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{{Short description|Species of flowering plant}}
{{italic title}}
{{Italic title}}
{{taxobox
{{Speciesbox
|name = Philadelphia fleabane
|name = Philadelphia fleabane
|image = Philadelphia Fleabane.jpg
|image = Philadelphia Fleabane.jpg
|image_caption =
|image_caption = [[Ottawa]], [[Ontario]], [[Canada]]
|status = {{TNCStatus}}
|regnum = [[Plantae]]
|status_system = TNC
|unranked_divisio = [[Angiosperms]]
|genus = Erigeron
|unranked_classis = [[Eudicots]]
⚫
|species = philadelphicus
|unranked_ordo = [[Asterids]]
|ordo = [[Asterales]]
|authority = [[Carl Linnaeus|L.]]
|synonyms_ref = <ref>[http://www.theplantlist.org/tpl1.1/record/gcc-121495 The Plant List, ''Erigeron philadelphicus'' L.]</ref><ref>[http://www.tropicos.org/Name/2700726 Tropicos, ''Erigeron philadelphicus'' L.]</ref>
|familia = [[Asteraceae]]
|synonyms =
|tribus = [[Astereae]]
|genus = ''[[Erigeron]]''
*''Erigeron purpureus'' <small>Aiton</small>
*''Tessenia philadelphica'' <small>([[Carl Linnaeus|L.]]) Lunell</small>
⚫
|species = '''''E. philadelphicus'''''
*''Erigeron provancheri'' <small>Vict. & J.Rousseau, syn of var. ''provancheri''</small>
|binomial = ''Erigeron philadelphicus''
⚫
}}
|binomial_authority=L.
⚫
|}}


'''''Erigeron philadelphicus''''' ('''Philadelphia fleabane''') is a [[plant]] in the daisy family, [[Asteraceae]]. Also known as skevish, skervish, Philadelphia daisy, frost-root, poor robin's plantain,<ref name=usda>[http://plants.usda.gov/plantguide/pdf/cs_erph.pdf ''Erigeron philadelphicus''.] USDA NRCS Plant Guide.</ref> and in the British Isles just as robin's-plantain.<ref name=BSBI07>{{cite web |title=BSBI List 2007 |publisher=Botanical Society of Britain and Ireland |url=http://www.bsbi.org.uk/BSBIList2007.xls |format=xls |archive-url=http://www.webcitation.org/6VqJ46atN |archive-date=2015-02-25 |accessdate=2014-10-17}}</ref>
'''''Erigeron philadelphicus''''', the '''Philadelphia fleabane''', is a species of [[flowering plant]] in the composite family ([[Asteraceae]]). Other common names include '''common fleabane''', '''daisy fleabane''', '''frost-root''', '''marsh fleabane''', '''poor robin's plantain''', '''skevish''' or '''skervish''',<ref name=usda>[https://plants.usda.gov/DocumentLibrary/plantguide/pdf/cs_erph.pdf ''Erigeron philadelphicus''.] United States Department of Agriculture NRCS Plant Guide.</ref> and, in the [[British Isles]], '''robin's-plantain''', but all of these names are shared with other species of fleabanes (''[[Erigeron]]'').<ref name="BSBI07">{{BSBI 2007 |accessdate=2014-10-17}}</ref> It is native to [[North America]] and has been introduced to [[Eurasia]].


== Description ==
==Taxonomy==
[[File:Erigeron philadelphicus4.jpg|thumb|left|Flowers]]
''Erigeron philadelphicus'' is a [[herbaceous plant]] with alternate, simple [[leaf|leaves]], on hairy stems. The flowers are pink-rayed, yellow centered, borne in spring. The number of closely packed petals ranges from 50 to 100 per flower. The blooms are less than one inch in diameter. The stem is hairy with rough hairs. The middle to lower leaves are heart shaped, and the plant is about {{convert|0.5|-|2.5|ft|cm|abbr=on}} tall. Its active growth period is from spring to summer (April to July). This plant can be found throughout North America along roadsides, in fields, in thickets, and in open woods.


