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{{short description|College of University of Oxford}}
{{dablink|This article is about the college now in Oxford. For other uses [[Manchester College (disambiguation)]]}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2019}}
{{Infobox Oxford college
{{Use British English|date=January 2019}}
| name = Harris Manchester
{{Infobox residential college
| photo = [[Image:HarrisManchesterDusk.jpg|290px|Harris Manchester College, Oxford.]]
| university = [[University of Oxford]]
| colours = {{scarf|start}}{{scarf|end}}
| named_for = [[Lord Harris of Peckham]]
| name = Harris Manchester College
| full_name = Manchester Academy and Harris College
| established = 1786
| abbreviation = HMC
| head_label = Principal
| latin_name = Collegium de Harris et Manchester
| head = The Revd Dr [[Ralph Waller]]
| photo = [[File:Arlosh Quad, Harris Manchester College.jpg|270px]]
| JCR_president = [[Daniel Hansen]]
| alt = Harris Manchester College Arlosh Quad
| undergraduates = 110
| caption = Harris Manchester College Arlosh Quad
| graduates = 40
| scarf = {{scarf|{{Cells|3|#000A29}}{{Cell|#FF8C00}}{{Cells|2|#000A29}}{{Cells|3|#FF1000}}{{Cells|2|#000A29}}{{Cell|#FF8C00}}{{Cells|3|#000A29}}}}
| latitude = 51.755758
| motto_Latin = Veritas Libertas Pietas
| longitude = -1.252044
| motto_English = Truth, Freedom, Piety
| homepage = [http://www.hmc.ox.ac.uk Home page]
| named_after = [[Philip Harris, Baron Harris of Peckham]]
| boat_club =
| architect = [[Thomas Worthington (architect)|Thomas Worthington]]
| established = {{start date and age|1786}}
| previous_names = [[Warrington Academy]], Manchester Academy and Manchester College
| location = [[Mansfield Road, Oxford|Mansfield Road]] ([https://www.ox.ac.uk/visitors/map map])
| sister_college = [[Homerton College, Cambridge]]
| principal = Professor [[Jane Shaw]]<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.ox.ac.uk/news/2018-02-28-stanford%E2%80%99s-jane-shaw-be-new-principal-harris-manchester-college |title= Stanford's Jane Shaw to be the new Principal of Harris Manchester College}}</ref>
| senior_tutor = Professor Lesley Smith<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.hmc.ox.ac.uk/people/professor-lesley-smith/ |title= Professor Lesley Smith}}</ref>
| undergraduates = 113<ref>{{cite web|title=Student statistics|publisher=University of Oxford|url=https://public.tableau.com/views/UniversityofOxford-StudentStatistics/CollegeBreakdown?%3Aembed=y&%3Adisplay_count=yes&%3AshowTabs=y&%3AshowVizHome=no#3|date=2020|access-date=22 January 2021}}</ref> (2020)
| graduates = 178 (2020)
| endowment = £14.1&nbsp;million <small>(2018)</small><ref name="harrismanchester1718">{{cite web|url=http://d307gmaoxpdmsg.cloudfront.net/collegeaccounts1718/Harris_Manchester.pdf|title=Harris Manchester College : Annual Report and Financial Statements : Year ended 31 July 2018|website=ox.ac.uk|page=20|access-date=5 March 2019}}</ref>| coordinates = {{coord|51.755758|-1.252044|display=inline,title}}
| location_map = Oxford (central)
| shield = [[File:Coat Of Arms of Harris Manchester College Oxford.svg|135px]]
| blazon = Gules two torches inflamed in saltire proper, on a chief argent, between two roses of the field barbed and seeded, an open book also proper.
| homepage = {{URL|https://www.hmc.ox.ac.uk}}
| JCR = {{URL|https://hmcjcr.co.uk/}}
}}
}}
'''Harris Manchester College''' is one of the [[Colleges of the University of Oxford|constituent colleges]] of the [[University of Oxford]] in the [[United Kingdom]]. Formerly known as '''Manchester College''', it is listed in the University Statutes (V.1) as '''Manchester Academy and Harris College''', and at University ceremonies it is called '''''Collegium de Harris et Manchester'''''.
'''Harris Manchester College''' ('''HMC''') is one of the [[Colleges of the University of Oxford|constituent colleges]] of the [[University of Oxford]] in the United Kingdom. It was founded in [[Warrington]] in 1757 as a college for [[Unitarianism|Unitarian]] students and moved to Oxford in 1893. It became a full college of the university in 1996, taking its current name to commemorate its predecessor the Manchester Academy and a benefaction by [[Lord Harris of Peckham]].

Located in [[Mansfield Road, Oxford|Mansfield Road]] in central [[Oxford]], Harris Manchester is one of very few mixed-sex Higher Education colleges in the UK whose undergraduate places are exclusively for mature students (aged 21 or over). It is the smallest of the constituent colleges of the University of Oxford, and as of 2006 had an estimated [[financial endowment]] of £7 million.<ref>[http://www.btinternet.com/~akme/OXCpress.html Oxford College Endowment Incomes, 1973-2006] (updated July 2007)</ref>


The college's postgraduate and undergraduate places are exclusively for students aged 21 years or over. With around 100 [[undergraduates]] and 150 [[postgraduates]], Harris Manchester is the smallest undergraduate college in either of the [[Oxbridge]] universities.


== History ==
== History ==
The college started as the Manchester Academy in [[Manchester]] in 1786.<ref name=OxFlier>[http://www.ox.ac.uk/admissions/postgraduate_courses/college_guide/harris_manchester.html University of Oxford]: Graduate Studies Prospectus - Last updated 17 Sep 08</ref> Originally run by English [[Presbyterians]], it was one of the few remaining [[English Dissenters|dissenting academies]] that provided religious nonconformists with education. At the time, nonconformists were denied admission to Oxford and Cambridge.


