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{{Short description|Species of ash}}
{{taxobox
{{Speciesbox
⚫
|name = ''Fraxinus profunda''
|image = Fraxinus profunda, RBGE 2008.jpg
| image = Fraxinus profunda Niagara ON.jpg
|image_caption = Pumpkin Ash in the [[Royal Botanic Garden Edinburgh]]
| image_caption = Pumpkin ash in a hardwood swamp in Ontario, [[Canada]].
| status = CR
|regnum = [[Plantae]]
| status_system = IUCN3.1
|unranked_divisio = [[Angiosperms]]
| status_ref = <ref name="iucn status 11 November 2021">{{cite iucn |author=Westwood, M. |author2=Jerome, D. |author3=Oldfield, S. |author4=Romero-Severson, J. |date=2017 |title=''Fraxinus profunda'' |volume=2017 |page=e.T61919022A113525283 |doi=10.2305/IUCN.UK.2017-2.RLTS.T61919022A113525283.en |access-date=11 November 2021}}</ref>
|unranked_classis = [[Eudicots]]
⚫
| genus = Fraxinus
|unranked_ordo = [[Asterids]]
| parent = Fraxinus sect. Melioides
|ordo = [[Lamiales]]
| species = profunda
|familia = [[Oleaceae]]
⚫
| authority = ([[Benjamin Franklin Bush (botanist)|Bush]]) Bush
⚫
|genus = ''[[Fraxinus]]''
|species = '''''F. profunda'''''
| range_map = Fraxinus profunda range map 1.png
|binomial = ''Fraxinus profunda''
| range_map_caption = Natural range of ''Fraxinus profunda''
⚫
| range_map2 = Fraxinus profunda range map 4.png
⚫
|binomial_authority = ([[Benjamin Franklin Bush|Bush]]) Bush
| range_map2_caption = Close-up of natural range of ''Fraxinus profunda''
⚫
|}}
| synonyms = ''Fraxinus tomentosa'' <small>F.Michx.</small>
⚫
}}


'''''Fraxinus profunda''''', the '''pumpkin ash''', is a species of [[Fraxinus|ash]] (''Fraxinus'') native to eastern [[North America]], where it has a scattered distribution on the Atlantic coastal plain and interior lowland river valleys from the [[Lake Erie]] basin in [[Ontario]] and [[New York (state)|New York]] west to [[Illinois]], southwest to [[Missouri]] and southeast to northern [[Florida]].<ref name="grin">{{GRIN | accessdate = 14 January 2018}}</ref><ref name="cnp">Canada Native Plants: [http://www.evergreen.ca/nativeplants/search/view-plant.php?ID=02709 ''Fraxinus profunda'']</ref><ref name="usfs">{{Silvics |volume=2 |genus=Fraxinus |species=profunda |first=W. R. |last=Harms}}</ref><ref name="onc">Ojibway Nature Centre: [http://www.ojibway.ca/trees.htm Trees of Essex County, Ontario]</ref><ref name=":3">Committee on the Status of Endangered Wildlife in Canada (COSEWIC). 2022. COSEWIC Assessment and Status Report on the Pumpkin Ash, ''Fraxinus profunda'', in Canada. Environment and Climate Change Canada, Ottawa.</ref> It grows in bottomland habitats, such as [[Swamp|swamps]], [[Floodplain|floodplains]] and riverbanks. It is threatened by the [[emerald ash borer]] (''Agrilus planipennis''), an [[Invasive species|invasive]] insect which has caused widespread destruction of ash trees in eastern North America.
'''Shape and Distribution'''
Pumpkin ash is a large tree, reaching heights of up to 130 feet, with a trunk diameter of up to 5 feet on sites with excellent growing conditions. The tree grows best in areas where there is standing water at the surface well into the growing season. In these areas, the tree often develops a swollen or pumpkin-shaped base. The crown is broadly rounded, with thick branches.
Pumpkin ash grows in the wet soils of bottomlands and swamps and is present in the southernmost counties and along the Wabash River in southern Illinois. It occurs frequently with bald cypress and tupelo.