==Notes==
=== Varieties ===
Three varieties of Philadelphia fleabane are recognized:
{{reflist}}
*Common Philadelphia fleabane (''Erigeron philadelphicus'' Linnaeus var. ''philadelphicus'') - Canada, United States, introduced to Eurasia
*Provancher's fleabane (''Erigeron philadelphicus'' var. ''provancheri'' <small>(Victorin & J. Rousseau) B. Boivin</small>) - [[Ontario]], [[Québec]], [[New York (state)|New York]], [[Vermont]], [[Ohio]]
*Vancouver Island fleabane (''Erigeron philadelphicus'' var. ''glaber'' <small>J.K.Henry</small>) - [[British Columbia]]

=== Etymology ===
The [[common name]] fleabane refers to the antiquated belief that the plants were repellent to fleas.<ref name=":2" />

==Description==
Philadelphia fleabane is a [[herbaceous plant]] growing to about {{Convert|15-76|cm|ft|abbr=off|frac=2}} tall. The [[leaves]] are [[Leaf shape|alternate, simple]] and up to {{Convert|15|cm|abbr=off|frac=4}} long,<ref name=":2">{{Cite book |last=Spellenberg |first=Richard |url=https://archive.org/details/nationalaudubons00spel/page/372/ |title=National Audubon Society Field Guide to North American Wildflowers: Western Region |publisher=Knopf |year=2001 |isbn=978-0-375-40233-3 |edition=rev |pages=372 |orig-date=1979}}</ref> on hairy stems. The middle to lower leaves are heart shaped. The [[flower heads]] are borne in spring in arrays of as many as 35 heads. Each head may sometimes contain as many as 100 to 150 pink or white [[ray florets]] surrounding numerous yellow [[disc floret]]s. The blooms are less than {{Convert|2.5|cm|abbr=on|frac=2}} in diameter. The stem is hairy with rough hairs. Its active growth period is from spring to summer (April to July),<ref name=":0">[http://www.efloras.org/florataxon.aspx?flora_id=1&taxon_id=242416506 Flora of North America, ''Erigeron philadelphicus'' Linnaeus, 1753. Philadelphia fleabane, vergerette de Philadelphie ]</ref><ref name=":1">Dickinson, T.; Metsger, G.; Hull, J.; and Dickinson, R. (2004) ''The ROM Field Guide to Wildflowers of Ontario''. Toronto:Royal Ontario Museum, p.&nbsp;163.</ref> with flowers until September.<ref name=":2" />

{{gallery|mode=packed
|Daisy Fleabane -- Erigeron philadelphicus.jpg|Flower heads and buds
|Daisy Fleabane -- Erigeron philadelphicus 2.jpg|Close-up of flower heads & buds
}}

==Similar species==
There are several other fleabanes in North America that are similar to common fleabane. [[Erigeron pulchellus | Hairy fleabane]] has fewer ray flowers, usually 40 to 60, and its range is limited to the eastern half of the United States and Canada, while common fleabane has 150 or more ray flowers and a much broader range across North America. [[Erigeron strigosus|Prairie fleabane]] is an annual, rather than a perennial, from {{Convert|30-90|cm|ft|abbr=off|frac=2}} tall, and it lacks clasping leaves surrounding the stem. [[Erigeron pumilus|Low Erigeron]] is shorter, only {{Convert|5-30|cm|ft|abbr=off|frac=2}} tall, and it can have white, pink, or bluish rays. Its range is the western half of North America.<ref name="usda" />

==Distribution and habitat==
Philadelphia fleabane is native to North America and found in nearly all of the United States and Canada.<ref>[http://bonap.net/MapGallery/State/Erigeron%20philadelphicus.png Biota of North America Program 2014 state-level distribution map]</ref> It has also been introduced into Europe and Asia, where it is considered an [[invasive weed]] in some places.<ref>[http://luirig.altervista.org/flora/taxa/index1.php?scientific-name=erigeron+philadelphicus Altervista Flora Italiana, Cespica di Philadelfia ''Erigeron philadelphicus'' L.] includes photos and line drawings</ref> It grows on roadsides, in fields, in thickets, and in open woods.<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":1" /> It benefits from moisture and some shade, as well as disturbances.<ref name=":2" />