=== Foundation and relocation ===
The Manchester Academy went back to the well-known [[Warrington Academy]]. It taught radical theology as well as modern subjects, such as science, modern languages, language, or history. This did not mean that the classics were neglected.
[[File:WarringtonAcademy.jpg|left|thumb|Warrington Academy]]
The college started as the [[Warrington Academy]] in 1757 where its teachers included [[Joseph Priestley]],<ref name=":0">{{Cite web|title=About the College - History|url=http://www.hmc.ox.ac.uk/pages/default.asp?id=5|publisher=Harris Manchester College, University of Oxford|access-date=May 11, 2015|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150421190829/http://www.hmc.ox.ac.uk/pages/default.asp?id=5|archive-date=April 21, 2015}}</ref> before being refounded as the Manchester Academy in [[Manchester]] in 1786.<ref name=OxFlier>[http://www.ox.ac.uk/admissions/postgraduate_courses/college_guide/harris_manchester.html University of Oxford] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140807005730/http://www.ox.ac.uk/admissions/postgraduate_courses/college_guide/harris_manchester.html |date=7 August 2014 }}: Graduate Studies Prospectus - Last updated 17 Sep 08</ref> Originally run by [[English Presbyterianism|English Presbyterians]], it was one of several [[dissenting academies]] that provided [[English Dissenters|religious nonconformists]] with [[higher education]], as at the time the only universities in England&nbsp;– Oxford and Cambridge&nbsp;– were restricted to [[Anglicans]]. It taught radical theology as well as modern subjects, such as science, modern languages, language, and history; as well as the classics. Its most famous professor was [[John Dalton]], developer of [[atomic theory]].<ref>{{Cite book |last=Davis |first=V.D. |url=https://www.unitarian.org.uk/wp-content/uploads/2021/01/1932_Manchester_College.pdf |title=A History of Manchester College: From its Foundation in Manchester to its Establishment in Oxford |publisher=[[Allen & Unwin|George Allen & Unwin Ltd]] |year=1932 |edition=1st |location=London |pages=63 |language=en-gb}}</ref>


The college changed its location five times before settling in Oxford. It was located in Manchester between 1786 and 1803. It moved to [[York]] until 1840. It was located at 38 Monkgate, just outside Monkbar; later this was the first building of the [[York St John University|College of Ripon and York St John]] (now York St John University). The key person in York was [[Charles Wellbeloved]], a [[Unitarianism|Unitarian]] minister, after whom a function room in the college is named. Because he would not move to Manchester, the college moved to York to have him as head. At first he taught all subjects, but hired additional tutors after a year. He always worked hard and several times his health broke. Wellbeloved did not allow the school to be called Unitarian because he wanted students to have an open mind and to discover the truth for themselves. In 1809 he wrote to [[George William Wood|George Wood]],{{blockquote|I do not and will not teach Unitarianism or any ism but [[Christianism]]. I will endeavour to teach the students how to study the [[Scripture]]—nice if they find Unitarianism there—well if [[animism]]—well if [[Trinitarianism]]—well, only let them find something for themselves.}}
The college changed its location five times before settling in Oxford.


Under Wellbeloved's principalship 235 students were educated at the college: 121 [[divinity]] students and 114 laymen. Of the former, 30 did not enter the ministry and five entered the Anglican priesthood. Among the lay students were scholars, public servants, businessmen, and notable men in the arts. The majority was Unitarian.{{citation needed|date=March 2021}}
* It was located in Manchester between 1786 and 1803.
* It then moved to [[York]] where it stayed until 1840. The key person in York was [[Charles Wellbeloved]], a [[Unitarian minister]]. Its location was at [[Blenheim House]], 13 [[Monkgate]], just outside [[Monkbar]]. The House was later used as the first building of the [[York St John University|College of Ripon and York St John]] (now York St John University), and was demolished in 1939. {{Fact|date=February 2007}}
: Because Wellbeloved would not move to Manchester, the college moved to York to have him as head. At first he taught all subjects. He hired additional tutors after a year. He always worked hard and several times his health broke. In 1840, when age forced him to retire, the college moved back to Manchester.<ref>http://www.uua.org/uuhs/duub/articles/charleswellbeloved.html</ref>
:Wellbeloved did not allow the school to be called Unitarian because he wanted students to have an open mind and to discover the truth for themselves. In 1809 he wrote to George Wood,
<blockquote>"I do not and will not teach Unitarianism or any ism but Christianism. I will endeavour to teach the students how to study the Scripture—nice if they find Unitarianism there—well if animism—well if Trinitarianism—well, only let them find something for themselves."
</blockquote>
Under Wellbeloved's Principalship 235 students were educated at the college. Divinity students numbered 121 and laymen 114. Of the divinity students 30 did not enter the ministry and 5 entered the Anglican priesthood. Among the lay students were scholars, public servants, notable people in the arts and businessmen. The majority was Unitarian. Among the distinguished Unitarian students were [[James Martineau]] (later Principal), [[William Gaskell]], [[Philip Pearsall Carpenter]], [[John James Tayler]] (later Principal), [[Joseph Hunter (antiquarian)|Joseph Hunter]], [[Joseph Hutton]], [[William Raynor Wood]], [[Daniel Jones]], [[William Turner, Jr.]], [[James Yates (unitarian)|James Yates]], [[Robert Wallace]] (later Principal), [[Mark Philips]] (prominent Member of Parliament), and [[Edward Worthington]].


In 1840, when age forced him to retire, the college moved back to Manchester, where it stayed until 1853.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.uua.org/uuhs/duub/articles/charleswellbeloved.html|title=Charles Wellbeloved|website=uua.org|access-date=2006-09-24|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060922184702/http://www.uua.org/uuhs/duub/articles/charleswellbeloved.html|archive-date=2006-09-22|url-status=dead}}</ref> In 1840, the college started an association with the [[University of London]], and gained the right to present students for degrees from London. Between 1853 and 1889 the college was located in [[London]], in [[University Hall, Gordon Square]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.british-history.ac.uk/report.aspx?compid=65182|title=University Hall (Dr. Williams' Library), Gordon Square - British History Online|website=www.british-history.ac.uk}}</ref> From London it moved to Oxford, opening its new buildings in 1893.<ref name="Smith 1986">{{cite book |editor1-last=Smith |editor1-first=Barbara |title=Truth, Liberty, Religion: Essays celebrating Two Hundred Years of Manchester College |date=1986 |publisher=Manchester College |location=Oxford |isbn=0950871516 |page=xxiii}}</ref> In Oxford, the Unitarian Manchester College was viewed with alarm by orthodox Anglicans. [[William Sanday (theologian)|William Sanday]] was warned that his presence at the official opening of 'an institution which professedly allows such fundamental Christian truths as the Holy Trinity and the Incarnation to be treated as open questions' would 'tend to the severance of the friendly relation subsisting between the university and the Church'.<ref>{{Cite book|last=Howarth|first=Janet|url=https://ezproxy-prd.bodleian.ox.ac.uk:2196/view/10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199510177.001.0001/acprof-9780199510177-chapter-25?rskey=JfgJH9&result=3#acprof-9780199510177-note-2776|title=The History of the University of Oxford: Volume VII: Nineteenth-Century Oxford, Part 2|publisher=[[Clarendon Press]]|date=2000-11-16|isbn=9780199510177|editor-last=Brock|editor-first=Michael George|chapter=The Self-Governing University, 1882–1914|access-date=2021-03-26|editor-last2=Curthoys|editor-first2=Mark}}</ref>
* The college moved back from York to Manchester in 1840. It stayed there until 1853.
* Between 1853 and 1889 the college was located in [[London]]
* From London it moved to Oxford, opening its new buildings designed by [[Unitarianism|Unitarian]] architect [[Thomas Worthington (architect)|Thomas Worthington]] in 1893. In 1840, the college started an association with the [[University of London]], and gained the right to present degrees from London.


