Web of Things: Difference between revisions

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Browse history interactively
← Previous editNext edit →
Content deleted Content added
VisualWikitext
m Reverted edits by Hyksandra (talk) to last version by Trappist the monk
mNo edit summary
(96 intermediate revisions by 69 users not shown)
Line 1: Line 1:
{{Short description|Objects connected to the World Wide Web}}
The '''Web of Things''' ('''WoT''') is a term used to describe approaches, software architectural styles and programming patterns that allow real-world objects to be part of the World Wide Web. Similarly to what the Web (Application Layer) is to the Internet (Network Layer),<ref>{{cite web|title=SlideShare The Web of Things with Mozilla Open Badges|url=http://www.slideshare.net/PatrickJohnMcGee/the-web-of-things-with-mozilla-open-badges-40521825}}</ref> the Web of Things provides an Application Layer that simplifies the creation of [[Internet of Things]] applications.<ref name='wot-book-manning'>
{{multiple issues|
*{{Cite book
{{peacock|date=November 2018}}
| last = Guinard
{{undue weight|date=November 2018}}
| first = Dominique
| last2 = Vlad
| first2 = Trifa
| year = 2015
| title = Building the Web of Things
| publisher = Manning
| isbn = 9781617292682
| url = http://book.webofthings.io
}}</ref><ref name='wotbook'>{{cite book
|last1=Guinard
|first1=Dominique
|last2=Trifa
|first2=Vlad
|last3=Mattern
|first3=Friedemann
|last4=Wilde
|first4=Erik
|year=2011
|title = From the Internet of Things to the Web of Things: Resource Oriented Architecture and Best Practices.
|publisher = Springer
|isbn = 978-3-642-19156-5
|pages = 97–129
|url = http://www.vs.inf.ethz.ch/publ/papers/dguinard-fromth-2010.pdf
}}
}}
</ref><ref name='wotpaper'>
{{cite conference
|last1=Guinard
|first1=Dominique
|last2=Trifa
|first2=Vlad
|year=2009
|conference = WWW (International World Wide Web Conferences), Enterprise Mashups and Lightweight Composition on the Web (MEM 2009) Workshop
|title = Towards the Web of Things: Web Mashups for Embedded Devices.
|url = http://www.vs.inf.ethz.ch/publ/papers/dguinard_09_WOTMashups.pdf
}}</ref><ref name='thesis-guinard'>{{cite thesis
|type=Ph.D.
|first=Dominique
|last=Guinard
|title= A Web of Things Application Architecture – Integrating the Real-World into the Web.
|publisher=ETH Zurich
|year=2011
|url=http://www.vs.inf.ethz.ch/publ/papers/dguinard-awebof-2011.pdf
}}</ref><ref name='thesis-trifa'>{{cite thesis
|type=Ph.D.
|first=Vlad
|last=Trifa
|title=Building Blocks for a Participatory Web of Things: Devices, Infrastructures, and Programming Frameworks
|publisher=ETH Zurich
|year=2011
|url=http://www.vs.inf.ethz.ch/publ/papers/trifam-buildi-2011.pdf
}}</ref><ref name="GuinardTrifa2009">{{cite journal|last1=Guinard|first1=Dominique|last2=Trifa|first2=Vlad|last3=Pham|first3=Thomas|last4=Liechti|first4=Olivier|title=Towards physical mashups in the Web of Things|year=2009|pages=1–4|doi=10.1109/INSS.2009.5409925}}</ref><ref name='wot-iot-paper'>
{{cite conference
|last1=Guinard
|first1=Dominique
|last2=Trifa
|first2=Vlad
|last3=Wilde
|first3=Erik
|year=2010
|conference = Internet of Things 2010 International Conference (IoT 2010)
|title = A Resource Oriented Architecture for the Web of Things.
|url = http://www.vs.inf.ethz.ch/publ/papers/dguinard-things-2010.pdf
}}</ref>

Rather than re-inventing completely new standards, the Web of Things reuses existing and well-known Web standards<ref name='wotbook'/><ref name='wotpaper'/> used in the programmable Web (e.g., [[REST]], [[HTTP]], [[JSON]]), semantic Web (e.g., [[JSON-LD]], [[Microdata (HTML)|Microdata]], etc.), the real-time Web (e.g., [[Websockets]]) and the social Web (e.g., [[oauth]] or social networks).<ref name='thesis-trifa'/>

==Nature of Things==

Research in the Web of Things usually considers things in the broad sense of physical objects. Things can include (but is not limited to) tagged objects (RFID, NFC, QR codes, Barcodes, Image Recognition)<ref name='wotrfid'>
{{cite conference
|last1=Guinard
|first1=Dominique
|last2=Mathias
|first2=Mueller
|last3=Jacques
|first3=Pasquier
|year=2010
|conference = Internet of Things 2010 International Conference (IoT 2010)
|title = Giving RFID a REST: Building a Web-Enabled EPCIS
|url = http://www.vs.inf.ethz.ch/publ/papers/dguinard-giving-2010.pdf
}}</ref> to Wireless Sensor Networks (WSN), machines, vehicles and consumer electronics.<ref name='thesis-guinard'/>

==Architecture and framework==

While there are ongoing efforts to standardise it,<ref name='wot-wg'>{{cite web
|url=http://www.w3.org/2014/09/wot-ig-charter.html
|title=Web of Things Interest Group
}}</ref> the Web of Things is a set of best practices that can be classified according to the Web of Things architecture.<ref name='wot-book-manning'/><ref name='thesis-guinard'/>

The architecture proposes four main layers (or stages) that are used as a framework to classify the different patterns and protocols involved.
[[File:Layers of the Web of Things Architecture.png|thumb|Layers of the Web of Things Architecture as illustrated in Building the Web of Things<ref name='wot-book-manning'/>]]

===Accessibility layer===

This layer deals with the access of things to the Internet and ensure they expose their services via Web APIs. This is the core layer of the WoT as it ensures things have a Web accessible API, transforming them into programmable things.<ref name='wotbook'/><ref name='wotpaper'/><ref name="GuinardTrifa2009"/><ref name="DuquennoyGrimaud2009">{{cite journal|last1=Duquennoy|first1=Simon|last2=Grimaud|first2=Gilles|last3=Vandewalle|first3=Jean-Jacques|title=The Web of Things: Interconnecting Devices with High Usability and Performance|year=2009|pages=323–330|doi=10.1109/ICESS.2009.13}}</ref>

The access layer in the WoT is built around two core patterns:
Firstly, all things should be exposing their services through a RESTful API (either directly or through gateway).<ref name='wotbook'/> [[REST]] is an architectural style at the root of the programmable Web thanks to its implementation in [[HTTP]] 1.1. As a consequence, if things offer [[RESTful]] [[API]]s over HTTP, they get a [[URL]] and become seamlessly integrated to the World Wide Web and its tools such as browsers, hyperlinked [[HTML]] pages and [[Javascript]] applications.<ref name='wotpaper'/>

Several designs describing how to the services offered by things can be accessed via REST have been proposed.<ref name='wotbook'/><ref name='wot-iot-paper'/>