Provancher's fleabane is restricted to [[calcareous]] rocky shorelines in the [[Great Lakes–St. Lawrence Lowlands|Great Lakes-St. Lawrence lowlands]].<ref name=":3">{{Cite web |title=Species at risk registry |url=https://species-registry.canada.ca/index-en.html#/species/262-436 |access-date=2023-03-02 |website=species-registry.canada.ca}}</ref>

Vancouver Island fleabane is restricted to [[Salt marsh|salt marshes]] and [[Beach|beaches]] on [[Vancouver Island]] in British Columbia.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Erigeron philadelphicus var. glaber - FNA |url=http://floranorthamerica.org/Erigeron_philadelphicus_var._glaber |access-date=2023-03-02 |website=floranorthamerica.org}}</ref>

==Ecology==
Common fleabane is a larval host for the [[schinia obscurata | obscure schinia moth]],<ref>{{cite web |title=HOSTS - The Hostplants and Caterpillars Database at the Natural History Museum |url=https://www.nhm.ac.uk/our-science/data/hostplants/search/list.dsml?searchPageURL=index.dsml&Familyqtype=starts+with&Family=&PFamilyqtype=starts+with&PFamily=&Genusqtype=starts+with&Genus=schinia&PGenusqtype=starts+with&PGenus=&Speciesqtype=starts+with&Species=obscurata&PSpeciesqtype=starts+with&PSpecies=&Country=&sort=Family |website=www.nhm.ac.uk |access-date=28 September 2022}}</ref> and butterflies, bees, and moths pollinate the flowers.<ref name=usda/>

== Conservation ==
Philadelphia fleabane is considered globally secure (G5) and nationally secure (N5) in both Canada and the United States.<ref name=":4">{{Cite web |title=NatureServe Explorer 2.0 |url=https://explorer.natureserve.org/Taxon/ELEMENT_GLOBAL.2.153135/Erigeron_philadelphicus_var_provancheri |access-date=2023-03-02 |website=explorer.natureserve.org}}</ref> At the subnational level, it is considered vulnerable (S3) in Montana and North Carolina, imperiled (S2) in Nova Scotia, Wyoming, and Yukon, and critically imperiled (S1) in Colorado.<ref name=":4" />

=== Varieties ===
Because of their distinct [[phytogeography]] and habitat affinities, the three accepted varieties of Philadelphia fleabane have been assessed independently by conservation scientists.<ref name=":3" /><ref name=":4" />

==== Common Philadelphia fleabane====
Common Philadelphia fleabane is common and widespread across most of North America and is also the variety introduced to Eurasia.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Erigeron philadelphicus var. philadelphicus - FNA |url=http://floranorthamerica.org/Erigeron_philadelphicus_var._philadelphicus |access-date=2023-03-02 |website=floranorthamerica.org}}</ref> It is considered globally secure (T5) and nationally secure (N5) in both Canada and the United States.<ref name=":4" /> At the subnational level, it is considered secure (S5) or apparently secure (S4) in most of the states and provinces where it occurs, but it is considered imperiled (S2) in Nova Scotia, Wyoming and Yukon, and critically imperiled (S1) in Colorado.<ref name=":4" />

==== Provancher's fleabane ====
Provancher's fleabane is considered globally vulnerable (T3), nationally vulnerable (N3) in Canada, and imperiled (N1N2) in the United States.<ref name=":4" /> At the subnational level, it is considered vulnerable (S3) in Ontario and New York, imperiled (S2) in Quebec, and critically imperiled (S1) in Vermont.<ref name=":4" /> It is listed as Special Concern under Canada's [[Species at Risk Act|''Species at Risk Act'', 2002]].<ref name=":3" />

Provancher's fleabane was recently discovered in Ohio, where its conservation status has not been assessed.

==== Vancouver Island fleabane ====
The variety known as Vancouver Island fleabane is [[Endemism|endemic]] to Vancouver Island in British Columbia and is considered globally imperilled (T2) and nationally imperilled (N2) in Canada.<ref name=":4" /> It is considered provincially imperilled (S2) in British Columbia, the only province in which it occurs.<ref name=":4" />


==References==
==References==
{{Reflist}}
* Dickinson, T.; Metsger, G.; Hull, J.; and Dickinson, R. (2004) ''The ROM Field Guide to Wildflowers of Ontario''. Toronto:Royal Ontario Museum, p.&nbsp;163.


