Megaceryle: Difference between revisions
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{{Short description|Genus of birds}} |
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{{Taxobox |
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{{Automatic taxobox |
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| taxon = Megaceryle |
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| image = BeltedKingfisher23.jpg |
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| image = Belted Kingfisher.jpg |
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| image_caption = A male [[belted kingfisher]] (''Megaceryle alcyon'') |
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| regnum = [[Animal]]ia |
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| phylum = [[Chordate|Chordata]] |
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| type_species= ''Alcedo guttatus'' |
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| classis = [[Bird|Aves]] |
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| type_species_authority=[[Nicholas Aylward Vigors|Vigors]], 1831 |
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| ordo = [[Coraciiformes]] |
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| familia = [[water kingfisher|Cerylidae]] |
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| subdivision_ranks = Species |
| subdivision_ranks = Species |
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| subdivision = |
| subdivision = |
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''M. maxima ''<br> |
''M. maxima ''<br /> |
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''M. lugubris ''<br> |
''M. lugubris ''<br /> |
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''M. alcyon ''<br> |
''M. alcyon ''<br /> |
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''M. torquata '' |
''M. torquata '' |
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}} |
}} |
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{{cladogram|title=Phylogeny |
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|caption=Cladogram based on Andersen ''et al.'' (2017)<ref>{{ cite journal | last1=Andersen | first1=M.J. | last2=McCullough | first2=J.M. | last3=Mauck III | first3=W.M. | last4=Smith | first4=B.T. | last5=Moyle | first5=R.G. | year=2017 | title=A phylogeny of kingfishers reveals an Indomalayan origin and elevated rates of diversification on oceanic islands | journal=Journal of Biogeography | volume=45 | issue=2 | pages=1–13 | doi=10.1111/jbi.13139 | doi-access= }}</ref> |
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|clades={{clade| style=font-size:90%;line-height:80% |
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|1={{clade |
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|1={{clade |
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|1=[[Giant kingfisher]] |
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|2=[[Crested kingfisher]] |
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}} |
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|2={{clade |
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|1=[[Ringed kingfisher]] |
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|2=[[Belted kingfisher]] |
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}} |
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}} |
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}} |
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}} |
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The genus was erected by German naturalist [[Johann Jakob Kaup]] in 1848.<ref>{{cite journal | last=Kaup | first=Johann Jakob | author-link=Johann Jakob Kaup | year=1848 | title=Die Familie der Eisvögel (Alcedidae) | journal=Verhandlungen des Naturhistorischen Vereins für das Großherzogthum Hessen und Umgebung | volume=2 | page=68 | oclc=183221382 | language=de }}</ref> The [[type species]] is a subspecies of the [[crested kingfisher]], ''Megaceryle lugubris guttulata''.<ref>{{cite book | editor-last=Peters | editor-first=James Lee | editor-link=James L. Peters | year=1945 | title=Check-list of Birds of the World. Volume 5 | volume=5 | publisher=Harvard University Press | place=Cambridge, Massachusetts | page=165 | url=https://biodiversitylibrary.org/page/14480176 }}</ref> ''Megaceryle'' is from the [[Ancient Greek]] ''megas'', "great", and the existing genus ''[[Pied kingfisher|Ceryle]]''.<ref name=job>{{cite book | last= Jobling | first= James A | year= 2010| title= The Helm Dictionary of Scientific Bird Names | url= https://archive.org/details/Helm_Dictionary_of_Scientific_Bird_Names_by_James_A._Jobling | publisher= Christopher Helm | location = London | isbn = 978-1-4081-2501-4 | pages = [https://archive.org/details/Helm_Dictionary_of_Scientific_Bird_Names_by_James_A._Jobling/page/n245 245]}}</ref> |
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==Species== |
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* [[Giant Kingfisher]], ''Megaceryle maxima'' |
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The genus comprises four species:<ref name=ioc>{{cite web| editor1-last=Gill | editor1-first=Frank | editor1-link=Frank Gill (ornithologist) | editor2-last=Donsker | editor2-first=David | year=2017 | title=Rollers, ground rollers & kingfishers | work=World Bird List Version 7.2 | url=http://www.worldbirdnames.org/bow/rollers/ | publisher=International Ornithologists' Union | access-date=17 May 2017 }}</ref> |
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* [[Crested Kingfisher]], ''Megaceryle lugubris'' |
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{| class="wikitable " |
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* [[Belted Kingfisher]], ''Megaceryle alcyon'' |
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* [[Ringed Kingfisher]], ''Megaceryle torquata'' |
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! Image !! Scientific name !! Common name !! Distribution |
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|[[File:Wiki-yamasemi-mesu, crop.jpg|120px]]|| ''M. lugubris'' || [[Crested kingfisher]]||northern India, Bangladesh, northern Indochina, Southeast Asia, and Japan |
