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'''Zimbabwe People's Revolutionary Army''' ('''ZIPRA''') was the military wing of the [[Zimbabwe African People's Union]] (ZAPU), a [[Marxism–Leninism|Marxist–Leninist]] political party in [[Rhodesia]]. It participated in the [[Rhodesian Bush War]] against [[White people in Zimbabwe|white minority]] rule of Rhodesia (modern [[Zimbabwe]]). ZIPRA was formed during the 1960s by the nationalist leader [[Jason Moyo]], the deputy of [[Joshua Nkomo]].
'''Zimbabwe People's Revolutionary Army''' ('''ZIPRA''') was the military wing of the [[Zimbabwe African People's Union]] (ZAPU), a [[Marxism–Leninism|Marxist–Leninist]] political party in [[Rhodesia]]. It participated in the [[Rhodesian Bush War]] against [[White people in Zimbabwe|white minority]] rule of Rhodesia (modern [[Zimbabwe]]). ZIPRA (or often ZPRA) was formed during the 1960s by the nationalist leader [[Jason Moyo]], the deputy of [[Joshua Nkomo]].


==Operations==
==[[Military operation|<span lang="sn" dir="ltr">Operations</span>]]==
[[File:ZIPRA sectors.png|thumb|right|upright=1.3|Map showing the sectors of ZIPRA during the Bush War.]]
[[File:ZIPRA sectors.png|thumb|right|upright=1.3|Map showing the sectors of ZIPRA during the Bush War.]]
[[File:T-34 tank (9685397307).jpg|thumb|left|ZIPRA [[T-34|T-34-85]] tank at the Zimbabwe Military Museum, [[Gweru]].]]
[[File:T-34 tank (9685397307).jpg|thumb|left|ZIPRA [[T-34|T-34-85]] tank at the Zimbabwe Military Museum, [[Gweru]].]]
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|access-date=19 October 2011
|access-date=19 October 2011
|title=Rhodesia: Tactical Victory, Strategic Defeat
|title=Rhodesia: Tactical Victory, Strategic Defeat
|work=War since 1945 Seminar and Symposium
|journal=War Since 1945 Seminar and Symposium
|publisher=[[Marine Corps University|Marine Corps Command and Staff College]]
|publisher=[[Marine Corps University|Marine Corps Command and Staff College]]
|location=Quantico, Virginia
|location=Quantico, Virginia
|format=pdf
|url=http://www.rhodesia.nl/Rhodesia%20Tactical%20Victory.pdf
|url=http://www.rhodesia.nl/Rhodesia%20Tactical%20Victory.pdf
}}</ref> based in camps around [[Lusaka]], [[Zambia]] and at the front. ZIPRA's crossing points into Zimbabwe were at [[Luangwa, Zambia|Feira]] in Zambia opposite [[Mashonaland]] East and West. For example, the operational boundary was Sipolilo where ZIPRA, [[Zimbabwe African National Liberation Army]] (ZANLA) and [[Rhodesian Security Forces]] clashed. ZIPRA operated alone in Mashonaland West. There was no ZANLA combatants in that area until the later stages of the war.<ref>{{cite book|author1=Martin, D |author2=Johnson, P. |name-list-style=amp |year=1981|title=The Struggle for Zimbabwe|publisher=Faber & Faber|pages=400}}</ref>
}}</ref> based in camps around [[Lusaka]], [[Zambia]] and at the front. ZIPRA's crossing points into Zimbabwe were at [[Luangwa, Zambia|Feira]] in Zambia opposite [[Mashonaland]] East and West. For example, the operational boundary was Sipolilo where ZIPRA, [[Zimbabwe African National Liberation Army]] (ZANLA) and [[Rhodesian Security Forces]] clashed. ZIPRA operated alone in Mashonaland West. No ZANLA combatants were present in that area until the later stages of the war.<ref>{{cite book|author1=Martin, D |author2=Johnson, P. |name-list-style=amp |year=1981|title=The Struggle for Zimbabwe|publisher=Faber & Faber|pages=400}}</ref>


Beside the overall political ideologies, the main differences between ZIPRA and ZANLA were that:
Beside the overall political ideologies, the main differences between ZIPRA and ZANLA were that:
*ZIPRA did not follow ZANLA's ideology (inspired by [[Maoism]]) but followed Soviet Marxist Leninist principles.
*ZIPRA did not follow ZANLA's ideology (inspired by [[Maoism]]) but followed Soviet [[Marxism–Leninism|Marxist-Leninist]] principles.
*ZIPRA controlled zones from Sipolilo to Plumtree.
*ZIPRA controlled zones from Sipolilo to Plumtree.


