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{{Short description|Genus of snakes}}
{{Refimprove|type=animal|auto=yes|date=December 2009}}
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{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2020}}
{{Taxobox
{{Automatic taxobox
| image = Callirhinus patagoniensis.jpg
| image_width = 240px
| image =
| image_caption = ''[[Philodryas patagoniensis]]''
| taxon = Philodryas
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| authority = [[Johann Georg Wagler|Wagler]], 1830<ref name="ITIS"/>
| regnum = [[Animal]]ia
| phylum = [[Chordate|Chordata]]
| subphylum = [[Vertebrate|Vertebrata]]
| classis = [[Reptilia]]
| ordo = [[Squamata]]
| subordo = [[Serpentes]]
| familia = [[Colubridae]]
| subfamilia = [[Xenodontinae]]
| genus = '''''Philodryas'''''
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| genus_authority = [[Johann Georg Wagler|Wagler]], 1830<ref name="ITIS"/>
| subdivision_ranks = Species
| subdivision_ranks = Species
| subdivision =
| subdivision =
See text
See text
| synonyms = ''Atamophis, Callirhinus, Chlorosoma, Dirrhox, Dryophylax, Euophrys, Galeophis, Herpetodryas, Lygophis, Pseudablabes, Teleolepis, Xenodon'' <ref name="Blgr1896"/>
}}
}}
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'''''Philodryas''''' is a [[genus]] of [[New World]] [[Colubridae|colubrid]] [[snake]]s, commonly called '''green snakes'''. Although colubrid snakes are usually harmless to humans, ''Philodryas'' are [[opisthoglyphous]] (rear-fanged) snakes<ref>[[George Albert Boulenger|Boulenger, G.A.]] 1896. ''Catalogue of the Snakes in the British Museum (Natural History). Volume III., Containing the Colubridæ (Opisthoglyphæ and Proteroglyphæ)...'' Trustees of the British Museum (Natural History). (Taylor and Francis, Printers.) xxiv + 727 pp. + Plates I.- XXV. (Genus ''Philodryas'', p. 127.)</ref>and can give a venomous bite. However, they have mild venom; so a bite is unlikely to cause lasting damage to humans. There are 18 recognized [[species]].<ref name="ITIS">{{ITIS |id=700309 |taxon=Philodryas |accessdate=15 February 2011}}</ref>


'''''Philodryas''''' is a [[genus]] of [[Colubridae|colubrid]] [[snake]]s [[Endemism|endemic]] to [[South America]],<ref name="Blgr1896"/> commonly called '''green snakes'''.
==Species==

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* ''[[Philodryas aestiva]]'' <small>([[André Marie Constant Duméril|A.M.C. Duméril]], [[Gabriel Bibron|Bibron]] & [[Auguste Duméril|A.H.A. Duméril]], 1854)</small> - N [[Argentina]], [[Bolivia]], SE [[Brazil]], [[Paraguay]], [[Uruguay]]
==Description==
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* ''[[Philodryas arnoldoi]]'' <small>([[:fr:Afrânio Pompílio Gastos do Amaral|Amaral]], 1932)</small> - SE Brazil
[[Species]] in the genus ''Philodryas'' share the following characters:
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* ''[[Philodryas baroni]]'' <small>[[:fr:Carlos Berg|Berg]], 1895</small> - N Argentina

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* ''[[Philodryas boliviana]]'' <small>[[George Albert Boulenger|Boulenger]], 1896</small> - Bolivia
Head distinct from neck, with distinct [[Canthus (herpetology)|''canthus rostralis'']]. Eye moderate or large. Pupil round. Body cylindrical or slightly laterally compressed. Tail long.
* ''[[Philodryas carbonelli]]'' <small>[[Janis Roze|Roze]], 1957</small> - S [[Venezuela]]

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* ''[[Philodryas chamissonis]]'' <small>([[Arend Friedrich August Wiegmann|Wiegmann]], 1834)</small> - [[Chile]]
[[Dorsal scales]] arranged in 17 to 23 rows at midbody, more or less obliquely. [[Subcaudal scales|Subcaudals]] divided (in two rows).
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* ''[[Philodryas livida]]'' <small>(Amaral, 1923)</small>

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* ''[[Philodryas mattogrossensis]]'' <small>[[Julio Germán Koslowsky|Koslowsky]], 1898</small> - Bolivia, SW Brazil, Paraguay
[[Maxilla]]ry teeth smallest anteriorly, 12–15, followed after a gap by two large grooved fangs located just behind the posterior border of the eye.<ref name="Blgr1896"/>
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* ''[[Philodryas nattereri]]'' <small>[[Franz Steindachner|Steindachner]], 1870</small> - WC Brazil, Paraguay