Secondly, the request-response nature of HTTP is often cited as one of the limitations for IoT use-cases as it does not match the event-driven nature of applications that are common in the Wireless Sensor Networks.<ref name='wotbook'/><ref name='thesis-trifa'/><ref name='internet-wsn'>{{cite conference
|last1=Yazar
|first1=Dogan
|last2=Dunkels
|first2=Adam
|year=2009
|conference = ACM Workshop on Embedded Sensing Systems for Energy-Efficiency in Buildings (BuildSys '09)
|title = Efficient application integration in IP-based sensor networks.
|url = http://doi.acm.org/10.1145/1810279.1810289
}}</ref> To overcome this shortcoming while keeping a focus on fostering integration with the Web, several authors have suggested the use of [[HTML5]] [[Websockets]] either natively or through the use of translation brokers (e.g., translating from [[MQTT]] or [[CoAP]] to Websockets).<ref name='thesis-guinard'/><ref name='thesis-trifa'/><ref name='wot-wg'/><ref>{{cite web
|url=https://evrythng.com/2014/10/connected-devices-real-time-push-web-things/
|title=Connected devices, real-time push and the Web of Things
}}</ref> This complements the REST API of things with a publish subscribe mechanism that is largely integrated with the Web eco-system.

Some things can connect directly to the Internet (e.g., using [[Ethernet]], [[WiFi]] or [[GSM]]/[[3G]]), but in other cases (for example when devices are battery-powered) devices can access the Internet through Smart Gateways. Smart Gateway are protocol translation gateways at the edge of the network.<ref name='wot-iot-paper'/><ref name='gateways'>{{cite conference
|last1=Trifa
|first1=Vlad
|last2=Wieland
|first2=Samuel
|last3=Guinard
|first3=Dominique
|last4=Thomas
|first4=Bonhert
|year=2009
|conference = International Workshop on Sensor Network Engineering (IWSNE 09)
|title = Design and implementation of a gateway for web-based interaction and management of embedded devices
|url = http://www.vs.inf.ethz.ch/publ/papers/trifam-design-2009.pdf
}}</ref>

===Findability layer===

The focus of this layer is to provide a way to find and locate things on the Web and hence is strongly influenced by the semantic Web.<ref name='thesis-guinard'/><ref name='wot-wg'/>

The approach here is to reuse Web semantic standards to describe things and their services. In particular, people have been working on HTML5 [[Microdata (HTML)|Microdata]] integration, [[Resource Description Framework|RDF]] / [[RDFa]], [[JSON-LD]] and [[Efficient XML Interchange|EXI]].<ref name='thesis-guinard'/><ref name='wot-iot-paper'/><ref name='wot-wg'/> This enables searching for things through search engines and other Web indexes as well as enabling machine to machine interaction based on a small set of well-defined formats and standards.

===Sharing layer===


'''Web of Things''' ('''WoT''') describes a set of standards by the [[World Wide Web Consortium]] (W3C) for the interoperability of different [[Internet of things]] (IoT) platforms and application domains.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Web of Things (WoT) Architecture|url=https://www.w3.org/TR/wot-architecture/Overview.html|access-date=2020-06-12|website=www.w3.org|archive-date=2020-04-14|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200414181740/https://www.w3.org/TR/wot-architecture/Overview.html|url-status=live}}</ref>
The Web of Things is largely based on the idea of things pushing data to the Web where more intelligence and big-data patterns can be applied as an example to help us manage our health ([[Wearables]]), optimise our energy consumption ([[Smart Grid]]), etc. This, however, can only happen in a large-scale way if some of the data can be efficiently shared across services. The sharing layer ensures that data generated by things can be shared in an efficient and secure manner.


== Building blocks ==
Several approaches towards a granular and social context based sharing have been proposed such as the use of social network to build a Social Web of Things.<ref name='social-wot'>{{cite conference
The four WoT building blocks provide a way to implement systems that conform with the WoT [[architecture]].
|last1=Guinard
|first1=Dominique
|last2=Trifa
|first2=Vlad
|last3=Fischer
|first3=Mathias
|year=2010
|conference = First IEEE International Workshop on the Web of Things (WOT2010)
|title = Sharing Using Social Networks in a Composable Web of Things.
|url=http://www.vs.inf.ethz.ch/publ/papers/dguinard-sharin-2010.pdf
}}</ref><ref name="ChungMashal2013">{{cite journal|last1=Chung|first1=Tein-Yaw|last2=Mashal|first2=Ibrahim|last3=Alsaryrah|first3=Osama|last4=Huy|first4=Van|last5=Kuo|first5=Wen-Hsing|last6=Agrawal|first6=Dharma P.|title=Social Web of Things: A Survey|year=2013|pages=570–575|doi=10.1109/ICPADS.2013.102}}</ref>


=== Thing Description (TD) ===
===Composition layer===
The key component of WoT building blocks is the [[Thing_Description|WoT Thing Description]]. A Thing Description describes a virtual or a physical device (Thing). It defines an information model of a Thing based on semantic vocabulary and a serialization based on [[JSON]]. TD can be considered as the main entry point for a Thing, like an [[Webserver directory index|index.html]] page for a website. TDs foster [[interoperability]] by providing both human and machine-readable (and understandable) [[metadata]] about a Thing, such as a title, ID, descriptions, etc. A Thing Description also describes all available actions, events, and properties of a Thing, as well as all available security mechanisms to access them. TDs are highly flexible in order to guarantee interoperability. In addition to the standard functionality, it defines a mechanism to extend the functionality (through the Context Extension Framework).<ref name=":1">{{Cite web|title=Web of Things (WoT) Architecture|url=https://www.w3.org/TR/wot-architecture/Overview.html|access-date=2020-12-13|website=www.w3.org|archive-date=2020-04-14|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200414181740/https://www.w3.org/TR/wot-architecture/Overview.html|url-status=live}}</ref>


=== Binding Templates ===
The role of the last layer is to integrate the services and data offered by things into higher level Web tools (analytics software, mashup applications such as [[IFTTT]]), making it even simpler to create applications involving things and virtual Web services.
[[Internet of things|IoT]] uses a large variety of protocols to interact with Things since there does not exist a suitable protocol. One of the main challenges for the Web of Things is to handle the variety of protocols and interaction mechanisms. This problem is tackled through the Binding Templates. WoT Binding Templates provide a collection of communication metadata blueprints to support various IoT solutions. A Binding Template is created only once and then can be reused in any Thing Description.<ref name=":1" />


=== Scripting API ===
Tools in the composition layer range from Web toolkits (e.g., Javascript SDKs offering higher-level abstractions)<ref name='thesis-trifa'/> to dashboards with programmable widgets<ref name='wotrfid'/> and Physical Mashup tools.<ref name='thesis-guinard'/> Inspired by Web 2.0 participatory services and in particular [[Web mashups]], the Physical Mashups offer a unified view of the classical Web and Web of Things and empower people to build applications using the Web of Things services without requiring programming skills.<ref name='thesis-guinard'/>
The WoT Scripting [[API]] is an optional building block of the Web of Things. It eases IoT application development by providing an [[ECMAScript]]-based application API in a similar manner to how web browsers provide an API for web applications. By having a universal application [[runtime system]], Scripting API solves the problem of [[Homogeneity and heterogeneity|heterogeneity]] of IoT systems. It also enables creating of reusable scripts to implement the device logic, which significantly improves the portability of the application modules.<ref name=":1" />