=== Social reform ===
Harris Manchester College was granted ''[[Permanent Private Hall]]'' status in 1990. It was only in 1996 that the college became a full college of Oxford University.
[[File:Harris Manchester College Motto.jpg|thumb|College Motto inscribed above Main Building entrance (2021)]]
In its early days, the college supported reforming causes, such as the [[Abolitionism in the United Kingdom|abolition of slavery]] (1778), and the [[Sacramental Test Act 1828|repeal of the Test Act]] (1828) and the [[Corporation Act 1661|Corporation Act]] (1828). In 1922 the principal, [[L.P. Jacks]], hosted [[Rudolf Steiner]] to present a conference on [[alternative education]] and the model [[Waldorf school]] at [[Stuttgart]], [[Germany]] which led to the establishment of such schools in [[United Kingdom|Britain]].<ref>Paull, John (2011) [http://www.academia.edu/9168722/Rudolf_Steiner_and_the_Oxford_Conference_The_birth_of_Waldorf_education_in_Britain Rudolf Steiner and the Oxford Conference: The Birth of Waldorf Education in Britain]. European Journal of Educational Studies, 3 (1): 53–66.</ref>
In the 1920s and 1930s, the college provided courses for the [[Workers' Educational Association]].{{citation needed|date=March 2021}}


Women were permitted to attend some lectures in college from 1876, and in 1877, the college set up a series of examinations in theology, which could be taken by women as well as men.<ref>Communication from Susan Killoran, college librarian</ref> In 1901, [[Gertrude von Petzold]] graduated from her training at Manchester College to become a minister in the [[Unitarian Universalism|Unitarian]] church- the first woman to be qualified as a minister in England.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.unitarian.org.uk/sites/default/files/documents/files/Documents/Worship_Pack/2012_GertrudeVonPetzold_WorshipPack.pdf|title=Gertrude von Petzold}}</ref> This was possible despite the fact that Oxford University did not formally accept female students or award them degrees until 1920 because Manchester College was at that time associated with the [[University of London]], which in 1878 became the first UK university to award degrees to women.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://london.ac.uk/about-us/history-university-london|title=History of University of London|work=University of London|access-date=2018-05-04|language=en}}</ref>
[[Image:HarrisManchesterQuadLawn.jpg|thumb|The Quad lawn, Harris Manchester College, Oxford]]
Today the college focuses on mature students (i.e. for those above the age of 21), both for undergraduate and graduate studies. The college tries to continue its liberal and pioneering ethos; considering its mature student focus as a modern means of providing higher education to those that have, in the past, been excluded from it. In its early days, the College supported reforming causes, such as the repeal of the Test and Corporation Acts and the abolition of [[slavery]]. In 1901 the College was the first academic institution in Britain to accept a woman candidate for the [[Nonconformist]] ministry. In the 1920s and 30s the College provided courses for the [[Workers' Educational Association]] (W.E.A.).


=== World War II ===
Harris Manchester College is also the base for the [[Farmington Institute for Christian Studies]] which sponsors the ongoing training of teachers of [[Religious Education]].
Manchester College played a significant part in the planning of the [[Normandy landings|D-Day landings]] on 6 June 1944. The [[Ministry of Works (United Kingdom)|Ministry of Works and Buildings]] requisitioned most of the college's buildings on 17 October 1941 to facilitate the [[Naval Intelligence Department (United Kingdom)|Naval Intelligence]] and the [[Inter-Services Topographic Department]] (ISTD). ISTD operations focussed on gathering of topographical intelligence for the day when the [[Allies of World War II|Allies]] would return to continental Europe.<ref name=":1">{{Cite web|last=Killoran|first=Sue|date=2017-06-04|title=Harris Manchester College and the D-Day Landings|url=http://www.hmc.ox.ac.uk/news/harris-manchester-college-and-the-d-day-landings/|access-date=2021-03-26|website=hmc.ox.ac.uk}}</ref>

Departments were divided between Oxford and Cambridge, but it was the ISTD section in Manchester College which planned [[Operation Overlord]], known as the D-Day landings. The college's Arlosh Hall served as the main centre of operations, with [[Nissen hut]]s and tents put up in the quads. Among various other sources, the nearby School of Geography of the university supplied the ISTD with many maps and charts which proved an essential part in the success of the invasion.<ref name=":1" /><ref>{{Cite news|date=2014-09-27|title='Royalty' meet as college remembers D-Day role|work=[[Oxford Mail]]|url=https://www.oxfordmail.co.uk/news/11499907.royalty-meet-college-remembers-d-day-role/|access-date=2021-03-26}}</ref>

=== Modern day ===
[[File:Harris Manchester College.jpg|alt=|thumb|College's Mansfield Road facade (2014)]]
Manchester College became a [[permanent private hall]] of Oxford University in 1990 and subsequently a full [[constituent college]], being granted a royal charter in 1996.<ref>[http://www.hmc.ox.ac.uk/pages/default.asp?id=5 www.hmc.ox.ac.uk] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150421190829/http://www.hmc.ox.ac.uk/pages/default.asp?id=5 |date=2015-04-21 }}</ref> At the same time, it changed its name to Harris Manchester College in recognition of a benefaction by [[Philip Harris, Baron Harris of Peckham]]. Formerly known as Manchester College, it is listed in the University Statutes (V.1) as Manchester Academy and Harris College, and at university ceremonies it is called ''Collegium de Harris et Manchester''.{{citation needed|date=March 2021}}

Today the college only accepts students over the age of 21, both for undergraduate and graduate studies. The college tries to continue its liberal and pioneering ethos, considering its mature student focus as a modern means of providing higher education to those that have been excluded from it in the past.{{citation needed|date=March 2021}}

The college houses several research centres, including the Commercial Law Centre, directed by Kristin van Zwieten, Clifford Chance Professor of Law and Finance, which engages in research in all aspects of national, international, transnational and comparative law relating to commerce and finance;<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.hmc.ox.ac.uk/commercial-law-centre/ |title= Commercial Law Centre}}</ref> and the Wellbeing Research Centre, directed by [[Jan-Emmanuel De Neve]], which applies interdisciplinary research and teaching on well-being at Oxford.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://wellbeing.hmc.ox.ac.uk/home |title= University of Oxford Wellbeing Research Centre}}</ref>