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* ''[[Philodryas olfersii]]'' <small>([[Martin Lichtenstein|Lichtenstein]], 1823)</small> - Argentina, Bolivia, W Brazil, Paraguay, E [[Peru]], Uruguay
==Venom==
* ''[[Philodryas oligolepis]]'' <small>[[João Florêncio Gomes|Gomes]], 1921</small> - [[Minas Gerais]], Brazil
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Although colubrid snakes are usually harmless to humans, ''Philodryas'' are [[opisthoglyphous]] (rear-fanged) snakes<ref name="Blgr1896">[[George Albert Boulenger|Boulenger GA]] (1896). ''Catalogue of the Snakes in the British Museum (Natural History). Volume III., Containing the Colubridæ (Opisthoglyphæ and Proteroglyphæ) ...'' London: Trustees of the British Museum (Natural History). (Taylor and Francis, printers). xxiv + 727 pp. + Plates I-XXV. (Genus ''Philodryas'', p. 127).</ref> and can give a venomous bite.
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* ''[[Philodryas patagoniensis]]'' <small>([[Charles Frédéric Girard|Girard]], 1857)</small> - Argentina, Bolivia, Brazil

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* ''[[Philodryas psammophidea]]'' <small>[[Albert Günther|Günther]], 1872</small> - Argentina, W & S Brazil
==Species and geographic ranges==
* ''[[Philodryas simonsi]]'' <small>Boulenger, 1900</small> - [[Ecuador]], Peru
There are 16 recognized [[species]].<ref name="ITIS">{{ITIS|id=700309|taxon=''Philodryas ''|accessdate=15 February 2011}}</ref><ref>{{EMBL genus|genus=Philodryas}} www.reptile-database.org.</ref>
* ''[[Philodryas tachymenoides]]'' <small>([[Karl Patterson Schmidt|Schmidt]] & Walker, 1943)</small> - Chile, Peru

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* ''[[Philodryas trilineata]]'' <small>([[Hermann Burmeister|Burmeister]], 1861)</small>
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*''[[Philodryas aestiva]]'' {{small|([[André Marie Constant Duméril|A.M.C. Duméril]], [[Gabriel Bibron|Bibron]] & [[Auguste Duméril|A.H.A. Duméril]], 1854)}} – N [[Argentina]], [[Bolivia]], SE [[Brazil]], [[Paraguay]], [[Uruguay]] - Brazilian green racer, common green racer
* ''[[Philodryas varia]]'' <small>([[Giorgio Jan|Jan]], 1863)</small><ref>www.philodryas.com</ref>
*''[[Philodryas agassizii]]'' {{small|([[Giorgio Jan|Jan]], 1863)}} – Brazil, Argentina, Uruguay, Paraguay - burrowing night snake
* ''[[Philodryas viridissima]]'' <small>([[Carl Linnaeus|Linnaeus]], 1758)</small> - N [[South America]] in [[Amazon]] and [[Paraguay River]] basins<ref>[[:es:Marcos Abraham Freiberg|Freiberg, M.]] 1982. ''Snakes of South America'' T.F.H. Publications. Hong Kong. 189 pp. ISBN 0-87666-912-7. (Genus ''Philodryas'', pp. 106-107.)</ref>
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*''[[Philodryas arnaldoi]]'' {{small|([[Afrânio Pompílio Gastos do Amaral|Amaral]], 1932)}} – Brazil - Arnaldo's green race
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*''[[Philodryas baroni]]'' {{small|[[:fr:Carlos Berg|Berg]], 1895}} – N Argentina - Baron's green racer
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*''[[Philodryas boliviana]]'' <small>[[George Albert Boulenger|Boulenger]], 1896</small> – Bolivia - Bolivian racer
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*''[[Philodryas chamissonis]]'' <small>([[Arend Friedrich August Wiegmann|Wiegmann]], 1834)</small> – [[Chile]] - Chilean green racer, Chilean long-tailed snake
*''[[Philodryas cordata]]'' {{small|[[Maureen Ann Donnelly|Donnelly]] & [[:fr:Charles William Myers|C. Myers]], 1991}} – Venezuela
*''[[Philodryas erlandi]]'' <small>[[Einar Lönnberg|Lönnberg]], 1902</small> – Paraguay, southeastern Bolivia, northern Argentina - Miranda green racer
<!-- *''[[Philodryas georgeboulengeri]]'' {{small|[[Felipe G. Grazziotin|Grazziotin]] et al., 2012}} – Bolivia, Brazil, [[Peru]] (= ''[[Xenoxybelis boulengeri]]'')-->
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*''[[Philodryas livida]]'' {{small|(Amaral, 1923)}} – Brazil
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*''[[Philodryas mattogrossensis]]'' {{small|[[Julio Germán Koslowsky|Koslowsky]], 1898}} – Bolivia, SW Brazil, Paraguay - Miranda green racer
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*''[[Philodryas nattereri]]'' {{small|[[Franz Steindachner|Steindachner]], 1870}} – WC Brazil, Paraguay - Paraguay green racer
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*''[[Philodryas olfersii]]'' {{small|([[Martin Lichtenstein|Lichtenstein]], 1823)}} – Argentina, Bolivia, W Brazil, Paraguay, E Peru, Uruguay - Lichtenstein's green racer
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*''[[Philodryas patagoniensis]]'' {{small|([[Charles Frédéric Girard|Girard]], 1858)}} – Brazil, Bolivia, Paraguay, Argentina, Uruguay - Patagonia green racer
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*''[[Philodryas psammophidea]]'' {{small|[[Albert Günther|Günther]], 1872}} – Argentina, W & S Brazil - Günther's green racer
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*''[[Philodryas trilineata]]'' {{small|([[Hermann Burmeister|Burmeister]], 1861)}} – Argentina
*''[[Philodryas varia]]'' {{small|(Jan, 1863)}}<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.philodryas.com/ |title=Home |website=philodryas.com}}</ref> – Argentina, Bolivia - Jan's green racer