The current reference implementation of the WoT scripting API is an open-source project called [https://github.com/eclipse/thingweb.node-wot ''node-wot''], which is developed by the [http://www.thingweb.io ''Eclipse Thingweb''] project.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Web of Things (WoT) Scripting API|url=https://www.w3.org/TR/wot-scripting-api/Overview.html|access-date=2020-12-13|website=www.w3.org|archive-date=2020-11-26|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201126041214/https://www.w3.org/TR/wot-scripting-api/Overview.html|url-status=live}}</ref>
A number of Web of Things Physical Mashup have been developed<ref name="KovatschWeiss2010">{{cite journal|last1=Kovatsch|first1=Matthias|last2=Weiss|first2=Markus|last3=Guinard|first3=Dominique|title=Embedding internet technology for home automation|year=2010|pages=1–8|doi=10.1109/ETFA.2010.5641208}}</ref><ref name="Blackstock">{{cite journal|last=Blackstock|first=M.|author2=Lea, R. |title=IoT Mashups with the WoTKit|journal=Internet of Things 2012 (IEEE)|date=October 2012|volume=In Press|url=http://www.iot2012.org/}}</ref><ref name='home-mashup'>{{cite conference
|last1=Guinard
|first1=Dominique
|last2=Trifa
|first2=Vlad
|last3=Fischer
|first3=Mathias
|year=2010
|conference = ICWE 2010 (International Conference on Web Engineering)
|title = Mashing up Your Web-Enabled Home.
|url=http://www.vs.inf.ethz.ch/publ/papers/dguinard-mashin-2010.pdf
}}</ref> and tools have been proposed and are being actively developed such as.<ref name='node-ref'>{{cite web
|url=http://nodered.org/
|title=NodeRed
}}</ref><ref name='collaborative-devices'>{{cite conference
|last1=Brut
|first1=M.
|last2=Gatellier
|first2=P.
|last3=Salhi
|first3=I.
|year=2014
|conference = WF-IoT 2014 (World Forum - Internet of Things)
|title = When devices become collaborative: Supporting device interoperability and behaviour reconfiguration across emergency management scenario
|url=http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/WF-IoT.2014.6803169
}}</ref>


=== Security and Privacy Guidelines ===
==History==
In WoT architecture, security is relevant to all aspects of the architecture. Specification of each WoT building block contains several considerations regarding the security and privacy of that particular block. Security is supported by certain explicit features, such as public metadata in Thing Descriptions and separation of concerns in the design of Scripting API. In addition, there is also a specification called ''[https://www.w3.org/TR/2019/NOTE-wot-security-20191106/ WoT Security and Privacy Guidelines]'', guiding a variety of security and privacy related concerns.<ref name=":1" />


== History ==
Pioneering work in connecting objects to the Web probably started around the year 2000. In 2002, a peer-reviewed paper presented the Cooltown project.<ref name="KindbergBarton2000">{{cite journal|last1=Kindberg|first1=T.|last2=Barton|first2=J.|last3=Morgan|first3=J.|last4=Becker|first4=G.|last5=Caswell|first5=D.|last6=Debaty|first6=P.|last7=Gopal|first7=G.|last8=Frid|first8=M.|last9=Krishnan|first9=V.|last10=Morris|first10=H.|last11=Schettino|first11=J.|last12=Serra|first12=B.|last13=Spasojevic|first13=M.|title=People, places, things: Web presence for the real world|year=2000|pages=19–28|doi=10.1109/MCSA.2000.895378}}</ref> This project explored the use of URLs to address and HTTP interact with physical objects such as public screens or printers.
Connecting objects to the Web arguably started around the year 2000. In 2002, a peer-reviewed paper presented the Cooltown project.<ref name="KindbergBarton2000">{{cite book|last1=Kindberg|first1=T.|title=Proceedings Third IEEE Workshop on Mobile Computing Systems and Applications|last2=Barton|first2=J.|last3=Morgan|first3=J.|last4=Becker|first4=G.|last5=Caswell|first5=D.|last6=Debaty|first6=P.|last7=Gopal|first7=G.|last8=Frid|first8=M.|last9=Krishnan|first9=V.|year=2000|isbn=978-0-7695-0816-0|pages=19–28|chapter=People, places, things: Web presence for the real world|citeseerx=10.1.1.24.4651|doi=10.1109/MCSA.2000.895378|last10=Morris|first10=H.|last11=Schettino|first11=J.|last12=Serra|first12=B.|last13=Spasojevic|first13=M.|s2cid=282147 }}</ref> This project explored the use of URLs to address and HTTP interact with physical objects such as public screens or printers.


Following this early work, the growing interest and implementation of the [[Internet of Things]] started to raise some questions about the application layer of the IoT.<ref name='wot-iot-paper'/> While most of the work in the IoT space focused on network protocols, there was a need to think about the convergence of data from IoT devices. In particular, rather than looking at "one device one app", researchers and practitioners started envisioning the IoT as a system where data form various devices could be consumed by Web applications to create innovative use-cases.
Following this early work, the growing interest in and implementation of the [[Internet of things]] started to raise some questions about the application layer of the IoT.<ref name="wot-iot-paper">
{{cite conference|last1=Guinard|first1=Dominique|last2=Trifa|first2=Vlad|last3=Wilde|first3=Erik|year=2010|title=A Resource Oriented Architecture for the Web of Things.|url=http://www.vs.inf.ethz.ch/publ/papers/dguinard-things-2010.pdf|conference=Internet of Things 2010 International Conference (IoT 2010)}}</ref> While most of the work in the IoT space focused on network protocols, there was a need to think about the convergence of data from IoT devices. Researchers and practitioners started envisioning the IoT as a system where data from various devices could be consumed by Web applications to create new use cases.