== Buildings ==
The main quad was designed by architect [[Thomas Worthington (architect)|Thomas Worthington]], and built between 1889 and 1893. It houses the Tate Library and the chapel. The Arlosh hall, designed by [[Percy Worthington]], was added in 1913.<ref name="Unitarian Heritage">{{cite web|last1=Hague|first1=Graham|last2=Hague|first2=Judy|url=https://www.unitarian.org.uk/sites/default/files/1986_Unitarian_Heritage.pdf|title=The Unitarian Heritage|page=90|publisher=Unitarian Heritage|access-date=18 February 2019}}</ref> The college also has several newer buildings to the West of the main quad. In 2013–2014 the Siew-Sngiem Clock Tower & Sukum Navapan Gate were added to the Arlosh quad.<ref>{{cite web|title=Harris Manchester College Siew-Sngiem Clock Tower and Sukum Navapan Gate|url=http://www.knowlesandson.co.uk/portfolio_item/harris-manchester-college-siew-sngiem-clock-tower-and-navapan-gate/#|publisher=Knowles & Son|access-date=9 October 2014|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141020204850/http://www.knowlesandson.co.uk/portfolio_item/harris-manchester-college-siew-sngiem-clock-tower-and-navapan-gate/|archive-date=20 October 2014|df=dmy-all}}</ref> The inscription on the tower "It is later than you think, but it is never too late", refers to the role of the college in educating mature students.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.ft.com/content/edc85618-91af-11e8-9609-3d3b945e78cf |title= An Oxford Undergraduate Again - in my late 50s|newspaper= Financial Times|date= 2 August 2018}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.english.ox.ac.uk/article/its-never-too-late |title= It's Never Too Late: Mature student Sue writes about her journey to Oxford}}</ref>

In 2018 a new building named Maevadi Hall was completed after two years of construction. It is situated to the west of the Arlosh Hall and contains a conference room, student accommodation and a student social area.{{citation needed|date=March 2021}}

=== Chapel ===
[[File:Harris Manchester College Chapel Interior 1, Oxford, UK - Diliff.jpg|alt=|thumb|Interior of chapel]]
The chapel designed by "Worthington and Elgood" was inaugurated in 1893. The chapel is notable for its stained-glass windows by the Pre-Raphaelite artists Sir [[Edward Burne-Jones]] and [[William Morris]], as well as its ornate wood carvings and organ, which was painted by [[Morris & Co.|Morris and Co]]. Seating in the chapel consisted of individual chairs until pews were added in 1897. The oak screen was added in 1896 and the original windows were made of plain glass until the installation of stained glass windows in 1895 and 1899.<ref>{{Cite web|title=About the Chapel|url=http://www.hmc.ox.ac.uk/discover/our-chapel/about-the-chapel/|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200113193601/http://www.hmc.ox.ac.uk/discover/our-chapel/about-the-chapel/|archive-date=2020-01-13|access-date=2020-08-09|website=Harris Manchester College|language=en}}</ref>

Particularly noteworthy are the stained glass windows on the north wall of the chapel, which were installed in 1896 and depict the [[Genesis creation narrative|Six Days of Creation]]. These were donated by James and Isabella Arlosh in memory of their son Godfrey.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Stained Glass|url=http://www.hmc.ox.ac.uk/discover/our-chapel/stained-glass/|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200725171430/http://www.hmc.ox.ac.uk/discover/our-chapel/stained-glass/|archive-date=2020-07-25|access-date=2020-08-09|website=Harris Manchester College}}</ref> The Unitarian-affiliated Manchester College Oxford Chapel Society meets in the college chapel on Sundays. The society is affiliated to the [[General Assembly of Unitarian and Free Christian Churches]].{{citation needed|date=March 2021}}

=== The Tate Library ===
[[File:Library_From_Gallery.jpg|thumb|Library gallery]]
Despite being one of the smallest colleges of [[Oxford University]], Harris Manchester boasts the sixth largest college library and offers the best student population to book ratio.{{citation needed|date=April 2020}} It houses a collection of books and manuscripts dating back to the fifteenth century and is famous for its antiquarian books, tract collection, and library of Protestant Dissent.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.hmc.ox.ac.uk/library/specialcollections/ |title=Archived copy |access-date=2021-03-26}}</ref> The Tate Library was built by [[Henry Tate|Sir Henry Tate]], the benefactor behind London's Tate Gallery. The library was expanded in 2011 with the addition of a gallery, designed to blend in with the Victorian Gothic architecture. The library is well stocked in all the major subjects offered by the college including English Literature, Philosophy, Theology, Politics, Economics, Law, History and Medicine. It also holds a significant collection on the history of Protestant dissent in England and is home to the Carpenter Library of World Religions, donated to the college by its former principal, [[Joseph Estlin Carpenter|J. Estlin Carpenter.]]{{citation needed|date=March 2021}}

Harris Manchester College is located 200 metres from the [[Bodleian Library]], the main research library of [[Oxford University]], as well as the English, History, Social Sciences, and Law faculty libraries.{{citation needed|date=March 2021}}


== Student life ==
== Student life ==
Despite the small student body, the college offers a wide array of courses. Many undergraduate tutorials are carried out in the college, though for some specialist papers undergraduates may be sent to tutors in other colleges.{{citation needed|date=March 2021}} Members are generally expected to dine in the Arlosh Hall, where there is a twice-weekly formal dinner on Mondays and Wednesdays at which students dress in jackets, ties, and gowns.{{citation needed|date=March 2021}}
[[Image:HarrisManchesterLibrary.jpg|thumb|The Library, Harris Manchester College, Oxford]]
[[Image:HarrisManchesterChapel.jpg|thumb|The Chapel Carvings, Harris Manchester College, Oxford]]
Despite the small student body, the college offers a wide array of courses and has a very international atmosphere. Most undergraduate tutorials are carried out in the college, though for some specialist papers undergraduates may be sent to tutors in other colleges.


=== Sports ===
Members are generally expected to dine in the Arlosh Hall, where there is a twice-weekly formal dinner at which grace is always recited and students dress in jackets, ties, and gowns.
Although the college does not have its own sports ground, it consistently enters women's and men's teams into the university leagues, and members routinely join teams from other colleges. The college has a punt, The Royle Yacht, and a croquet lawn.