''[[Nota bene]]'': A [[Binomial nomenclature|binomial authority]] in parentheses indicates that the species was originally described in a genus other than ''Philodryas''.


==References==
==References==
{{reflist}}
{{Reflist}}


==Further reading==
{{wikispecies}}
{{Commons category}}
{{Commons category}}
{{Wikispecies}}
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{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2011}}
*[[Johann Georg Wagler|Wagler JG]] (1830). ''Natürliches System der Amphibien, mit vorangehender Classification des Säugthiere und Vögel. Ein Beitrag zur vergleichenden Zoologie.'' Munich, Stuttgart, and Tübingen: J.G. Cotta. vi + 354 pp. (''Philodryas'', new genus, p.&nbsp;185). (in German and Latin).
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[[Category:Colubrids]]
*https://serpientesdevenezuela.org/philodryas-viridissima/

{{Taxonbar|from=Q2704201}}


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[[Category:Philodryas]]
{{Colubrids-stub}}
[[Category:Snake genera]]
[[Category:Taxa named by Johann Georg Wagler]]

Latest revision as of 18:10, 20 December 2023

Philodryas
Scientific classification Edit this classification
Domain: Eukaryota
Kingdom: Animalia
Phylum: Chordata
Class: Reptilia
Order: Squamata
Suborder: Serpentes
Family: Colubridae
Subfamily: Dipsadinae
Genus: Philodryas
Wagler, 1830[1]
Species

See text

Synonyms

Atamophis, Callirhinus, Chlorosoma, Dirrhox, Dryophylax, Euophrys, Galeophis, Herpetodryas, Lygophis, Pseudablabes, Teleolepis, Xenodon [2]

Philodryas is a genus of colubrid snakes endemic to South America,[2] commonly called green snakes.

Description[edit]

Species in the genus Philodryas share the following characters:

Head distinct from neck, with distinct canthus rostralis. Eye moderate or large. Pupil round. Body cylindrical or slightly laterally compressed. Tail long.

Dorsal scales arranged in 17 to 23 rows at midbody, more or less obliquely. Subcaudals divided (in two rows).

Maxillary teeth smallest anteriorly, 12–15, followed after a gap by two large grooved fangs located just behind the posterior border of the eye.[2]

Venom[edit]

Although colubrid snakes are usually harmless to humans, Philodryas are opisthoglyphous (rear-fanged) snakes[2] and can give a venomous bite.

Species and geographic ranges[edit]

There are 16 recognized species.[1][3]

Nota bene: A binomial authority in parentheses indicates that the species was originally described in a genus other than Philodryas.

References[edit]

  1. ^ a b "Philodryas ". Integrated Taxonomic Information System. Retrieved 15 February 2011.
  2. ^ a b c d Boulenger GA (1896). Catalogue of the Snakes in the British Museum (Natural History). Volume III., Containing the Colubridæ (Opisthoglyphæ and Proteroglyphæ) ... London: Trustees of the British Museum (Natural History). (Taylor and Francis, printers). xxiv + 727 pp. + Plates I-XXV. (Genus Philodryas, p. 127).
  3. ^ Genus Philodryas at The Reptile Database www.reptile-database.org.
  4. ^ "Home". philodryas.com.

Further reading[edit]

Wikimedia Commons has media related to Philodryas.
Wikispecies has information related to Philodryas.
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