== Taxonomy ==
'''Identifying Features'''
Pumpkin ash is a member of the olive family ([[Oleaceae]]) and is placed in section [[Melioides]] of the genus ''Fraxinus''.<ref name=":1" /> Historically, it was frequently called ''Fraxinus tomentosa'' Michx., but since [[André Michaux|Michaux]] used this name interchangeably with the species now known as [[Fraxinus pennsylvanica|green ash]] (''F. pennsylvanica''), the name ''Fraxinus profunda'', which was applied by [[Benjamin Franklin Bush (botanist)|Benjamin Franklin Bush]] in 1901, was given precedence.<ref name=":1" />


Pumpkin ash is [[Polyploidy|hexaploid]] (n=138) and has been hypothesized to have originated as a fertile [[Hybrid (biology)|hybrid]] between green ash and [[Fraxinus americana|white ash]] (''F. americana''), but this remains unproven''.''<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Wallander |first=Eva |date=2008-06-01 |title=Systematics of Fraxinus (Oleaceae) and evolution of dioecy |url=https://doi.org/10.1007/s00606-008-0005-3 |journal=Plant Systematics and Evolution |language=en |volume=273 |issue=1 |pages=25–49 |doi=10.1007/s00606-008-0005-3 |issn=1615-6110}}</ref><ref name=":1">{{Cite book|url=https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/item/125914|title=Phytoneuron|date=2010|publisher=Guy L. Nesom|volume=2010-32|location=Fort Worth, TX}}</ref>
'''Bark'''
The bark of pumpkin ash is similar to that of green ash. It is gray to brownish gray, has tight furrows and distinct ridges and becomes scaly with age.


The name pumpkin ash originates from early [[European colonization of the Americas|European settlers]] in [[Arkansas]] and refers to the swollen trunk bases which this tree often produces in very wet habitats.<ref name="usfs" />
'''Twigs'''
The twigs are also similar to green ash. They are stout, brownish gray and more densely hairy than those of green ash.


== Morphology ==
'''Buds'''
Pumpkin ash is a medium-sized [[deciduous]] [[tree]] reaching 12 to 30 meters (40 to 100 feet) tall with a trunk up to 1 meter in diameter, although exceptional trees can reach 50 meters (165 feet) tall with a 4.7 meter (15 foot) diameter trunk.<ref name="msct">{{Cite web |url=http://mdc.mo.gov/sites/default/files/resources/2010/05/missouri_state_champion_trees_12-02-14.pdf |title=Missouri State Champion Trees |access-date=2014-12-17 |archive-date=2014-12-17 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141217091308/http://mdc.mo.gov/sites/default/files/resources/2010/05/missouri_state_champion_trees_12-02-14.pdf |url-status=dead }}</ref> Important morphological characteristics of pumpkin ash include:
The buds are conical, brown, and hairy.


* [[Bark (botany)|bark]]: gray, thick and fissured with a diamond pattern on mature trees
'''Leaves'''
* buds: dark brown to blackish, with a velvety texture
The leaves are opposite, compound and 8-16 inches long. There are 7 - 9 leaflets, each up to 10 inches long and up to half as wide. Leaflets are lance-shaped to elliptic with pointed tips and tapering toward the base. They are finely toothed or more usually smooth along the edges. The upper surface is green to yellow green and smooth and the underside is paler and densely hairy.
* [[Leaf|leaves]]: 25 to 40 centimeters (10 to 16 inches) long, oppositely-arranged, pinnately compound with 7 to 9 leaflets; leaflets 8 to 20 centimeters (3 to 8 inches) long and 5 to 8 centimeters (2 to 8 inches) broad, with smooth or obscurely serrated margins and short [[Petiole (botany)|petiolules]]; abaxial (lower) surfaces are [[Trichome|tomentose]] and lack a dense covering of papillae (visible at >40x magnification)
* [[flower]]s: wind-pollinated, purplish-green, lacking a [[Perianth|corolla]]; borne in [[panicle]]s; blooming in spring shortly before the emergence of leaves
* [[fruit]]: samaras 5 to 8 centimeters (2 to 8 inches) long, comprising a single [[seed]] with an elongated apical wing 9 millimeters (0.4 inches) broad.<ref name="usfs" /><ref name="onc" /><ref name="vplants">Virtual Herbarium of the Chicago Region: [http://www.vplants.org/plants/species/species.jsp?gid=17018 ''Fraxinus profunda''] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20061004085840/http://www.vplants.org/plants/species/species.jsp?gid=17018|date=2006-10-04}}</ref><ref name="mnfi">Michigan Natural Features Inventory: [http://web4.msue.msu.edu/mnfi/abstracts/botany/Fraxinus_profunda.pdf ''Fraxinus profunda'' (pdf file)] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080107182505/http://web4.msue.msu.edu/mnfi/abstracts/botany/Fraxinus_profunda.pdf|date=2008-01-07}}</ref>