In recent years the college's [[ice hockey]] team has been successful, once winning second place in the intercollegiate [[cuppers]] tournament, with the Basketball team winning third place in its intercollegiate [[cuppers]] tournament the year before. There is also an active pool team and a thriving squash club.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.oupsc.co.uk/mens-pool/pool-league|title=College Pool League - Oxford University Pool & Snooker Club|website=www.oupsc.co.uk}}</ref>
Aside from the College punt, The Royle Yacht, and a croquet lawn and fishing fountain, the college has no real sports facilities. However, the College is collectively a member of a central Oxford gym and health club to which members of the college have free access. In recent years the college's [[basketball]] team has been exceptionally successful, winning third place in the intercollegiate [[cuppers]] tournament last year. Moreover, Harris Manchester also has an affiliation with neighbouring [[Wadham College]] for those interested in rowing and other popular sports.


Harris Manchester also has an affiliation with neighbouring [[Wadham College]] for those interested in becoming members of [[Wadham College Boat Club]], which came in second in the 2012 Women's [[Torpids]] and [[Summer VIIIs]], and saw both the First and Second Men's boats winning blades.{{citation needed|date=March 2021}}
The college boasts one of the largest, if not the largest, specialist non-conformist college theological libraries in Oxford - it owns approximately 70,000 items. The collection has been built up and developed over the two hundred years of the College's existence. It includes a range of artefacts, an antiquarian book collection, and a large collection of manuscripts relating to the college and a specialist collection relating to the Non Conformist and Dissenting movement in England.


=== Junior Common Room (JCR) Bar ===
The college is also the home of a chapel with ornate wood carvings, an organ, and notable stained-glass windows by Sir [[Edward Burne-Jones]] and [[William Morris]].
Harris Manchester has one of the three remaining student run college bars in Oxford (the others being [[Balliol College]] and [[St Cross College, Oxford|St Cross College]]).<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.hmc.ox.ac.uk/userFiles/File/PDF/JCR%20Constitution%20HT%202009a.pdf |title=Archived copy |access-date=2014-02-04 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150924030801/http://www.hmc.ox.ac.uk/userFiles/File/PDF/JCR%20Constitution%20HT%202009a.pdf |archive-date=2015-09-24 |url-status=dead }}</ref> The common room is decorated with [[William Morris]] wallpaper.{{citation needed|date=March 2021}}


== Academics/teachers ==
== Gallery ==
<gallery mode="packed" widths="600" heights="130">
* [[Ralph Waller]]
File:Harris Manchester College, Oxford – Siew-Sngiem Clock Tower and Sukum Navapan Gate.jpg|Siew-Sngiem Clock Tower and Sukum Navapan Gate
* [[Joseph Priestley]]
File:Harris Manchester College library.jpg|Tate Library
* [[John Dalton]]
File:Harris Manchester College Chapel Interior 2, Oxford, UK - Diliff.jpg|Stained-glass windows of chapel
* [[William Gaskell]]
File:Harris-53.jpg|College grounds
* [[L. P. Jacks]]
File:Arlosh Hall interior.jpg|Dining hall
* [[Francis William Newman]]
File:Harris-47.jpg|Exterior of chapel
* [[James Martineau]]
</gallery>
* [[Sir Sarvepalli Radhakrishnan]]


==JCR Presidents==
== Notable people ==
<gallery class="center" caption="Notable people associated with Harris Manchester College">
* Current: Daniel Hansen
File:Priestley.jpg|[[Joseph Priestley]], (Warrington Academy) Credited with discovery of oxygen
* 2008-9: [[Karen Harrison]]
File:Thomas Robert Malthus Wellcome L0069037 (Portrait).jpg|[[Thomas Robert Malthus|Thomas Malthus]], (Warrington Academy), British political economist
* 2007-2008: Alexander Eastlake
File:James Martineau by Elliott & Fry, c1860s-crop.jpg|[[James Martineau]] (Manchester College, York), English religious philosopher
* 2007: Toby Fell-Holden
File:Ren. Gertrud von Petzold LCCN2014685377 (cropped).jpg|[[Gertrude von Petzold]] (Manchester College), First woman church minister in England
* 2006-2007: David Landy
File:Tope folarin 4011886.JPG|[[Tope Folarin]] (Harris Manchester College), Nigerian-American writer
File:INGRID BETANCOURT IN PISA.jpg|[[Íngrid Betancourt]] (Harris Manchester College), Colombian senator and anti-corruption activist
</gallery>

=== Principals ===
{{Main|List of Principals of Harris Manchester College, Oxford}}
Since 2018 the principal of the college has been the historian, Professor [[Jane Shaw]].

=== People associated with Harris Manchester ===
{{columns-list|colwidth=30em|
* [[William James]], Philosopher, lectured here in 1909. Lectures published in The Pluralistic Universe.
* [[Lupton family|Joseph Lupton]], President of Manchester New College
* [[James Martineau]], President of Manchester New College (1869–1885)
* [[Peter Finch Martineau]], Vice-President of the college (1815–1834)
* [[Francis William Newman]], Classics Professor at Manchester New College
* [[Thomas Percival]], English physician, one of first students enrolled at Warrington Academy
* [[Joseph Priestley]], Credited with discovery of oxygen, tutor at the Warrington Academy
* [[John James Tayler]], Unitarian Minister, Classical Tutor at Manchester College, York
* [[Charles Wellbeloved]], Principal of Manchester College, York (1803–1840)
}}

=== Fellows of the College ===
{{further|:Category:Fellows of Harris Manchester College, Oxford}}
{{columns-list|colwidth=30em|
* [[Roger Bannister]], first man to run a sub-four-minute mile
* [[Peter Cruddas]], former Conservative party co-treasurer
* [[Jan-Emmanuel De Neve]], Professor of Economics and Business
* [[Louise Gullifer]], [[Rouse Ball Professor of English Law]] at [[Cambridge University|Cambridge]]
* [[Andrew D. Hamilton]], President of New York University
* [[Geoffrey Ma]], Chief Justice of the Court of Final Appeal of Hong Kong
* [[Alister McGrath]], Professor in Science and Religion
* [[Helen McShane]], British infectious disease physician
* [[Terezinha Nunes]], psychologist and Professor of Educational Studies
* [[Raymond Plant, Baron Plant of Highfield]]
* [[Kate Pretty]] CBE, former Principal of Homerton College, Cambridge
* [[Jane Shaw]], Professor of the History of Religion
* [[William L. Swing]], Director-General of the International Organization for Migration
* [[Janina Ramirez]], art historian and TV presenter
}}