The idea of the Web as an application-layer for the IoT started to emerge in 2007. Several researchers started working in parallel on these concept. Amongst them, [[Dominique Guinard]] and [[Vlad Trifa]] started the Web of Things online community and published the first WoT manifesto, advocating the use of Web standards (REST, Lightweight semantics, etc.) to build the application layer of the IoT. The manifesto was published together with an implementation on the Sun SPOT platform. At the same time, [[Dave Raggett]] from [[W3C]] started talking about a Web of Things at various W3C and IoT events. Erik Wilde published "Putting Things to REST", a self-published concept paper looking at utilising REST to sense and control physical objects.<ref name='rest-things'>{{cite web
The idea of the Web as an application layer for the IoT started to emerge in 2007. Several researchers started working in parallel to these concepts. Amongst them, [[Dominique Guinard]] and [[Vlad Trifa]] started the Web of Things online community and published the first WoT manifesto, advocating the use of Web standards (REST, Lightweight semantics, etc.) to build the application layer of the IoT. The manifesto was published together with an implementation on the Sun SPOT platform. At the same time, [[Dave Raggett]] from [[W3C]] started talking about a Web of Things at various W3C and IoT events. Erik Wilde published "Putting Things to REST", a self-published concept paper looking at utilizing REST to sense and control physical objects.<ref name="rest-things">{{cite web|title=Putting things to REST|url=http://dret.net/netdret/docs/wilde-irep07-015-restful-things.pdf|access-date=2014-11-15|archive-date=2017-08-09|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170809092303/http://dret.net/netdret/docs/wilde-irep07-015-restful-things.pdf|url-status=live}}</ref> Early mentions of the Web of Things as a term also appeared in a paper by Vlad Stirbu et al.<ref name="stirbu">{{Cite conference|last=Stirbu|first=V.|year=2008|title=Towards a RESTful Plug and Play Experience in the Web of Things|conference=Semantic Computing, 2008 IEEE International Conference on|pages=512–517|book-title=Semantic Computing, 2008 IEEE International Conference on}}</ref>
|url=http://dret.net/netdret/docs/wilde-irep07-015-restful-things.pdf
|title=Putting things to REST
}}</ref> Early mentions of the Web of Things as a term also appeared in a paper by Vlad Stirbu et al.<ref name='stirbu'>{{Cite conference
| conference = Semantic Computing, 2008 IEEE International Conference on
| pages = 512–517
| last = Stirbu
| first = V.
| title = Towards a RESTful Plug and Play Experience in the Web of Things
| booktitle = Semantic Computing, 2008 IEEE International Conference on
| year = 2008
}}</ref>


From 2007 onwards, Trifa, Guinard, Wilde and other researchers tried publishing their ideas and concepts at peer-reviewed conferences but their papers got rejected by the Wireless Sensor Networks research community on the basis that Internet and Web protocols were too verbose and limited in the context of real-world devices,<ref name='wot-5years'>{{cite web
From 2007 onwards, Trifa, Guinard, Wilde and other researchers tried publishing their ideas and concepts at peer-reviewed conferences but their work was rejected by [[Scientific Research Publishing|Wireless Sensor Networks]] research community on the basis that Internet and Web protocols were too verbose and limited in the context of real-world devices,<ref name="wot-5years">{{cite web|date=2014-10-23|title=5 Years of Web of Things Workshops|url=http://www.slideshare.net/misterdom/5-years-of-web-of-things-workshops|access-date=2014-11-15|archive-date=2017-01-09|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170109133530/http://www.slideshare.net/misterdom/5-years-of-web-of-things-workshops|url-status=live}}</ref> preferring to focus on optimization of memory and computation usage, wireless bandwidth, or very short duty cycles.{{Citation needed|date=March 2023}}
|url=http://www.slideshare.net/misterdom/5-years-of-web-of-things-workshops
|title=5 Years of Web of Things Workshops
}}</ref> where optimisation of memory and computation usage, wireless bandwidth, or very short duty cycles were essential.
However, a number of researchers in the WSN community started considering these ideas more seriously. Early 2009, a number of respected WSN researchers such as David Culler, Jonathan Hui, Adam Dunkels and Yazar Dogan evaluated the use of Internet and Web protocols for low-power sensor nodes and showed the feasibility of the approach.<ref name="HuiCuller2008">{{cite journal|last1=Hui|first1=Jonathan W.|last2=Culler|first2=David E.|title=IP is dead, long live IP for wireless sensor networks|year=2008|pages=15|doi=10.1145/1460412.1460415}}</ref>
However, a number of researchers in the WSN community started considering these ideas more seriously. In early 2009, several respected WSN researchers such as David Culler, Jonathan Hui, Adam Dunkels and Yazar Dogan evaluated the use of Internet and Web protocols for low-power sensor nodes and showed the feasibility of the approach.<ref name="HuiCuller2008">{{cite book|last1=Hui|first1=Jonathan W.|title=Proceedings of the 6th ACM conference on Embedded network sensor systems – Sen ''Sys'' '08|last2=Culler|first2=David E.|year=2008|isbn=9781595939906|pages=15|chapter=IP is dead, long live IP for wireless sensor networks|citeseerx=10.1.1.562.6336|doi=10.1145/1460412.1460415|s2cid=6139531 }}</ref><ref name="YazarDunkels2009">{{cite book|last1=Yazar|first1=Dogan|title=Proceedings of the First ACM Workshop on Embedded Sensing Systems for Energy-Efficiency in Buildings - Build ''Sys'' '09|last2=Dunkels|first2=Adam|year=2009|isbn=9781605588247|pages=43|chapter=Efficient application integration in IP-based sensor networks|citeseerx=10.1.1.158.3650|doi=10.1145/1810279.1810289|s2cid=7587931 }}</ref>
.<ref name="YazarDunkels2009">{{cite journal|last1=Yazar|first1=Dogan|last2=Dunkels|first2=Adam|title=Efficient application integration in IP-based sensor networks|year=2009|pages=43|doi=10.1145/1810279.1810289}}</ref>


Following this, Guinard and Trifa presented their end-to-end implementation of the concepts and presented it in a peer-reviewed publication accepted at the World Wide Web conference in 2009.<ref name='wotpaper'/> Building on this implementation and uniting efforts, a RESTful architecture for things was proposed in 2010 by Guinard, Trifa and Wilde.<ref name="GuinardTrifa2010">{{cite journal|last1=Guinard|first1=Dominique|last2=Trifa|first2=Vlad|last3=Wilde|first3=Erik|title=A resource oriented architecture for the Web of Things|year=2010|pages=1–8|doi=10.1109/IOT.2010.5678452}}</ref> Noticing a growing industrial and academic interest for connecting things to the Web, Guinard, Trifa and Wilde ran the first International Workshop on the Web of Things,<ref name='wot-workshop'>{{cite web
Following this, Guinard and Trifa presented their end-to-end implementation of the concepts and presented it in a peer-reviewed publication accepted at the World Wide Web conference in 2009.<ref name="wotpaper">
{{cite conference|last1=Guinard|first1=Dominique|last2=Trifa|first2=Vlad|year=2009|title=Towards the Web of Things: Web Mashups for Embedded Devices.|url=http://www.vs.inf.ethz.ch/publ/papers/dguinard_09_WOTMashups.pdf|conference=WWW (International World Wide Web Conferences), Enterprise Mashups and Lightweight Composition on the Web (MEM 2009) Workshop}}</ref> Building on this implementation and uniting efforts, a RESTful architecture for things was proposed in 2010 by Guinard, Trifa and Wilde.<ref name="GuinardTrifa2010">{{cite book|last1=Guinard|first1=Dominique|title=2010 Internet of Things (IoT)|last2=Trifa|first2=Vlad|last3=Wilde|first3=Erik|year=2010|isbn=978-1-4244-7413-4|pages=1–8|chapter=A resource oriented architecture for the Web of Things|doi=10.1109/IOT.2010.5678452|s2cid=5839440 }}</ref> Guinard, Trifa and Wilde ran the first International Workshop in 2010 on the Web of Things<ref name="wot-workshop">{{cite web|title=International Workshop on the Web of Things|url=http://www.webofthings.org/wot|access-date=2014-11-15|archive-date=2016-10-14|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161014133418/http://webofthings.org/wot/|url-status=live}}</ref> and has been an annual occurrence since. These workshops morphed into a growing community of researchers and practitioners could discuss the latest findings and ideas on the Web of Things {{Citation needed|date=March 2023}}.
|url=http://www.webofthings.org/wot
|title=International Workshop on the Web of Things
}}</ref> WoT 2010 which has been running yearly since. These workshops have become the first forum where a growing community of researchers and practitioners could discuss the latest findings and ideas in the Web of Things.