Like other species in the section Melioides, pumpkin ash is [[dioecious]], with male and female flowers produced on separate individuals.<ref>{{cite journal|doi=10.1007/s00606-008-0005-3|title=Systematics of ''Fraxinus'' (Oleaceae) and evolution of dioecy|year=2008|last1=Wallander|first1=Eva|journal=Plant Systematics and Evolution|volume=273|issue=1–2|pages=25–49|s2cid=24152294}}</ref>
'''Flowers'''
Pumpkin ash is dioecious, which means that is has male (staminate) or female (pistillate) flowers and that either male or female flowers are borne on separate trees. The flowers appear in clusters in April before leaf out, and are inconspicuous, without petals, and greenish-purplish.


Pumpkin ash trees frequently produce bulbous swollen trunk bases and this is sometimes cited as a diagnostic feature of this species. However, not all pumpkin ash trees exhibit this feature and other ash species, such as green ash, can also produce swollen trunks in very wet habitats.<ref name=":3" /><ref name="usfs" />
'''Fruits'''
The fruits are winged, but not flattened. They are 2 - 3 inches long and 1 1/2 inches broad, oblong, and usually rounded at the tip. The wing almost completely encloses a single seed at the base. Wood duck, songbirds, and rodents eat the seeds. White-tailed deer browse the twigs and leaves.


== Reproduction ==
'''Interesting Facts'''
Pumpkin ash attains sexual maturity and begins producing fruit at approximately ten years of age.<ref name="usfs" /> The seeds develop during the summer and are dropped in the early fall.<ref name="usfs" /> The winged samaras are adapted to wind dispersal, but pumpkin ash seeds are uniquely adapted to dispersal by water and can survive submersion for several months.<ref name="usfs" />
The name pumpkin ash is derived from the enlarged base or "butt" that the tree develops when growing on sites that remain wet for most of the growing season. This enlargement can be pumpkin shaped, and is probably like buttresses and cypress knees - it provides extra stability for the tree, which is rooted in peaty, wet, and generally unstable soil. Pumpkin ash is sensitive to drought and fire. It is the only ash in Illinois to have velvety-hairy twigs and usually toothless leaves


Seedlings thrive in moist soils in canopy openings and are sensitive to shade.<ref name="usfs" /> Young trees are extremely fast growing and can quickly attain a height where they compete with mature trees.<ref name="usfs" />
'''Uses'''
Pumpkin ash has heavy, strong, hard wood. Tool handles and farming implements are made from pumpkin ash. Pumpkin ash is also used for manufacture of boxes, paper pulp, and fuel


==References==
==Ecology==
Pumpkin ash occurs primarily in swamps, floodplains and other wet bottomland habitats.<ref name="usfs" /> Along with other ashes, it is a food plant for the [[larva]]e of several species of [[Lepidoptera]] (see List of Lepidoptera that feed on ashes).
{{reflist}}


Pumpkin ash is threatened by the emerald ash borer, an invasive insect which has destroyed large numbers of ash trees in eastern North America.<ref name="vplants" /><ref name=":3" /> In 2017, the IUCN assessed the pumpkin ash as [[Critically Endangered]], due to observed massive population declines over most of its range. In 2021, pumpkin ash was listed as endangered in Canada under the [[Species at Risk Act|''Species at Risk Act'', 2002]].<ref name=":3" />
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[[Category:Fraxinus]]