=== Alumni ===
{{columns-list|colwidth=30em|
* [[Íngrid Betancourt]], Colombian politician, former senator and anti-corruption activist
* Sir [[Edward Henry Busk]], Vice Chancellor of the University of London, Fellow of [[University College, London]], and a Member of the Governing Body of [[Imperial College]]
* [[Satveer Chaudhary]], Minnesota state legislator.
* [[Jocelyn Davies]], Member of the Welsh Parliament
* [[Zoe de Toledo]], Silver Medalist, 2016 Summer Olympics, Rowing W8+
* [[V. A. Demant]], Regius Professor of Moral and Pastoral Theology and Canon of Christ Church, Oxford, member of the [[Wolfenden report|Wolfenden Committee]]
* [[Tope Folarin]], Nigerian-American writer, winner of the 2013 Caine Prize for African Writing
* [[Deborah Frances-White]], comedian
* [[Sandra Gregory]]
* [[Karen Harrison]], first female train driver in Britain and first woman to preside over the ASLEF Annual Assembly of Delegates
* [[Bryan Kelly]], composer
* [[Timothy Mason (playwright)]], American author
* [[Albert McElroy]], chair of the Northern Ireland Labour Party
* [[Maurizio Molinari]], journalist, writer, and foreign correspondent, Editor-in-Chief of ''[[la Repubblica]]''
* [[Vivien Noakes]], expert on [[Edward Lear]] and the literature of World War I, fellow of the [[Royal Society of Literature]], lecturer at Harvard University and the [[Yale Center for British Art]]
* [[Gertrude von Petzold]], First woman to be appointed for church ministry in England
* [[Oliver Popplewell]], judge of the High Court of England and Wales
* [[Joe Roff]], international rugby player
* [[Lanto Sheridan]], international polo player
* [[Jeffrey K. Tulis]], American political scientist
* [[Dwayne Whylly]], Bahamas national football team goalkeeper
* [[Lord Nicholas Windsor]]
}}

== See also ==
* [[List of dissenting academies (19th century)]]
*[[Warrington Academy]]
*[[Colleges of the University of Oxford|College of the University of Oxford]]


== References ==
== References ==
{{reflist}}
{{reflist|30em}}

== Further reading ==
* {{cite book |last1=Davis |first1=V.D. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=pxJDAAAAIAAJ |title=A History of Manchester College: From Its Foundation in Manchester to Its Establishment in Oxford |publisher=George Allen & Unwin Ltd. |year=1932 |isbn= |location=London |ref=none}}
* {{cite book |last1=Schulman |first1=Frank |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=qP4mAQAAIAAJ |title=A Fine Victorian Gentleman: The Life and Times of Charles Wellbeloved |publisher=Harris Manchester College |year=1999 |isbn=0953484912 |location=Oxford |ref=none}}


== External links ==
== External links ==
{{Commons category}}
* [http://www.hmc.ox.ac.uk/ Harris Manchester College official website]
* [http://harrismanchesterjcr.wordpress.com/ Harris Manchester College JCR]
* {{Official website|https://www.hmc.ox.ac.uk/|Harris Manchester College official website}}
* [https://www.ox.ac.uk/admissions/undergraduate/colleges/college-listing/harris-manchester-college/harris-manchester-college-virtual-tour?wssl=1 Virtual tour]


{{University of Oxford}}
{{University_of_Oxford}}


{{Authority control}}
[[Category:1786 establishments]]
[[Category:Colleges of the University of Oxford]]
[[Category:Educational institutions established in the 1780s]]
[[Category:Harris Manchester College, Oxford|Harris Manchester College]]


[[cy:Coleg Harris Manchester, Rhydychen]]
[[Category:Harris Manchester College, Oxford| ]]
[[Category:1786 establishments in England]]
[[es:Harris Manchester College]]
[[fr:Harris Manchester College (Oxford)]]
[[Category:Colleges of the University of Oxford]]
[[Category:Educational institutions established in 1786]]
[[ja:ハリス・マンチェスター・カレッジ (オックスフォード大学)]]
[[Category:Buildings and structures of the University of Oxford]]

Latest revision as of 14:30, 5 March 2024

Harris Manchester College
University of Oxford
Harris Manchester College Arlosh Quad
Arms: Gules two torches inflamed in saltire proper, on a chief argent, between two roses of the field barbed and seeded, an open book also proper.
                         
LocationMansfield Road (map)
Coordinates51°45′21″N 1°15′07″W / 51.755758°N 1.252044°W / 51.755758; -1.252044
Full nameManchester Academy and Harris College
Latin nameCollegium de Harris et Manchester
AbbreviationHMC
MottoVeritas Libertas Pietas (Latin)
Motto in EnglishTruth, Freedom, Piety
Established1786; 238 years ago (1786)
Named afterPhilip Harris, Baron Harris of Peckham
Previous namesWarrington Academy, Manchester Academy and Manchester College
ArchitectThomas Worthington
Sister collegeHomerton College, Cambridge
PrincipalProfessor Jane Shaw[1]
Undergraduates113[2] (2020)
Postgraduates178 (2020)
Senior tutorProfessor Lesley Smith[3]
Endowment£14.1 million (2018)[4]
Websitewww.hmc.ox.ac.uk
JCRhmcjcr.co.uk
Map
Harris Manchester College, Oxford is located in Oxford city centre
Harris Manchester College, Oxford
Location in Oxford city centre

Harris Manchester College (HMC) is one of the constituent colleges of the University of Oxford in the United Kingdom. It was founded in Warrington in 1757 as a college for Unitarian students and moved to Oxford in 1893. It became a full college of the university in 1996, taking its current name to commemorate its predecessor the Manchester Academy and a benefaction by Lord Harris of Peckham.

The college's postgraduate and undergraduate places are exclusively for students aged 21 years or over. With around 100 undergraduates and 150 postgraduates, Harris Manchester is the smallest undergraduate college in either of the Oxbridge universities.

History[edit]

Foundation and relocation[edit]

Warrington Academy

The college started as the Warrington Academy in 1757 where its teachers included Joseph Priestley,[5] before being refounded as the Manchester Academy in Manchester in 1786.[6] Originally run by English Presbyterians, it was one of several dissenting academies that provided religious nonconformists with higher education, as at the time the only universities in England – Oxford and Cambridge – were restricted to Anglicans. It taught radical theology as well as modern subjects, such as science, modern languages, language, and history; as well as the classics. Its most famous professor was John Dalton, developer of atomic theory.[7]

The college changed its location five times before settling in Oxford. It was located in Manchester between 1786 and 1803. It moved to York until 1840. It was located at 38 Monkgate, just outside Monkbar; later this was the first building of the College of Ripon and York St John (now York St John University). The key person in York was Charles Wellbeloved, a Unitarian minister, after whom a function room in the college is named. Because he would not move to Manchester, the college moved to York to have him as head. At first he taught all subjects, but hired additional tutors after a year. He always worked hard and several times his health broke. Wellbeloved did not allow the school to be called Unitarian because he wanted students to have an open mind and to discover the truth for themselves. In 1809 he wrote to George Wood,

I do not and will not teach Unitarianism or any ism but Christianism. I will endeavour to teach the students how to study the Scripture—nice if they find Unitarianism there—well if animism—well if Trinitarianism—well, only let them find something for themselves.