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[[File:Air Rhodesia Vickers 748D Viscount Wheatley.jpg|thumb|right|A [[Vickers Viscount|Viscount]] of Air Rhodesia (pictured in the early 1970s), similar to the ''Hunyani'' and the ''Umniati''.]]
[[File:Air Rhodesia Vickers 748D Viscount Wheatley.jpg|thumb|right|A [[Vickers Viscount|Viscount]] of Air Rhodesia (pictured in the early 1970s), similar to the ''Hunyani'' and the ''Umniati''.]]


In 1978 and 1979 ZIPRA downed two civilian passenger planes of [[Air Rhodesia]], killing a total of 102 passengers and crew. [[Air Rhodesia Flight 825]] (named the ''Hunyani'') was a scheduled flight from [[Kariba, Zimbabwe|Kariba]] to [[Harare|Salisbury]] that was shot down on 3 September 1978 by ZIPRA guerrillas using an [[9K32 Strela-2|SA-7]] [[surface-to-air missile]] (SAM). ZIPRA leader Joshua Nkomo publicly claimed responsibility for shooting down the ''Hunyani'' on [[BBC Television]] the same evening, saying the aircraft had been used for military purposes, but denied that his men had killed survivors on the ground. Eighteen of the fifty-six passengers in the Air Rhodesia plane survived the crash, with most of these having been seated in the rear. Three crash survivors who remained at the aircraft managed to avoid being killed by running away and hiding in the bush. A second plane, [[Air Rhodesia Flight 827]] (named the ''Umniati''), was shot down on 12 February 1979 by ZIPRA guerrillas, again using an SA-7 SAM.
In 1978 and 1979 ZIPRA downed two civilian passenger planes of [[Air Rhodesia]], killing a total of 107 passengers and crew. [[Air Rhodesia Flight 825]] (named the ''Hunyani'') was a scheduled flight from [[Kariba, Zimbabwe|Kariba]] to [[Harare|Salisbury]] that was shot down on 3 September 1978 by ZIPRA guerrillas using an [[9K32 Strela-2|SA-7]] [[surface-to-air missile]] (SAM). ZAPU (the political body behind ZIPRA) leader Joshua Nkomo publicly claimed responsibility for shooting down the ''Hunyani'' on [[BBC Television]] the same evening, saying the aircraft had been used for military purposes, but denied that his men had killed survivors on the ground. Eighteen of the fifty-six passengers in the Air Rhodesia plane survived the crash, with most of these having been seated in the rear. Three crash survivors who remained at the aircraft managed to avoid being killed by running away and hiding in the bush. A second plane, [[Air Rhodesia Flight 827]] (named the ''Umniati''), was shot down on 12 February 1979 by ZIPRA guerrillas, again using an SA-7 SAM.