In 2011, two of the first PhD theses on the Web of Things were presented at ETH Zurich: Building Blocks for a Participatory Web of Things: Devices, Infrastructures, and Programming Frameworks from Vlad Trifa<ref name='thesis-trifa'/> and A Web of Things Application Architecture – Integrating the Real-World into the Web from Dominique Guinard.<ref name='thesis-guinard'/>
In 2011, two of the first PhD thesis on the Web of Things were presented at ETH Zurich: Building Blocks for a Participatory Web of Things: Devices, Infrastructures, and Programming Frameworks from Vlad Trifa<ref name="thesis-trifa">{{cite thesis|type=Ph.D.|first=Vlad|last=Trifa|title=Building Blocks for a Participatory Web of Things: Devices, Infrastructures, and Programming Frameworks|publisher=ETH Zurich|year=2011|url=http://www.vs.inf.ethz.ch/publ/papers/trifam-buildi-2011.pdf|access-date=2014-11-15|archive-date=2016-03-03|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160303233222/http://www.vs.inf.ethz.ch/publ/papers/trifam-buildi-2011.pdf|url-status=live}}</ref> and A Web of Things Application Architecture – Integrating the Real-World into the Web from Dominique Guinard.<ref name="thesis-guinard">{{cite thesis|type=Ph.D.|first=Dominique|last=Guinard|title=A Web of Things Application Architecture – Integrating the Real-World into the Web.|publisher=ETH Zurich|year=2011|url=http://www.vs.inf.ethz.ch/publ/papers/dguinard-awebof-2011.pdf|access-date=2014-11-15|archive-date=2016-03-03|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160303220842/http://www.vs.inf.ethz.ch/publ/papers/dguinard-awebof-2011.pdf|url-status=live}}</ref> Building on this work, Simon Mayer emphasized the importance of REST's uniform interface, and in particular the [[HATEOAS]] principle, in his PhD thesis.<ref name="thesis-mayer">{{cite thesis|type=Ph.D.|first=Simon|last=Mayer|title=Interacting with the Web of Things.|publisher=ETH Zurich|year=2014|url=https://www.research-collection.ethz.ch/handle/20.500.11850/91081|access-date=2021-06-27|archive-date=2021-03-19|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210319130124/https://www.research-collection.ethz.ch/handle/20.500.11850/91081|url-status=live}}</ref>


In 2014, the W3C showed an increased interest on the Web of Things and organized the W3C Workshop on the Web of Things,<ref>{{cite web|title=W3C Workshop on the Web of Things|url=http://www.w3.org/2014/02/wot/|access-date=2014-11-15|archive-date=2019-02-09|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190209095915/http://www.w3.org/2014/02/wot/|url-status=live}}</ref> under the lead of Dave Raggett together with [[Siemens]] and the COMPOSE European project. This workshop leads to the creation of the Web of Things Interest Group at [[W3C]]<ref name="wot-w3c">{{cite web|title=W3C Web of Things|url=https://www.w3.org/WoT/|access-date=2019-10-06|archive-date=2021-03-09|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210309072625/https://www.w3.org/WoT/|url-status=live}}</ref> and the submission of the Web Thing Model.<ref>{{cite web|title=Web Thing Model|url=http://www.w3.org/Submission/2015/01/|access-date=2015-09-27|archive-date=2018-03-21|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180321193028/http://www.w3.org/Submission/2015/01/|url-status=live}}</ref>
In 2011 Dominique Guinard and Vlad Trifa together with Niall Murphy and Andy Hobsbawm got together and founded [[EVRYTHNG]],<ref>{{cite web
|url=http://www.evrythng.com
|title=EVRYTHNG
}}</ref> one of the first cloud software companies entirely leveraging the Web of Things to serve industry needs. Several other WoT startups were started around this time such as Sensetecnic<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.sensetecnic.com |title=Sensetecnic |publisher=SenseTecnic |accessdate=2012-08-05}}</ref> or Yaler.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.yaler.com |title=Yaler}}</ref>


The same year, Siemens announced the creation of a research group dedicated to the Web of Things.<ref>{{cite web|title=Siemens Web of Things Research Group|url=http://www.usa.siemens.com/en/about_us/research/web-of-things.htm|access-date=2014-11-15|archive-date=2018-01-28|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180128221759/http://www.usa.siemens.com/en/about_us/research/web-of-things.htm|url-status=live}}</ref> In October 2014, Google also announced its interest in these ideas by launching the Physical Web GitHub project.<ref>{{Cite web|title=The Physical Web|url=https://github.com/google/physical-web|access-date=2017-02-08|website=GitHub|language=en|archive-date=2019-01-30|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190130214208/https://github.com/google/physical-web|url-status=live}}</ref>
In 2014, the W3C showed an increased interest in the Web of Things and organised the W3C Workshop on the Web of Things
,<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.w3.org/2014/02/wot/ |title=W3C Workshop on the Web of Things}}</ref> under the lead of Dave Raggett together with Siemens and the COMPOSE European project. This workshop lead to the creation of the Web of Things Interest Group<ref name='wot-wg'/> and the submission of the Web Thing Model.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.w3.org/Submission/2015/01/ |title=Web Thing Model}}</ref>


The Web of Things Interest Group identified the required set of standards needed for the Web of Things in February 2017.<ref>{{cite web|title=W3C Web of Things joint IG/WG meeting in Santa Clara, 5–9 February 2016|url=https://www.w3.org/blog/wotig/2017/02/27/w3c-web-of-things-joint-igwg-meeting-in-santa-clara-5-9-february-2016/|access-date=6 October 2019|archive-date=6 October 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191006160454/https://www.w3.org/blog/wotig/2017/02/27/w3c-web-of-things-joint-igwg-meeting-in-santa-clara-5-9-february-2016/|url-status=live}}</ref> The Working Group has started working on four deliverables called WoT Architecture,<ref name="wot-architecture">{{cite web|title=W3C WoT Architecture|url=http://w3c.github.io/wot-architecture/|access-date=2019-10-06|archive-date=2019-10-06|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191006143538/https://w3c.github.io/wot-architecture/|url-status=live}}</ref>
The same year, Siemens announced the creation of a research group dedicated to the Web of Things.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.usa.siemens.com/en/about_us/research/web-of-things.htm |title=Siemens Web of Things Research Group}}</ref> In October 2014, Google also announced their interested in these ideas by launching the Physical Web GitHub project.
WoT Thing Description,<ref name="wot-td">{{cite web|title=W3C WoT Thing Description|url=http://w3c.github.io/wot-thing-description/|access-date=2019-10-06|archive-date=2019-10-06|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191006160535/https://w3c.github.io/wot-thing-description/|url-status=live}}</ref>
WoT Scripting API,<ref name="wot-api">{{cite web|title=W3C WoT Scripting API|url=https://w3c.github.io/wot-scripting-api/|access-date=2019-10-06|archive-date=2019-10-06|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191006160456/https://w3c.github.io/wot-scripting-api/|url-status=live}}</ref> and WoT Binding Templates.<ref name="wot-binding">{{cite web|title=W3C WoT Binding Templates|url=https://w3c.github.io/wot-binding-templates/|access-date=2019-10-06|archive-date=2019-10-06|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191006160456/https://w3c.github.io/wot-binding-templates/|url-status=live}}</ref>