Under Wellbeloved's principalship 235 students were educated at the college: 121 divinity students and 114 laymen. Of the former, 30 did not enter the ministry and five entered the Anglican priesthood. Among the lay students were scholars, public servants, businessmen, and notable men in the arts. The majority was Unitarian.[citation needed]

In 1840, when age forced him to retire, the college moved back to Manchester, where it stayed until 1853.[8] In 1840, the college started an association with the University of London, and gained the right to present students for degrees from London. Between 1853 and 1889 the college was located in London, in University Hall, Gordon Square.[9] From London it moved to Oxford, opening its new buildings in 1893.[10] In Oxford, the Unitarian Manchester College was viewed with alarm by orthodox Anglicans. William Sanday was warned that his presence at the official opening of 'an institution which professedly allows such fundamental Christian truths as the Holy Trinity and the Incarnation to be treated as open questions' would 'tend to the severance of the friendly relation subsisting between the university and the Church'.[11]

Social reform[edit]

College Motto inscribed above Main Building entrance (2021)

In its early days, the college supported reforming causes, such as the abolition of slavery (1778), and the repeal of the Test Act (1828) and the Corporation Act (1828). In 1922 the principal, L.P. Jacks, hosted Rudolf Steiner to present a conference on alternative education and the model Waldorf school at Stuttgart, Germany which led to the establishment of such schools in Britain.[12] In the 1920s and 1930s, the college provided courses for the Workers' Educational Association.[citation needed]

Women were permitted to attend some lectures in college from 1876, and in 1877, the college set up a series of examinations in theology, which could be taken by women as well as men.[13] In 1901, Gertrude von Petzold graduated from her training at Manchester College to become a minister in the Unitarian church- the first woman to be qualified as a minister in England.[14] This was possible despite the fact that Oxford University did not formally accept female students or award them degrees until 1920 because Manchester College was at that time associated with the University of London, which in 1878 became the first UK university to award degrees to women.[15]

World War II[edit]

Manchester College played a significant part in the planning of the D-Day landings on 6 June 1944. The Ministry of Works and Buildings requisitioned most of the college's buildings on 17 October 1941 to facilitate the Naval Intelligence and the Inter-Services Topographic Department (ISTD). ISTD operations focussed on gathering of topographical intelligence for the day when the Allies would return to continental Europe.[16]

Departments were divided between Oxford and Cambridge, but it was the ISTD section in Manchester College which planned Operation Overlord, known as the D-Day landings. The college's Arlosh Hall served as the main centre of operations, with Nissen huts and tents put up in the quads. Among various other sources, the nearby School of Geography of the university supplied the ISTD with many maps and charts which proved an essential part in the success of the invasion.[16][17]

Modern day[edit]

College's Mansfield Road facade (2014)

Manchester College became a permanent private hall of Oxford University in 1990 and subsequently a full constituent college, being granted a royal charter in 1996.[18] At the same time, it changed its name to Harris Manchester College in recognition of a benefaction by Philip Harris, Baron Harris of Peckham. Formerly known as Manchester College, it is listed in the University Statutes (V.1) as Manchester Academy and Harris College, and at university ceremonies it is called Collegium de Harris et Manchester.[citation needed]

Today the college only accepts students over the age of 21, both for undergraduate and graduate studies. The college tries to continue its liberal and pioneering ethos, considering its mature student focus as a modern means of providing higher education to those that have been excluded from it in the past.[citation needed]

The college houses several research centres, including the Commercial Law Centre, directed by Kristin van Zwieten, Clifford Chance Professor of Law and Finance, which engages in research in all aspects of national, international, transnational and comparative law relating to commerce and finance;[19] and the Wellbeing Research Centre, directed by Jan-Emmanuel De Neve, which applies interdisciplinary research and teaching on well-being at Oxford.[20]

Buildings[edit]

The main quad was designed by architect Thomas Worthington, and built between 1889 and 1893. It houses the Tate Library and the chapel. The Arlosh hall, designed by Percy Worthington, was added in 1913.[21] The college also has several newer buildings to the West of the main quad. In 2013–2014 the Siew-Sngiem Clock Tower & Sukum Navapan Gate were added to the Arlosh quad.[22] The inscription on the tower "It is later than you think, but it is never too late", refers to the role of the college in educating mature students.[23][24]

In 2018 a new building named Maevadi Hall was completed after two years of construction. It is situated to the west of the Arlosh Hall and contains a conference room, student accommodation and a student social area.[citation needed]

Chapel[edit]

Interior of chapel

The chapel designed by "Worthington and Elgood" was inaugurated in 1893. The chapel is notable for its stained-glass windows by the Pre-Raphaelite artists Sir Edward Burne-Jones and William Morris, as well as its ornate wood carvings and organ, which was painted by Morris and Co. Seating in the chapel consisted of individual chairs until pews were added in 1897. The oak screen was added in 1896 and the original windows were made of plain glass until the installation of stained glass windows in 1895 and 1899.[25]

Particularly noteworthy are the stained glass windows on the north wall of the chapel, which were installed in 1896 and depict the Six Days of Creation. These were donated by James and Isabella Arlosh in memory of their son Godfrey.[26] The Unitarian-affiliated Manchester College Oxford Chapel Society meets in the college chapel on Sundays. The society is affiliated to the General Assembly of Unitarian and Free Christian Churches.[citation needed]

The Tate Library[edit]

Library gallery

Despite being one of the smallest colleges of Oxford University, Harris Manchester boasts the sixth largest college library and offers the best student population to book ratio.[citation needed] It houses a collection of books and manuscripts dating back to the fifteenth century and is famous for its antiquarian books, tract collection, and library of Protestant Dissent.[27] The Tate Library was built by Sir Henry Tate, the benefactor behind London's Tate Gallery. The library was expanded in 2011 with the addition of a gallery, designed to blend in with the Victorian Gothic architecture. The library is well stocked in all the major subjects offered by the college including English Literature, Philosophy, Theology, Politics, Economics, Law, History and Medicine. It also holds a significant collection on the history of Protestant dissent in England and is home to the Carpenter Library of World Religions, donated to the college by its former principal, J. Estlin Carpenter.[citation needed]

Harris Manchester College is located 200 metres from the Bodleian Library, the main research library of Oxford University, as well as the English, History, Social Sciences, and Law faculty libraries.[citation needed]

Student life[edit]

Despite the small student body, the college offers a wide array of courses. Many undergraduate tutorials are carried out in the college, though for some specialist papers undergraduates may be sent to tutors in other colleges.[citation needed] Members are generally expected to dine in the Arlosh Hall, where there is a twice-weekly formal dinner on Mondays and Wednesdays at which students dress in jackets, ties, and gowns.[citation needed]

Sports[edit]

Although the college does not have its own sports ground, it consistently enters women's and men's teams into the university leagues, and members routinely join teams from other colleges. The college has a punt, The Royle Yacht, and a croquet lawn.