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[[Category:Trees of North Carolina]]
== Distribution ==
Pumpkin ash has a discontinuous range in eastern North America, where it occurs mainly in swamps and river bottoms of the [[Atlantic Plain|Atlantic coastal plain]], [[Mississippi embayment|Mississippi valley]] and lower [[Great Lakes Basin|Great Lakes basin]], but is conspicuously absent from regions in between, such as the [[Appalachian Mountains]].<ref name="usfs" /><ref name=":3" /><ref name=":1" /> As a result of widespread damage by the emerald ash borer, pumpkin ash is near [[Local extinction|extirpation]] in North Carolina, South Carolina and Florida, and is critically endangered in Canada.<ref name=":3" />

=== Climate ===
Areas where pumpkin ash trees are found typically have an average rainfall of 101 to 122 centimeters (40 to 48 inches) of rain per year.<ref name="usfs" /> During the growing season, from March to September, the average rainfall is around 66 centimeters (26 inches). Pumpkin ash can tolerate temperatures as low as -31 degrees Celsius (-24 degrees Fahrenheit).<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=Plants Profile for Fraxinus profunda (pumpkin ash) |url=https://plants.sc.egov.usda.gov/core/profile?symbol=FRPR |access-date=2020-11-18 |website=plants.sc.egov.usda.gov}}</ref>

=== Soils ===
Pumpkin ash grows in saturated wetland soils, including sites which are flooded year-round.<ref name="usfs" /> Saplings tend to grow slower in very wet conditions compared to higher-elevation microsites.<ref name="usfs" />

== Uses ==
Pumpkin ash trees provide resources for humans and animals such as deer and birds. Birds, like wood ducks, feed on the fruit of a ''Fraxinus profunda''.<ref name="usfs" /> Deer feed on the twigs and leaves of the pumpkin ash tree, and the humans use the woody parts of the tree as lumber for building.<ref name="usfs" /> In addition to being used as lumber, the wood of pumpkin ash trees can also be used in tools such as stocks or handles.<ref name=":2">{{Cite journal|last1=Stevens|first1=Micah E.|last2=Pijut|first2=Paula M.|date=2012-01-01|title=Hypocotyl derived in vitro regeneration of pumpkin ash (Fraxinus profunda)|url=https://doi.org/10.1007/s11240-011-0021-9|journal=Plant Cell, Tissue and Organ Culture |language=en|volume=108|issue=1|pages=129–135|doi=10.1007/s11240-011-0021-9|s2cid=401589|issn=1573-5044}}</ref> The wood can also be used as lumber, naval store products, and nursery stock products.<ref name=":0" />

== Gallery ==
<gallery>
File:Fraxinus profunda Essex ON.jpg|Canopy of a pumpkin ash affected by emerald ash borer in [[Essex County, Ontario|Essex County]], Ontario, Canada.
File:Fraxinus profunda Elgin ON.jpg|Developing samaras of a pumpkin ash in [[Elgin County]], Ontario, Canada.
File:Fraxinus profunda Lambton ON.jpg|Rachis, petiolule and abaxial leaflet surface of a pumpkin ash leaf from [[Lambton County]], Ontario, Canada.
File:Fraxinus profunda, RBGE 2008.jpg|Pumpkin ash in cultivation at [[Royal Botanic Garden Edinburgh]].
</gallery>

==References==
⚫
{{Commons category|Fraxinus profunda}}
{{Reflist}}


{{Taxonbar|from=Q5494018}}
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[[es:Fraxinus profunda]]


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[[Category:Fraxinus|profunda]]
{{reflist}}<ref>Fraxinus Profunda </ref> Link To Fraxinus Profunda
⚫
[[Category:Trees of Northern America]]
[[http://www.museum.state.il.us/muslink/forest/htmls/trees/F-profunda.html]]
[[Category:Plants described in 1901]]
[[Category:Dioecious plants]]

Latest revision as of 13:32, 23 December 2023

Fraxinus profunda
Pumpkin ash in a hardwood swamp in Ontario, Canada.
Scientific classification Edit this classification
Kingdom: Plantae
Clade: Tracheophytes
Clade: Angiosperms
Clade: Eudicots
Clade: Asterids
Order: Lamiales
Family: Oleaceae
Genus: Fraxinus
Section: Fraxinus sect. Melioides
Species:
F. profunda
Binomial name
Fraxinus profunda
(Bush) Bush
Natural range of Fraxinus profunda
Close-up of natural range of Fraxinus profunda
Synonyms

Fraxinus tomentosa F.Michx.