== Application examples ==
== See also ==
* [[Internet of Things|Internet of Things (IoT)]]
* One of the early prototypes of the Web of Things is the "[[Energie Visible]]" project in which sensors capable of monitoring and controlling the energy consumption of household appliances offered their functionality through a [[RESTful]] [[API]]. This API is then used to create a physical [[Mashup (web application hybrid)|Mashup]].<ref>
* [[Smart device]]
{{cite web
* [[Connected Devices (disambiguation)|Connected device]]
|url=http://www.webofthings.org/?s=energie+visible
* [[Home automation|Home automation devices]]
|title=Energie Visible Web of Things Project
* [[Smart grid]]
}}</ref>
* [[Matter (standard)|Matter]]

* [[Nimbits]]<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.nimbits.com |title=free, social and open source internet of things. |publisher=Nimbits |accessdate=2012-05-10}}</ref> is an open source data historian server built on [[cloud computing architecture]] that provides connectivity between devices using data points.
* [[Xively]] (formerly Pachube) is a commercial web of things data aggregator and data mining website often integrated into the Web of Things.
* [[ThingSpeak]] is an [[open source]] [[Internet of Things]] platform created by [[Hans Scharler]] to collect, analyze, and act on data generated by sensors and actuators.<ref>{{citation
|title=github README file
|url=https://github.com/iobridge/thingspeak/blob/master/README.textile
}}</ref>

* [[EVRYTHNG]]<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.evrythng.com |title=making products smart. |publisher=EVRYTHNG |accessdate=2013-05-24}}</ref> is a platform for making unconnected products and connected devices part of the Web based on a Web of Things architecture.
* [[WeIO]] is an open source hardware and software platform for rapid prototyping and creation of wirelessly connected interactive objects using only popular web languages such as HTML5 or Python.
* SMQ<ref>{{cite web|url=https://realtimelogic.com/products/simplemq/ |title=SMQ: Lightweight IoT protocol |publisher=Real Time Logic |accessdate=2015-02-27}}</ref> is a real time pub-sub protocol that bridges WoT with IoT. The protocol makes it easy to design web based user interfaces for device management and supervision. The Mako Server,<ref>{{cite web|url=https://makoserver.net/smq-broker/ |title=SMQ Broker: Ready to use SMQ Broker |publisher=Real Time Logic |accessdate=2015-02-27}}</ref> which can be compiled for anything from embedded devices to enterprise Linux servers, includes a ready to use SMQ broker.
* An application of the Web of Things in smart homes has been investigated in,<ref>Kamilaris A. Enabling Smart Homes using Web Technologies. PhD Thesis, University of Cyprus, Nicosia, Cyprus, December, 2012.</ref> to address the problem of heterogeneous home devices by reusing Web technologies.
* Sense Tecnic Systems<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.sensetecnic.com |title=WoTKit: Lightweight IoT toolkit |publisher=SenseTecnic |accessdate=2012-08-05}}</ref> focuses on a lightweight toolkit for developing IoT applications and targets rapid development using Web technologies and protocols. The WoTKit toolkit has been described at the 2012 IoT conference<ref name="Blackstock"/> and builds on research from UBC's Media and Graphics Interdisciplinary Centre,<ref name="UBC MAGIC">{{cite web|url=http://www.magic.ubc.ca|title=Media and Graphics Interdisciplinary Centre, University of British Columbia |publisher=UBC |accessdate=5 August 2012}}</ref> in particular the work on the MAGIC Broker as published at IoT 2010.<ref>{{cite journal|last=Blackstock|first=M.|author2=Kaviani, N. |author3=Lea, R. |author4=Friday, A. |title=MAGIC Broker 2: An open and extensible platform for the Internet of Things|journal=IoT 2010 (IEEE press)|date=Nov 29 – Dec 1, 2010 |pages=1–8|doi=10.1109/IOT.2010.5678443|url=http://nima.magic.ubc.ca/www/2publications/2010/20100731/PDF_Version.pdf}}</ref>

==Alternative approaches==

A number of alternative approaches to Web standards have been proposed, such as [[WS-*]] services,<ref name="CarboniZanarini2007">{{cite journal|last1=Carboni|first1=Davide|last2=Zanarini|first2=Pietro|title=Wireless wires|year=2007|pages=169–175|doi=10.1145/1329469.1329492}}</ref> but these were later shown as not necessarily well-suited for real-world things.<ref name="YazarDunkels2009"/><ref name="GuinardIon2012">{{cite journal|last1=Guinard|first1=Dominique|last2=Ion|first2=Iulia|last3=Mayer|first3=Simon|title=In Search of an Internet of Things Service Architecture: REST or WS-*? A Developers’ Perspective|volume=104|year=2012|pages=326–337|issn=1867-8211|doi=10.1007/978-3-642-30973-1_32|url=http://www.vs.inf.ethz.ch/publ/papers/dguinard-rest-vs-ws.pdf}}</ref>

The [[Constrained Application Protocol]] (CoAP) is also quite often cited as an alternative or complementary approach for resource-constrained devices.<ref name="Kovatsch2013">{{cite journal|last1=Kovatsch|first1=Matthias|title=CoAP for the web of things|year=2013|pages=1495–1504|doi=10.1145/2494091.2497583|url=http://www.vs.inf.ethz.ch/publ/papers/mkovatsc-2013-wot-copper.pdf}}</ref> CoAP shares similarities with the Web of Things architecture such as the use of RESTful resources.