In recent years the college's ice hockey team has been successful, once winning second place in the intercollegiate cuppers tournament, with the Basketball team winning third place in its intercollegiate cuppers tournament the year before. There is also an active pool team and a thriving squash club.[28]

Harris Manchester also has an affiliation with neighbouring Wadham College for those interested in becoming members of Wadham College Boat Club, which came in second in the 2012 Women's Torpids and Summer VIIIs, and saw both the First and Second Men's boats winning blades.[citation needed]

Junior Common Room (JCR) Bar[edit]

Harris Manchester has one of the three remaining student run college bars in Oxford (the others being Balliol College and St Cross College).[29] The common room is decorated with William Morris wallpaper.[citation needed]

Gallery[edit]

  • Siew-Sngiem Clock Tower and Sukum Navapan Gate
    Siew-Sngiem Clock Tower and Sukum Navapan Gate
  • Tate Library
    Tate Library
  • Stained-glass windows of chapel
    Stained-glass windows of chapel
  • College grounds
    College grounds
  • Dining hall
    Dining hall
  • Exterior of chapel
    Exterior of chapel

Notable people[edit]

  • Notable people associated with Harris Manchester College
  • Joseph Priestley, (Warrington Academy) Credited with discovery of oxygen
    Joseph Priestley, (Warrington Academy) Credited with discovery of oxygen
  • Thomas Malthus, (Warrington Academy), British political economist
    Thomas Malthus, (Warrington Academy), British political economist
  • James Martineau (Manchester College, York), English religious philosopher
    James Martineau (Manchester College, York), English religious philosopher
  • Gertrude von Petzold (Manchester College), First woman church minister in England
    Gertrude von Petzold (Manchester College), First woman church minister in England
  • Tope Folarin (Harris Manchester College), Nigerian-American writer
    Tope Folarin (Harris Manchester College), Nigerian-American writer
  • Íngrid Betancourt (Harris Manchester College), Colombian senator and anti-corruption activist
    Íngrid Betancourt (Harris Manchester College), Colombian senator and anti-corruption activist

Principals[edit]

Main article: List of Principals of Harris Manchester College, Oxford

Since 2018 the principal of the college has been the historian, Professor Jane Shaw.

People associated with Harris Manchester[edit]

Fellows of the College[edit]

Further information: Category:Fellows of Harris Manchester College, Oxford

Alumni[edit]

See also[edit]

References[edit]

  1. ^ "Stanford's Jane Shaw to be the new Principal of Harris Manchester College".
  2. ^ "Student statistics". University of Oxford. 2020. Retrieved 22 January 2021.
  3. ^ "Professor Lesley Smith".
  4. ^ "Harris Manchester College : Annual Report and Financial Statements : Year ended 31 July 2018" (PDF). ox.ac.uk. p. 20. Retrieved 5 March 2019.
  5. ^ "About the College - History". Harris Manchester College, University of Oxford. Archived from the original on 21 April 2015. Retrieved 11 May 2015.
  6. ^ University of Oxford Archived 7 August 2014 at the Wayback Machine: Graduate Studies Prospectus - Last updated 17 Sep 08
  7. ^ Davis, V.D. (1932). A History of Manchester College: From its Foundation in Manchester to its Establishment in Oxford (PDF) (1st ed.). London: George Allen & Unwin Ltd. p. 63.
  8. ^ "Charles Wellbeloved". uua.org. Archived from the original on 22 September 2006. Retrieved 24 September 2006.
  9. ^ "University Hall (Dr. Williams' Library), Gordon Square - British History Online". www.british-history.ac.uk.
  10. ^ Smith, Barbara, ed. (1986). Truth, Liberty, Religion: Essays celebrating Two Hundred Years of Manchester College. Oxford: Manchester College. p. xxiii. ISBN 0950871516.
  11. ^ Howarth, Janet (16 November 2000). "The Self-Governing University, 1882–1914". In Brock, Michael George; Curthoys, Mark (eds.). The History of the University of Oxford: Volume VII: Nineteenth-Century Oxford, Part 2. Clarendon Press. ISBN 9780199510177. Retrieved 26 March 2021.
  12. ^ Paull, John (2011) Rudolf Steiner and the Oxford Conference: The Birth of Waldorf Education in Britain. European Journal of Educational Studies, 3 (1): 53–66.
  13. ^ Communication from Susan Killoran, college librarian
  14. ^ "Gertrude von Petzold" (PDF).
  15. ^ "History of University of London". University of London. Retrieved 4 May 2018.
  16. ^ a b Killoran, Sue (4 June 2017). "Harris Manchester College and the D-Day Landings". hmc.ox.ac.uk. Retrieved 26 March 2021.
  17. ^ "'Royalty' meet as college remembers D-Day role". Oxford Mail. 27 September 2014. Retrieved 26 March 2021.
  18. ^ www.hmc.ox.ac.uk Archived 2015-04-21 at the Wayback Machine
  19. ^ "Commercial Law Centre".
  20. ^ "University of Oxford Wellbeing Research Centre".
  21. ^ Hague, Graham; Hague, Judy. "The Unitarian Heritage" (PDF). Unitarian Heritage. p. 90. Retrieved 18 February 2019.
  22. ^ "Harris Manchester College Siew-Sngiem Clock Tower and Sukum Navapan Gate". Knowles & Son. Archived from the original on 20 October 2014. Retrieved 9 October 2014.
  23. ^ "An Oxford Undergraduate Again - in my late 50s". Financial Times. 2 August 2018.
  24. ^ "It's Never Too Late: Mature student Sue writes about her journey to Oxford".
  25. ^ "About the Chapel". Harris Manchester College. Archived from the original on 13 January 2020. Retrieved 9 August 2020.
  26. ^ "Stained Glass". Harris Manchester College. Archived from the original on 25 July 2020. Retrieved 9 August 2020.
  27. ^ "Archived copy". Retrieved 26 March 2021.
  28. ^ "College Pool League - Oxford University Pool & Snooker Club". www.oupsc.co.uk.
  29. ^ "Archived copy" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 24 September 2015. Retrieved 4 February 2014.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: archived copy as title (link)

Further reading[edit]

External links[edit]

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