Fraxinus profunda, the pumpkin ash, is a species of ash (Fraxinus) native to eastern North America, where it has a scattered distribution on the Atlantic coastal plain and interior lowland river valleys from the Lake Erie basin in Ontario and New York west to Illinois, southwest to Missouri and southeast to northern Florida.[2][3][4][5][6] It grows in bottomland habitats, such as swamps, floodplains and riverbanks. It is threatened by the emerald ash borer (Agrilus planipennis), an invasive insect which has caused widespread destruction of ash trees in eastern North America.

Taxonomy[edit]

Pumpkin ash is a member of the olive family (Oleaceae) and is placed in section Melioides of the genus Fraxinus.[7] Historically, it was frequently called Fraxinus tomentosa Michx., but since Michaux used this name interchangeably with the species now known as green ash (F. pennsylvanica), the name Fraxinus profunda, which was applied by Benjamin Franklin Bush in 1901, was given precedence.[7]

Pumpkin ash is hexaploid (n=138) and has been hypothesized to have originated as a fertile hybrid between green ash and white ash (F. americana), but this remains unproven.[8][7]

The name pumpkin ash originates from early European settlers in Arkansas and refers to the swollen trunk bases which this tree often produces in very wet habitats.[4]

Morphology[edit]

Pumpkin ash is a medium-sized deciduous tree reaching 12 to 30 meters (40 to 100 feet) tall with a trunk up to 1 meter in diameter, although exceptional trees can reach 50 meters (165 feet) tall with a 4.7 meter (15 foot) diameter trunk.[9] Important morphological characteristics of pumpkin ash include:

  • bark: gray, thick and fissured with a diamond pattern on mature trees
  • buds: dark brown to blackish, with a velvety texture
  • leaves: 25 to 40 centimeters (10 to 16 inches) long, oppositely-arranged, pinnately compound with 7 to 9 leaflets; leaflets 8 to 20 centimeters (3 to 8 inches) long and 5 to 8 centimeters (2 to 8 inches) broad, with smooth or obscurely serrated margins and short petiolules; abaxial (lower) surfaces are tomentose and lack a dense covering of papillae (visible at >40x magnification)
  • flowers: wind-pollinated, purplish-green, lacking a corolla; borne in panicles; blooming in spring shortly before the emergence of leaves
  • fruit: samaras 5 to 8 centimeters (2 to 8 inches) long, comprising a single seed with an elongated apical wing 9 millimeters (0.4 inches) broad.[4][5][10][11]

Like other species in the section Melioides, pumpkin ash is dioecious, with male and female flowers produced on separate individuals.[12]

Pumpkin ash trees frequently produce bulbous swollen trunk bases and this is sometimes cited as a diagnostic feature of this species. However, not all pumpkin ash trees exhibit this feature and other ash species, such as green ash, can also produce swollen trunks in very wet habitats.[6][4]

Reproduction[edit]

Pumpkin ash attains sexual maturity and begins producing fruit at approximately ten years of age.[4] The seeds develop during the summer and are dropped in the early fall.[4] The winged samaras are adapted to wind dispersal, but pumpkin ash seeds are uniquely adapted to dispersal by water and can survive submersion for several months.[4]

Seedlings thrive in moist soils in canopy openings and are sensitive to shade.[4] Young trees are extremely fast growing and can quickly attain a height where they compete with mature trees.[4]

Ecology[edit]

Pumpkin ash occurs primarily in swamps, floodplains and other wet bottomland habitats.[4] Along with other ashes, it is a food plant for the larvae of several species of Lepidoptera (see List of Lepidoptera that feed on ashes).

