life stages (egg, larva, pupae and adult), found that Chironomidae branched first and a sister relationship between Culicoidea and a clade of Simuliidae, Ceratopogonidae and Thamaleidae. A new superfamily, Simulioidea, was proposed for the latter clade and restricted Chironomoidea to Chironomidae.[1] A phylogenomic analysis in 2018 also found a paraphyletic Chironomoidea and a close relationship between Simuliidae and Thamaleidae, but in this study Ceratopoginidae grouped with Chironomidae.[8] The phylogenetic trees below illustrate the different arrangements.

Traditional morphological[5]
Culicomorpha
Revised morphological[1]
Culicomorpha
Phylogenomic[8]
Culicomorpha


Extinct families[edit]

References[edit]

  1. ^ a b c d Borkent, Art (2012). "The pupae of Culicomorpha : morphology and a new phylogenetic tree" (PDF). Zootaxa. 3396 (1). doi:10.11646/zootaxa.3396.1. ISBN 978-1-86977-957-3. OCLC 807999306.
  2. ^ Ecology and General Biology. James H. Thorp, D. Christopher Rogers (4th ed.). London: Academic Press. 2015. ISBN 978-0-12-385027-0. OCLC 899273856.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: others (link)
  3. ^ Carpenter, Simon; Groschup, Martin H.; Garros, Claire; Felippe-Bauer, Maria Luiza; Purse, Bethan V. (October 2013). "Culicoides biting midges, arboviruses and public health in Europe". Antiviral Research. 100 (1): 102–113. doi:10.1016/j.antiviral.2013.07.020. ISSN 1872-9096. PMID 23933421.
  4. ^ Carpenter, S.; Veronesi, E.; Mullens, B.; Venter, G. (April 2015). "Vector competence of Culicoides for arboviruses: three major periods of research, their influence on current studies and future directions". Revue Scientifique et Technique (International Office of Epizootics). 34 (1): 97–112. doi:10.20506/rst.34.1.2347. ISSN 0253-1933. PMID 26470451.
  5. ^ a b Wood, D. M.; Borkent, A. (1989). "Phylogeny and Classilication of the Nematocera". In McAlpine, J.F.; Woods, D.M. (eds.). Manual of Nearctic Diptera, vol. 3 (PDF). Ottawa: Agriculture Canada Research Branch.
  6. ^ a b Yeates, David K.; Weigmann, Brian M; Courtney, Greg W.; Meier, Rudolf; Lambkins, Christine; Pape, Thomas (2007). "Phylogeny and systematics of Diptera: Two decades of progress and prospects". Zootaxa. 1668: 565–590. doi:10.11646/zootaxa.1668.1.27.
  7. ^ a b Bertone, Matthew A.; Courtney, Gregory W.; Wiegmann, Brian M. (2008). "Phylogenetics and temporal diversification of the earliest true flies (Insecta: Diptera) based on multiple nuclear genes" (PDF). Systematic Entomology. 33 (4): 668–687. doi:10.1111/j.1365-3113.2008.00437.x. S2CID 54781592.
  8. ^ a b c Narayanan Kutty, Sujatha; Wong, Wing Hing; Meusemann, Karen; Meier, Rudolf; Cranston, Peter S. (2018). "A phylogenomic analysis of Culicomorpha (Diptera) resolves the relationships among the eight constituent families". Systematic Entomology. 43 (3): 434–446. doi:10.1111/syen.12285. S2CID 90255287.


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