==See also==
*[[Internet of Things]]
*[[Smart grid]]

== References ==
<references/>


== Further reading ==
== Further reading ==
*{{Cite book
*{{Cite book
| last = Guinard
| last1 = Guinard
| first = Dominique
| first1 = Dominique
| last2 = Vlad
| last2 = Vlad
| first2 = Trifa
| first2 = Trifa
Line 288: Line 80:
|author2=Vlad Trifa |author3=Erik Wilde
|author2=Vlad Trifa |author3=Erik Wilde
| title = A Resource Oriented Architecture for the Web of Things
| title = A Resource Oriented Architecture for the Web of Things
| booktitle = Proc. of IoT 2010 (IEEE International Conference on the Internet of Things)
| book-title = Proc. of IoT 2010 (IEEE International Conference on the Internet of Things)
| url=http://www.vs.inf.ethz.ch/publ/bibtex.html?file=papers/dguinard-things-2010
| url=http://www.vs.inf.ethz.ch/publ/bibtex.html?file=papers/dguinard-things-2010
| location = Tokyo, Japan
| location = Tokyo, Japan
Line 316: Line 108:
*{{Cite book|last=Fielding|first=Roy Thomas|year=2000|title=Architectural Styles and the Design of Network-based Software Architectures|version=Doctoral dissertation|publisher=University of California, Irvine|url=http://www.ics.uci.edu/~fielding/pubs/dissertation/top.htm}}
*{{Cite book|last=Fielding|first=Roy Thomas|year=2000|title=Architectural Styles and the Design of Network-based Software Architectures|version=Doctoral dissertation|publisher=University of California, Irvine|url=http://www.ics.uci.edu/~fielding/pubs/dissertation/top.htm}}
*{{Cite book
*{{Cite book
| last = Richardson
| last1 = Richardson
| first = Leonard
| first1 = Leonard
| last2 = Ruby
| last2 = Ruby
| first2 = Sam
| first2 = Sam
Line 325: Line 117:
| title = RESTful Web Services
| title = RESTful Web Services
| publisher = O'Reilly
| publisher = O'Reilly
| isbn = 0-596-52926-0
| isbn = 978-0-596-52926-0
| url-access = registration
}}
| url = https://archive.org/details/restfulwebservic00rich_0
}}


*{{Cite conference
*{{Cite conference
Line 340: Line 134:


== External links ==
== External links ==
* {{cite web
|url=http://www.webofthings.org
|title=Web of Things blog and online community.
}}

* {{cite web
|url=http://book.webofthings.io
|title=Building the Web of Things (Book).
}}

* {{cite web
|url=http://www.webofthings.org/wot
|title=International Workshop on the Web of Things.
}}

* {{cite web
* {{cite web
|url=http://www.w3.org/WoT/
|url=http://www.w3.org/WoT/
|title=Web of Things at W3C
|title=Web of Things at W3C
}}

* {{cite web
|url=http://www.linkedin.com/groups?gid=1818463
|title=Web of Things Linkedin community.
}}
}}


Line 370: Line 144:
}}
}}


== References ==
<references/>

{{W3C Standards}}
{{Ambient intelligence}}
{{Ambient intelligence}}


[[Category:Cloud standards]]
[[Category:Cloud standards]]
[[Category:Web 2.0 neologisms]]
[[Category:Web 2.0 neologisms]]
[[Category:World Wide Web]]
[[Category:Internet of things]]
[[Category:World Wide Web Consortium]]

Revision as of 16:18, 19 November 2023

Web of Things (WoT) describes a set of standards by the World Wide Web Consortium (W3C) for the interoperability of different Internet of things (IoT) platforms and application domains.[1]

Building blocks

The four WoT building blocks provide a way to implement systems that conform with the WoT architecture.

Thing Description (TD)

The key component of WoT building blocks is the WoT Thing Description. A Thing Description describes a virtual or a physical device (Thing). It defines an information model of a Thing based on semantic vocabulary and a serialization based on JSON. TD can be considered as the main entry point for a Thing, like an index.html page for a website. TDs foster interoperability by providing both human and machine-readable (and understandable) metadata about a Thing, such as a title, ID, descriptions, etc. A Thing Description also describes all available actions, events, and properties of a Thing, as well as all available security mechanisms to access them. TDs are highly flexible in order to guarantee interoperability. In addition to the standard functionality, it defines a mechanism to extend the functionality (through the Context Extension Framework).[2]

Binding Templates

IoT uses a large variety of protocols to interact with Things since there does not exist a suitable protocol. One of the main challenges for the Web of Things is to handle the variety of protocols and interaction mechanisms. This problem is tackled through the Binding Templates. WoT Binding Templates provide a collection of communication metadata blueprints to support various IoT solutions. A Binding Template is created only once and then can be reused in any Thing Description.[2]

Scripting API

The WoT Scripting API is an optional building block of the Web of Things. It eases IoT application development by providing an ECMAScript-based application API in a similar manner to how web browsers provide an API for web applications. By having a universal application runtime system, Scripting API solves the problem of heterogeneity of IoT systems. It also enables creating of reusable scripts to implement the device logic, which significantly improves the portability of the application modules.[2]

The current reference implementation of the WoT scripting API is an open-source project called node-wot, which is developed by the Eclipse Thingweb project.[3]

Security and Privacy Guidelines

In WoT architecture, security is relevant to all aspects of the architecture. Specification of each WoT building block contains several considerations regarding the security and privacy of that particular block. Security is supported by certain explicit features, such as public metadata in Thing Descriptions and separation of concerns in the design of Scripting API. In addition, there is also a specification called WoT Security and Privacy Guidelines, guiding a variety of security and privacy related concerns.[2]

History

Connecting objects to the Web arguably started around the year 2000. In 2002, a peer-reviewed paper presented the Cooltown project.[4] This project explored the use of URLs to address and HTTP interact with physical objects such as public screens or printers.

Following this early work, the growing interest in and implementation of the Internet of things started to raise some questions about the application layer of the IoT.[5] While most of the work in the IoT space focused on network protocols, there was a need to think about the convergence of data from IoT devices. Researchers and practitioners started envisioning the IoT as a system where data from various devices could be consumed by Web applications to create new use cases.

The idea of the Web as an application layer for the IoT started to emerge in 2007. Several researchers started working in parallel to these concepts. Amongst them, Dominique Guinard and Vlad Trifa started the Web of Things online community and published the first WoT manifesto, advocating the use of Web standards (REST, Lightweight semantics, etc.) to build the application layer of the IoT. The manifesto was published together with an implementation on the Sun SPOT platform. At the same time, Dave Raggett from W3C started talking about a Web of Things at various W3C and IoT events. Erik Wilde published "Putting Things to REST", a self-published concept paper looking at utilizing REST to sense and control physical objects.[6] Early mentions of the Web of Things as a term also appeared in a paper by Vlad Stirbu et al.[7]

From 2007 onwards, Trifa, Guinard, Wilde and other researchers tried publishing their ideas and concepts at peer-reviewed conferences but their work was rejected by Wireless Sensor Networks research community on the basis that Internet and Web protocols were too verbose and limited in the context of real-world devices,[8] preferring to focus on optimization of memory and computation usage, wireless bandwidth, or very short duty cycles.[citation needed]

However, a number of researchers in the WSN community started considering these ideas more seriously. In early 2009, several respected WSN researchers such as David Culler, Jonathan Hui, Adam Dunkels and Yazar Dogan evaluated the use of Internet and Web protocols for low-power sensor nodes and showed the feasibility of the approach.[9][10]

Following this, Guinard and Trifa presented their end-to-end implementation of the concepts and presented it in a peer-reviewed publication accepted at the World Wide Web conference in 2009.[11] Building on this implementation and uniting efforts, a RESTful architecture for things was proposed in 2010 by Guinard, Trifa and Wilde.[12] Guinard, Trifa and Wilde ran the first International Workshop in 2010 on the Web of Things[13] and has been an annual occurrence since. These workshops morphed into a growing community of researchers and practitioners could discuss the latest findings and ideas on the Web of Things [citation needed].