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|[[File:Giant Kingfisher, Megaceryle maxima at Walter Sisulu National Botanical Garden, South Africa (33936852084).jpg|120px]]|| ''M. maxima'' || [[Giant kingfisher]]||Liberia to northern Angola and western Tanzania, island of Bioko, Senegal, and Gambia to Ethiopia and south to South Africa |
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|[[File:Ringed Kingfisher Profile.jpg|120px]]|| ''M. torquata'' || [[Ringed kingfisher]]||Southeasternmost Texas in the United States through Central America to Tierra del Fuego in South America |
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|[[File:Megaceryle alcyon femelle.jpg|120px]]|| ''M. alcyon'' || [[Belted kingfisher]]||North America, within Canada, Alaska, and the United States |
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All are specialist fish-eaters with prominent stiff crests on their heads. They have dark grey or bluish-grey upperparts, largely unmarked in the two [[Americas| |
All are specialist fish-eaters with prominent stiff [[Crest (feathers)|crests]] on their heads. They have dark grey or bluish-grey upperparts, largely unmarked in the two [[Americas|American]] species, but heavily spotted with white in the Asian crested kingfisher and the African giant kingfisher. The underparts may be white or rufous, and all forms have a contrasting breast band except male ringed kingfisher. The underpart pattern is always different for the two sexes of each species. |
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These birds nest in horizontal tunnels made in a river bank or sand bank. Both parents excavate the tunnel, [[incubate (bird)|incubate]] the eggs and feed the young. |
These birds nest in horizontal tunnels made in a river bank or sand bank. Both parents excavate the tunnel, [[incubate (bird)|incubate]] the eggs, and feed the young. |
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''Megaceryle'' kingfishers are often seen perched prominently on trees, posts, or other suitable watch-points close to water before plunging in |
''Megaceryle'' kingfishers are often seen perched prominently on trees, posts, or other suitable watch-points close to water before plunging in headfirst after their prey, usually [[fish]], [[crustacean]]s, or [[frog]]s, but sometimes aquatic [[insect]]s and other suitably sized animals. |
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==Origins and taxonomy== |
==Origins and taxonomy== |
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The previous view that the ''Megaceryle'' kingfishers arose in the [[New World]] from a specialist fish-eating [[Alcedinidae| |
The previous view that the ''Megaceryle'' kingfishers arose in the [[New World]] from a specialist fish-eating [[Alcedinidae|alcedinid]] ancestor that crossed the [[Bering Strait]] and gave rise to this genus and the [[American green kingfisher]]s ''Chloroceryle'', with a large crested species later, in the [[Pliocene]], crossing the [[Atlantic Ocean]] to give rise to the giant and crested kingfishers <ref>{{cite book|author=C. H. Fry & Kathie Fry|author2=illustrated by Alan Harris|year=2000|title=Kingfishers, Bee-eaters and Rollers|isbn=0-691-04879-7|publisher=Princeton University Press}}</ref> is probably wrong. Rather, it now seems that the genus probably originates in the Old World, possibly Africa, and the ancestor of the belted and ringed kingfishers made the ocean crossing <ref>{{Cite journal | doi = 10.1642/0004-8038(2006)123[487:AMPOKA]2.0.CO;2 | last1 = Moyle | first1 = Robert G. | year = 2006 | title = A molecular phylogeny of kingfishers (Alcedinidae) with insights into early biogeographic history | journal = [[Auk (journal)|Auk]] | volume = 123 | issue = 2| pages = 487–499 | hdl = 1808/16596 | hdl-access = free }}</ref> |
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The ''Megaceryle'' kingfishers were formerly placed in ''Ceryle'' with the [[ |
The ''Megaceryle'' kingfishers were formerly placed in ''Ceryle'' with the [[pied kingfisher]], but the latter is genetically closer to the American green kingfishers. |
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==References== |
==References== |
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{{Commons category|Megaceryle}} |
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* {{cite book|author=C H Fry & Kathie Fry|coauthors=illustrated by Alan Harris|year=2000|title=Kingfishers, Bee-eaters and Rollers|id=ISBN 0691048797|publisher=Princeton University Press}} |
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{{Reflist}} |
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* Hilty, Steven L. (2002): ''Birds of Venezuela''. ISBN 0-7136-6418-5 |
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* Moyle, Robert G. (2006): A Molecular Phylogeny of Kingfishers (Alcedinidae) With Insights into Early Biogeographic History. ''[[Auk (journal)|Auk]]'' '''123'''(2): 487–499. [http://www.highbeam.com/library/docfree.asp?DOCID=1Y1:93480914&ctrlInfo=Round20%3AMode20a%3ADocG%3AResult&ao= HTML fulltext (without images)] |
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{{Cerylinae}} |
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{{Cavitaves|K.|state=collapsed}} |
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[[Category:megaceryle|*]] |
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{{Taxonbar|from=Q1089134}} |
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[[eo:Krestalcionoj]] |
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[[ |
[[Category:Bird genera]] |
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[[Category:Taxa named by Johann Jakob Kaup]] |
Revision as of 17:18, 1 January 2024
Megaceryle | |
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A male belted kingfisher (Megaceryle alcyon) | |
Scientific classification | |
Domain: | Eukaryota |
Kingdom: | Animalia |
Phylum: | Chordata |
Class: | Aves |
Order: | Coraciiformes |
Family: | Alcedinidae |
Subfamily: | Cerylinae |
Genus: | Megaceryle Kaup, 1848 |
Type species | |
Alcedo guttatus Vigors, 1831
| |
Species | |
M. maxima |
Phylogeny |
Cladogram based on Andersen et al. (2017)[1] |
Megaceryle is a genus of very large kingfishers. They have a wide distribution in the Americas, Africa, and Southeast Asia.