Pumpkin ash is threatened by the emerald ash borer, an invasive insect which has destroyed large numbers of ash trees in eastern North America.[10][6] In 2017, the IUCN assessed the pumpkin ash as Critically Endangered, due to observed massive population declines over most of its range. In 2021, pumpkin ash was listed as endangered in Canada under the Species at Risk Act, 2002.[6]

Distribution[edit]

Pumpkin ash has a discontinuous range in eastern North America, where it occurs mainly in swamps and river bottoms of the Atlantic coastal plain, Mississippi valley and lower Great Lakes basin, but is conspicuously absent from regions in between, such as the Appalachian Mountains.[4][6][7] As a result of widespread damage by the emerald ash borer, pumpkin ash is near extirpation in North Carolina, South Carolina and Florida, and is critically endangered in Canada.[6]

Climate[edit]

Areas where pumpkin ash trees are found typically have an average rainfall of 101 to 122 centimeters (40 to 48 inches) of rain per year.[4] During the growing season, from March to September, the average rainfall is around 66 centimeters (26 inches). Pumpkin ash can tolerate temperatures as low as -31 degrees Celsius (-24 degrees Fahrenheit).[13]

Soils[edit]

Pumpkin ash grows in saturated wetland soils, including sites which are flooded year-round.[4] Saplings tend to grow slower in very wet conditions compared to higher-elevation microsites.[4]

Uses[edit]

Pumpkin ash trees provide resources for humans and animals such as deer and birds. Birds, like wood ducks, feed on the fruit of a Fraxinus profunda.[4] Deer feed on the twigs and leaves of the pumpkin ash tree, and the humans use the woody parts of the tree as lumber for building.[4] In addition to being used as lumber, the wood of pumpkin ash trees can also be used in tools such as stocks or handles.[14] The wood can also be used as lumber, naval store products, and nursery stock products.[13]

Gallery[edit]

References[edit]

Wikimedia Commons has media related to Fraxinus profunda.
  1. ^ Westwood, M.; Jerome, D.; Oldfield, S.; Romero-Severson, J. (2017). "Fraxinus profunda". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2017: e.T61919022A113525283. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2017-2.RLTS.T61919022A113525283.en. Retrieved 11 November 2021.
  2. ^ "Fraxinus profunda". Germplasm Resources Information Network. Agricultural Research Service, United States Department of Agriculture. Retrieved 14 January 2018.
  3. ^ Canada Native Plants: Fraxinus profunda
  4. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p Harms, W. R. (1990). "Fraxinus profunda". In Burns, Russell M.; Honkala, Barbara H. (eds.). Hardwoods. Silvics of North America. Vol. 2. Washington, D.C.: United States Forest Service (USFS), United States Department of Agriculture (USDA) – via Southern Research Station.
  5. ^ a b Ojibway Nature Centre: Trees of Essex County, Ontario
  6. ^ a b c d e f Committee on the Status of Endangered Wildlife in Canada (COSEWIC). 2022. COSEWIC Assessment and Status Report on the Pumpkin Ash, Fraxinus profunda, in Canada. Environment and Climate Change Canada, Ottawa.
  7. ^ a b c d Phytoneuron. Vol. 2010–32. Fort Worth, TX: Guy L. Nesom. 2010.
  8. ^ Wallander, Eva (2008-06-01). "Systematics of Fraxinus (Oleaceae) and evolution of dioecy". Plant Systematics and Evolution. 273 (1): 25–49. doi:10.1007/s00606-008-0005-3. ISSN 1615-6110.
  9. ^ "Missouri State Champion Trees" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 2014-12-17. Retrieved 2014-12-17.
  10. ^ a b Virtual Herbarium of the Chicago Region: Fraxinus profunda Archived 2006-10-04 at the Wayback Machine
  11. ^ Michigan Natural Features Inventory: Fraxinus profunda (pdf file) Archived 2008-01-07 at the Wayback Machine
  12. ^ Wallander, Eva (2008). "Systematics of Fraxinus (Oleaceae) and evolution of dioecy". Plant Systematics and Evolution. 273 (1–2): 25–49. doi:10.1007/s00606-008-0005-3. S2CID 24152294.
  13. ^ a b "Plants Profile for Fraxinus profunda (pumpkin ash)". plants.sc.egov.usda.gov. Retrieved 2020-11-18.
  14. ^ Stevens, Micah E.; Pijut, Paula M. (2012-01-01). "Hypocotyl derived in vitro regeneration of pumpkin ash (Fraxinus profunda)". Plant Cell, Tissue and Organ Culture. 108 (1): 129–135. doi:10.1007/s11240-011-0021-9. ISSN 1573-5044. S2CID 401589.
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