==ZIPRA commanders and soldiers==
==ZIPRA commanders and soldiers==
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*[[Alfred Nikita Mangena]], first commander of ZIPRA<ref name="uprising">{{cite book|author=Kriger, Norma J|title=Guerrilla Veterans in Post-war Zimbabwe: Symbolic and Violent Politics, 1980–1987|year=2003|pages=316|publisher=[[Cambridge University Press]]}}</ref>
*[[Alfred Nikita Mangena]], first commander of ZIPRA<ref name="uprising">{{cite book|author=Kriger, Norma J|title=Guerrilla Veterans in Post-war Zimbabwe: Symbolic and Violent Politics, 1980–1987|year=2003|pages=316|publisher=[[Cambridge University Press]]}}</ref>
*[[Robson Manyika]], member of the ZIPRA high command<ref name=upclose/>
*[[Robson Manyika]], member of the ZIPRA high command<ref name=upclose/>
*[[Lookout Masuku]], commanded ZIPRA after the death of Jason Moyo<ref name="death">{{cite news|url=https://query.nytimes.com/gst/fullpage.html?res=9A0DE5DD143DF934A35757C0A960948260|title=Lookout Masuku dies at 46; commanded Nkomo forces|work=The New York Times|date=7 April 1986|access-date=17 May 2013}}</ref>
*[[Lookout Masuku]], commanded ZIPRA after the death of Nikita Mangena<ref name="death">{{cite news|url=https://query.nytimes.com/gst/fullpage.html?res=9A0DE5DD143DF934A35757C0A960948260|title=Lookout Masuku dies at 46; commanded Nkomo forces|work=The New York Times|date=7 April 1986|access-date=17 May 2013}}</ref>
*[[Report Mphoko]], chief of logistics and member of the ZIPRA high command<ref name=upclose/>
*[[Report Mphoko]], chief of logistics and member of the ZIPRA high command<ref name=upclose/>
*[[Austin Moyo]], intelligence officer in Northern Front Regional Command<ref name="Nehanda">{{cite news |title=War vets recommend hero status for late CIO |url=https://nehandaradio.com/2018/08/30/war-vets-recommend-hero-status-for-late-cio/ |access-date=5 February 2024 |work=[[Nehanda Radio]] |date=30 August 2018}}</ref>
*[[Ambrose Mutinhiri]], commander at Morogoro<ref name=upclose/>
*[[Ambrose Mutinhiri]], commander at Morogoro<ref name=upclose/>
*[[Ackim Ndlovu]], member of the ZIPRA high command<ref name=upclose/>
*[[Ackim Ndlovu]], member of the ZIPRA high command<ref name=upclose/>
*Roy Reagen Ndlovu
*Roy Reagen Ndlovu
*[[Zenzo Ntuliki]], intelligence officer and security for Joshua Nkomo<ref name="Tshuma">{{cite news |title=1976: the year Bosso lost its entire junior squad to the armed struggle |url=https://www.sundaynews.co.zw/1976-the-year-bosso-lost-its-entire-junior-squad-to-the-armed-struggle/ |access-date=12 February 2024 |work=Sunday News (Zimbabwe) |date=14 June 2020}}</ref>
*[[Joseph Nyandoro]], member of the ZIPRA high command<ref name=upclose/>
*[[Joseph Nyandoro]], member of the ZIPRA high command<ref name=upclose/>
*[[Irvine Khulukani Sibanda]], commander of the Southern Front<ref name="Sibanda">{{cite news |last1=Sibanda |first1=Mkhululi |title=https://www.sundaynews.co.zw/ZIPA had problems from word go top ZPRA commander reveals |url=https://www.sundaynews.co.zw/zipa-had-problems-from-word-go-top-zpra-commander-reveals/ |access-date=6 February 2024 |work=Sunday News (Zimbabwe) |date=9 June 2022}}</ref>
*[[Philip Valerio Sibanda]]<ref>{{cite news|title=The Zimbabwe National Amy|url=http://www.mod.gov.zw/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=51&Itemid=57|access-date=29 February 2012}}</ref>
*[[Philip Valerio Sibanda]]<ref>{{cite news|title=The Zimbabwe National Amy|url=http://www.mod.gov.zw/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=51&Itemid=57|access-date=29 February 2012}}</ref>
*[[Eddie Sigoge]]<ref name=sigoge>{{cite news|title=Nkomo's security chief tells police he shot farmer's brother|date=14 May 2009|url=http://www.zimeye.org/?p=4793|access-date=17 May 2013|publisher=Zim Eye}}</ref>
*[[Eddie Sigoge]]<ref name=sigoge>{{cite news|title=Nkomo's security chief tells police he shot farmer's brother|date=14 May 2009|url=http://www.zimeye.org/?p=4793|access-date=17 May 2013|publisher=Zim Eye}}</ref>
* [[Cephas Cele]], member of the zipra high command was chief of staff and training
*[[Cephas Cele]], chief of staff and training and member of the ZIPRA high command


==References==
==References==
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{{Authority control}}
{{Authority control}}


[[Category:History of Zimbabwe]]
[[Category:Military history of Zimbabwe]]
[[Category:Guerrilla organizations]]
[[Category:Guerrilla organizations]]
[[Category:Military wings of socialist parties]]
[[Category:Military wings of communist parties]]
[[Category:Rebel groups in Zimbabwe]]
[[Category:Rebel groups in Zimbabwe]]
[[Category:Defunct organizations designated as terrorist in Africa]]
[[Category:Defunct organizations designated as terrorist in Africa]]

Latest revision as of 20:25, 3 June 2024

Zimbabwe People's Revolutionary Army
Flag of ZAPU
Active1964–1980
Country Zimbabwe
AllegianceZAPU
BranchIrregular military
TypeGuerrilla army
RoleMilitary wing of ZAPU
Size20,000 personnel in 1979[1]
EngagementsRhodesian Bush War
Commanders
Notable
commanders		Alfred Nikita Mangena
Lookout Masuku
Insignia
AbbreviationZIPRA

Zimbabwe People's Revolutionary Army (ZIPRA) was the military wing of the Zimbabwe African People's Union (ZAPU), a Marxist–Leninist political party in Rhodesia. It participated in the Rhodesian Bush War against white minority rule of Rhodesia (modern Zimbabwe). ZIPRA (or often ZPRA) was formed during the 1960s by the nationalist leader Jason Moyo, the deputy of Joshua Nkomo.