The genus was erected by German naturalist Johann Jakob Kaup in 1848.[2] The type species is a subspecies of the crested kingfisher, Megaceryle lugubris guttulata.[3] Megaceryle is from the Ancient Greek megas, "great", and the existing genus Ceryle.[4]
Species
The genus comprises four species:[5]
Image | Scientific name | Common name | Distribution |
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M. lugubris | Crested kingfisher | northern India, Bangladesh, northern Indochina, Southeast Asia, and Japan | |
M. maxima | Giant kingfisher | Liberia to northern Angola and western Tanzania, island of Bioko, Senegal, and Gambia to Ethiopia and south to South Africa | |
M. torquata | Ringed kingfisher | Southeasternmost Texas in the United States through Central America to Tierra del Fuego in South America | |
M. alcyon | Belted kingfisher | North America, within Canada, Alaska, and the United States |
All are specialist fish-eaters with prominent stiff crests on their heads. They have dark grey or bluish-grey upperparts, largely unmarked in the two American species, but heavily spotted with white in the Asian crested kingfisher and the African giant kingfisher. The underparts may be white or rufous, and all forms have a contrasting breast band except male ringed kingfisher. The underpart pattern is always different for the two sexes of each species.
These birds nest in horizontal tunnels made in a river bank or sand bank. Both parents excavate the tunnel, incubate the eggs, and feed the young.
Megaceryle kingfishers are often seen perched prominently on trees, posts, or other suitable watch-points close to water before plunging in headfirst after their prey, usually fish, crustaceans, or frogs, but sometimes aquatic insects and other suitably sized animals.
Origins and taxonomy
The previous view that the Megaceryle kingfishers arose in the New World from a specialist fish-eating alcedinid ancestor that crossed the Bering Strait and gave rise to this genus and the American green kingfishers Chloroceryle, with a large crested species later, in the Pliocene, crossing the Atlantic Ocean to give rise to the giant and crested kingfishers [6] is probably wrong. Rather, it now seems that the genus probably originates in the Old World, possibly Africa, and the ancestor of the belted and ringed kingfishers made the ocean crossing [7]
The Megaceryle kingfishers were formerly placed in Ceryle with the pied kingfisher, but the latter is genetically closer to the American green kingfishers.
References
- ^ Andersen, M.J.; McCullough, J.M.; Mauck III, W.M.; Smith, B.T.; Moyle, R.G. (2017). "A phylogeny of kingfishers reveals an Indomalayan origin and elevated rates of diversification on oceanic islands". Journal of Biogeography. 45 (2): 1–13. doi:10.1111/jbi.13139.
- ^ Kaup, Johann Jakob (1848). "Die Familie der Eisvögel (Alcedidae)". Verhandlungen des Naturhistorischen Vereins für das Großherzogthum Hessen und Umgebung (in German). 2: 68. OCLC 183221382.
- ^ Peters, James Lee, ed. (1945). Check-list of Birds of the World. Volume 5. Vol. 5. Cambridge, Massachusetts: Harvard University Press. p. 165.
- ^ Jobling, James A (2010). The Helm Dictionary of Scientific Bird Names. London: Christopher Helm. pp. 245. ISBN 978-1-4081-2501-4.
- ^ Gill, Frank; Donsker, David, eds. (2017). "Rollers, ground rollers & kingfishers". World Bird List Version 7.2. International Ornithologists' Union. Retrieved 17 May 2017.
- ^ C. H. Fry & Kathie Fry; illustrated by Alan Harris (2000). Kingfishers, Bee-eaters and Rollers. Princeton University Press. ISBN 0-691-04879-7.
- ^ Moyle, Robert G. (2006). "A molecular phylogeny of kingfishers (Alcedinidae) with insights into early biogeographic history". Auk. 123 (2): 487–499. doi:10.1642/0004-8038(2006)123[487:AMPOKA]2.0.CO;2. hdl:1808/16596.