In 2011, two of the first PhD thesis on the Web of Things were presented at ETH Zurich: Building Blocks for a Participatory Web of Things: Devices, Infrastructures, and Programming Frameworks from Vlad Trifa[14] and A Web of Things Application Architecture – Integrating the Real-World into the Web from Dominique Guinard.[15] Building on this work, Simon Mayer emphasized the importance of REST's uniform interface, and in particular the HATEOAS principle, in his PhD thesis.[16]

In 2014, the W3C showed an increased interest on the Web of Things and organized the W3C Workshop on the Web of Things,[17] under the lead of Dave Raggett together with Siemens and the COMPOSE European project. This workshop leads to the creation of the Web of Things Interest Group at W3C[18] and the submission of the Web Thing Model.[19]

The same year, Siemens announced the creation of a research group dedicated to the Web of Things.[20] In October 2014, Google also announced its interest in these ideas by launching the Physical Web GitHub project.[21]

The Web of Things Interest Group identified the required set of standards needed for the Web of Things in February 2017.[22] The Working Group has started working on four deliverables called WoT Architecture,[23] WoT Thing Description,[24] WoT Scripting API,[25] and WoT Binding Templates.[26]

See also

Further reading

  • Guinard, Dominique; Vlad, Trifa (2015). Building the Web of Things. Manning. ISBN 9781617292682.
  • Fortuna, Carolina; Grobelnik, Marko (2011-03-09). Tutorial: The Web of Things. Proceedings of the World Wide Web Conference 2011, Hyderabad, India. Association for Computing Machinery.

External links

References

  1. ^ "Web of Things (WoT) Architecture". www.w3.org. Archived from the original on 2020-04-14. Retrieved 2020-06-12.
  2. ^ a b c d "Web of Things (WoT) Architecture". www.w3.org. Archived from the original on 2020-04-14. Retrieved 2020-12-13.
  3. ^ "Web of Things (WoT) Scripting API". www.w3.org. Archived from the original on 2020-11-26. Retrieved 2020-12-13.
  4. ^ Kindberg, T.; Barton, J.; Morgan, J.; Becker, G.; Caswell, D.; Debaty, P.; Gopal, G.; Frid, M.; Krishnan, V.; Morris, H.; Schettino, J.; Serra, B.; Spasojevic, M. (2000). "People, places, things: Web presence for the real world". Proceedings Third IEEE Workshop on Mobile Computing Systems and Applications. pp. 19–28. CiteSeerX 10.1.1.24.4651. doi:10.1109/MCSA.2000.895378. ISBN 978-0-7695-0816-0. S2CID 282147.
  5. ^ Guinard, Dominique; Trifa, Vlad; Wilde, Erik (2010). A Resource Oriented Architecture for the Web of Things (PDF). Internet of Things 2010 International Conference (IoT 2010).
  6. ^ "Putting things to REST" (PDF). Archived (PDF) from the original on 2017-08-09. Retrieved 2014-11-15.
  7. ^ Stirbu, V. (2008). "Towards a RESTful Plug and Play Experience in the Web of Things". Semantic Computing, 2008 IEEE International Conference on. Semantic Computing, 2008 IEEE International Conference on. pp. 512–517.
  8. ^ "5 Years of Web of Things Workshops". 2014-10-23. Archived from the original on 2017-01-09. Retrieved 2014-11-15.
  9. ^ Hui, Jonathan W.; Culler, David E. (2008). "IP is dead, long live IP for wireless sensor networks". Proceedings of the 6th ACM conference on Embedded network sensor systems – Sen Sys '08. p. 15. CiteSeerX 10.1.1.562.6336. doi:10.1145/1460412.1460415. ISBN 9781595939906. S2CID 6139531.
  10. ^ Yazar, Dogan; Dunkels, Adam (2009). "Efficient application integration in IP-based sensor networks". Proceedings of the First ACM Workshop on Embedded Sensing Systems for Energy-Efficiency in Buildings - Build Sys '09. p. 43. CiteSeerX 10.1.1.158.3650. doi:10.1145/1810279.1810289. ISBN 9781605588247. S2CID 7587931.
  11. ^ Guinard, Dominique; Trifa, Vlad (2009). Towards the Web of Things: Web Mashups for Embedded Devices (PDF). WWW (International World Wide Web Conferences), Enterprise Mashups and Lightweight Composition on the Web (MEM 2009) Workshop.
  12. ^ Guinard, Dominique; Trifa, Vlad; Wilde, Erik (2010). "A resource oriented architecture for the Web of Things". 2010 Internet of Things (IoT). pp. 1–8. doi:10.1109/IOT.2010.5678452. ISBN 978-1-4244-7413-4. S2CID 5839440.
  13. ^ "International Workshop on the Web of Things". Archived from the original on 2016-10-14. Retrieved 2014-11-15.
  14. ^ Trifa, Vlad (2011). Building Blocks for a Participatory Web of Things: Devices, Infrastructures, and Programming Frameworks (PDF) (Ph.D.). ETH Zurich. Archived (PDF) from the original on 2016-03-03. Retrieved 2014-11-15.
  15. ^ Guinard, Dominique (2011). A Web of Things Application Architecture – Integrating the Real-World into the Web (PDF) (Ph.D.). ETH Zurich. Archived (PDF) from the original on 2016-03-03. Retrieved 2014-11-15.
  16. ^ Mayer, Simon (2014). Interacting with the Web of Things (Ph.D.). ETH Zurich. Archived from the original on 2021-03-19. Retrieved 2021-06-27.
  17. ^ "W3C Workshop on the Web of Things". Archived from the original on 2019-02-09. Retrieved 2014-11-15.
  18. ^ "W3C Web of Things". Archived from the original on 2021-03-09. Retrieved 2019-10-06.
  19. ^ "Web Thing Model". Archived from the original on 2018-03-21. Retrieved 2015-09-27.
  20. ^ "Siemens Web of Things Research Group". Archived from the original on 2018-01-28. Retrieved 2014-11-15.
  21. ^ "The Physical Web". GitHub. Archived from the original on 2019-01-30. Retrieved 2017-02-08.
  22. ^ "W3C Web of Things joint IG/WG meeting in Santa Clara, 5–9 February 2016". Archived from the original on 6 October 2019. Retrieved 6 October 2019.
  23. ^ "W3C WoT Architecture". Archived from the original on 2019-10-06. Retrieved 2019-10-06.
  24. ^ "W3C WoT Thing Description". Archived from the original on 2019-10-06. Retrieved 2019-10-06.
  25. ^ "W3C WoT Scripting API". Archived from the original on 2019-10-06. Retrieved 2019-10-06.
  26. ^ "W3C WoT Binding Templates". Archived from the original on 2019-10-06. Retrieved 2019-10-06.
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Web_of_Things&oldid=1185886707"