==External links==
*{{commons category inline|Erigeron philadelphicus|''Erigeron philadelphicus''}}
*{{NPIN|code=ERPH}}

{{Taxonbar|from=Q4115565}}
{{Authority control}}
{{Authority control}}

[[Category:Erigeron|philadelphicus]]
[[Category:Erigeron|philadelphicus]]
[[Category:Flora of North America]]
[[Category:Flora of Northern America]]
[[Category:Plants described in 1753]]
[[Category:Plants described in 1753]]
[[Category:Taxa named by Carl Linnaeus]]




{{Astereae-stub}}
{{Erigeron-stub}}

Latest revision as of 17:13, 12 May 2024

Philadelphia fleabane
Ottawa, Ontario, Canada

Secure  (NatureServe)
Scientific classification Edit this classification
Kingdom: Plantae
Clade: Tracheophytes
Clade: Angiosperms
Clade: Eudicots
Clade: Asterids
Order: Asterales
Family: Asteraceae
Genus: Erigeron
Species:
E. philadelphicus
Binomial name
Erigeron philadelphicus
Synonyms[1][2]
  • Erigeron purpureus Aiton
  • Tessenia philadelphica (L.) Lunell
  • Erigeron provancheri Vict. & J.Rousseau, syn of var. provancheri

Erigeron philadelphicus, the Philadelphia fleabane, is a species of flowering plant in the composite family (Asteraceae). Other common names include common fleabane, daisy fleabane, frost-root, marsh fleabane, poor robin's plantain, skevish or skervish,[3] and, in the British Isles, robin's-plantain, but all of these names are shared with other species of fleabanes (Erigeron).[4] It is native to North America and has been introduced to Eurasia.

Taxonomy[edit]

Varieties[edit]

Three varieties of Philadelphia fleabane are recognized:

  • Common Philadelphia fleabane (Erigeron philadelphicus Linnaeus var. philadelphicus) - Canada, United States, introduced to Eurasia
  • Provancher's fleabane (Erigeron philadelphicus var. provancheri (Victorin & J. Rousseau) B. Boivin) - Ontario, Québec, New York, Vermont, Ohio
  • Vancouver Island fleabane (Erigeron philadelphicus var. glaber J.K.Henry) - British Columbia

Etymology[edit]

The common name fleabane refers to the antiquated belief that the plants were repellent to fleas.[5]

Description[edit]

Philadelphia fleabane is a herbaceous plant growing to about 15–76 centimetres (1⁄2–2+1⁄2 feet) tall. The leaves are alternate, simple and up to 15 centimetres (6 inches) long,[5] on hairy stems. The middle to lower leaves are heart shaped. The flower heads are borne in spring in arrays of as many as 35 heads. Each head may sometimes contain as many as 100 to 150 pink or white ray florets surrounding numerous yellow disc florets. The blooms are less than 2.5 cm (1 in) in diameter. The stem is hairy with rough hairs. Its active growth period is from spring to summer (April to July),[6][7] with flowers until September.[5]

  • Flower heads and buds
    Flower heads and buds
  • Close-up of flower heads & buds
    Close-up of flower heads & buds

Similar species[edit]

There are several other fleabanes in North America that are similar to common fleabane. Hairy fleabane has fewer ray flowers, usually 40 to 60, and its range is limited to the eastern half of the United States and Canada, while common fleabane has 150 or more ray flowers and a much broader range across North America. Prairie fleabane is an annual, rather than a perennial, from 30–90 centimetres (1–3 feet) tall, and it lacks clasping leaves surrounding the stem. Low Erigeron is shorter, only 5–30 centimetres (0–1 foot) tall, and it can have white, pink, or bluish rays. Its range is the western half of North America.[3]

Distribution and habitat[edit]

Philadelphia fleabane is native to North America and found in nearly all of the United States and Canada.[8] It has also been introduced into Europe and Asia, where it is considered an invasive weed in some places.[9] It grows on roadsides, in fields, in thickets, and in open woods.[6][7] It benefits from moisture and some shade, as well as disturbances.[5]

Provancher's fleabane is restricted to calcareous rocky shorelines in the Great Lakes-St. Lawrence lowlands.[10]

Vancouver Island fleabane is restricted to salt marshes and beaches on Vancouver Island in British Columbia.[11]

Ecology[edit]

Common fleabane is a larval host for the obscure schinia moth,[12] and butterflies, bees, and moths pollinate the flowers.[3]

Conservation[edit]

Philadelphia fleabane is considered globally secure (G5) and nationally secure (N5) in both Canada and the United States.[13] At the subnational level, it is considered vulnerable (S3) in Montana and North Carolina, imperiled (S2) in Nova Scotia, Wyoming, and Yukon, and critically imperiled (S1) in Colorado.[13]

Varieties[edit]

Because of their distinct phytogeography and habitat affinities, the three accepted varieties of Philadelphia fleabane have been assessed independently by conservation scientists.[10][13]

Common Philadelphia fleabane[edit]

Common Philadelphia fleabane is common and widespread across most of North America and is also the variety introduced to Eurasia.[14] It is considered globally secure (T5) and nationally secure (N5) in both Canada and the United States.[13] At the subnational level, it is considered secure (S5) or apparently secure (S4) in most of the states and provinces where it occurs, but it is considered imperiled (S2) in Nova Scotia, Wyoming and Yukon, and critically imperiled (S1) in Colorado.[13]

Provancher's fleabane[edit]

Provancher's fleabane is considered globally vulnerable (T3), nationally vulnerable (N3) in Canada, and imperiled (N1N2) in the United States.[13] At the subnational level, it is considered vulnerable (S3) in Ontario and New York, imperiled (S2) in Quebec, and critically imperiled (S1) in Vermont.[13] It is listed as Special Concern under Canada's Species at Risk Act, 2002.[10]

Provancher's fleabane was recently discovered in Ohio, where its conservation status has not been assessed.

Vancouver Island fleabane[edit]

The variety known as Vancouver Island fleabane is endemic to Vancouver Island in British Columbia and is considered globally imperilled (T2) and nationally imperilled (N2) in Canada.[13] It is considered provincially imperilled (S2) in British Columbia, the only province in which it occurs.[13]

References[edit]

  1. ^ The Plant List, Erigeron philadelphicus L.
  2. ^ Tropicos, Erigeron philadelphicus L.
  3. ^ a b c Erigeron philadelphicus. United States Department of Agriculture NRCS Plant Guide.
  4. ^ BSBI List 2007 (xls). Botanical Society of Britain and Ireland. Archived from the original (xls) on 2015-06-26. Retrieved 2014-10-17.
  5. ^ a b c d Spellenberg, Richard (2001) [1979]. National Audubon Society Field Guide to North American Wildflowers: Western Region (rev ed.). Knopf. p. 372. ISBN 978-0-375-40233-3.
  6. ^ a b Flora of North America, Erigeron philadelphicus Linnaeus, 1753. Philadelphia fleabane, vergerette de Philadelphie
  7. ^ a b Dickinson, T.; Metsger, G.; Hull, J.; and Dickinson, R. (2004) The ROM Field Guide to Wildflowers of Ontario. Toronto:Royal Ontario Museum, p. 163.
  8. ^ Biota of North America Program 2014 state-level distribution map
  9. ^ Altervista Flora Italiana, Cespica di Philadelfia Erigeron philadelphicus L. includes photos and line drawings
  10. ^ a b c "Species at risk registry". species-registry.canada.ca. Retrieved 2023-03-02.
  11. ^ "Erigeron philadelphicus var. glaber - FNA". floranorthamerica.org. Retrieved 2023-03-02.
  12. ^ "HOSTS - The Hostplants and Caterpillars Database at the Natural History Museum". www.nhm.ac.uk. Retrieved 28 September 2022.
  13. ^ a b c d e f g h i "NatureServe Explorer 2.0". explorer.natureserve.org. Retrieved 2023-03-02.
  14. ^ "Erigeron philadelphicus var. philadelphicus - FNA". floranorthamerica.org. Retrieved 2023-03-02.

External links[edit]


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