Operations[edit]

Map showing the sectors of ZIPRA during the Bush War.
ZIPRA T-34-85 tank at the Zimbabwe Military Museum, Gweru.

Because ZAPU's political strategy relied more heavily on negotiations than armed force, ZIPRA developed as elaborately training both regular soldiers and guerrilla fighters, although by 1979 it had an estimated 20,000 combatants,[1] based in camps around Lusaka, Zambia and at the front. ZIPRA's crossing points into Zimbabwe were at Feira in Zambia opposite Mashonaland East and West. For example, the operational boundary was Sipolilo where ZIPRA, Zimbabwe African National Liberation Army (ZANLA) and Rhodesian Security Forces clashed. ZIPRA operated alone in Mashonaland West. No ZANLA combatants were present in that area until the later stages of the war.[2]

Beside the overall political ideologies, the main differences between ZIPRA and ZANLA were that:

  • ZIPRA did not follow ZANLA's ideology (inspired by Maoism) but followed Soviet Marxist-Leninist principles.
  • ZIPRA controlled zones from Sipolilo to Plumtree.

ZIPRA was in formal alliance with uMkhonto we Sizwe (MK), the ANC's militant wing. ZIPRA and MK mounted a celebrated, if strategically unsuccessful, raid into Rhodesia in the mid-1960s. The incursion was stopped by Rhodesian Security Forces, working in concert with the South African Police.

Downing of passenger planes[edit]

A Viscount of Air Rhodesia (pictured in the early 1970s), similar to the Hunyani and the Umniati.

In 1978 and 1979 ZIPRA downed two civilian passenger planes of Air Rhodesia, killing a total of 107 passengers and crew. Air Rhodesia Flight 825 (named the Hunyani) was a scheduled flight from Kariba to Salisbury that was shot down on 3 September 1978 by ZIPRA guerrillas using an SA-7 surface-to-air missile (SAM). ZAPU (the political body behind ZIPRA) leader Joshua Nkomo publicly claimed responsibility for shooting down the Hunyani on BBC Television the same evening, saying the aircraft had been used for military purposes, but denied that his men had killed survivors on the ground. Eighteen of the fifty-six passengers in the Air Rhodesia plane survived the crash, with most of these having been seated in the rear. Three crash survivors who remained at the aircraft managed to avoid being killed by running away and hiding in the bush. A second plane, Air Rhodesia Flight 827 (named the Umniati), was shot down on 12 February 1979 by ZIPRA guerrillas, again using an SA-7 SAM.

ZIPRA commanders and soldiers[edit]

ZIPRA personnel being supervised at an assembly point during Operation Midford.

References[edit]

  1. ^ a b Lohman, Major Charles M.; MacPherson, Major Robert I. (7 June 1983). "Rhodesia: Tactical Victory, Strategic Defeat" (PDF). War Since 1945 Seminar and Symposium. Quantico, Virginia: Marine Corps Command and Staff College. Retrieved 19 October 2011.
  2. ^ Martin, D & Johnson, P. (1981). The Struggle for Zimbabwe. Faber & Faber. p. 400.
  3. ^ a b c d e f g h "Up close with Col. Tshinga Dube". Sunday Mail. 8 September 2012. Retrieved 17 May 2013.
  4. ^ Kriger, Norma J (2003). Guerrilla Veterans in Post-war Zimbabwe: Symbolic and Violent Politics, 1980–1987. Cambridge University Press. p. 316.
  5. ^ "Lookout Masuku dies at 46; commanded Nkomo forces". The New York Times. 7 April 1986. Retrieved 17 May 2013.
  6. ^ "War vets recommend hero status for late CIO". Nehanda Radio. 30 August 2018. Retrieved 5 February 2024.
  7. ^ "1976: the year Bosso lost its entire junior squad to the armed struggle". Sunday News (Zimbabwe). 14 June 2020. Retrieved 12 February 2024.
  8. ^ Sibanda, Mkhululi (9 June 2022). "https://www.sundaynews.co.zw/ZIPA had problems from word go top ZPRA commander reveals". Sunday News (Zimbabwe). Retrieved 6 February 2024. {{cite news}}: External link in |title= (help)
  9. ^ "The Zimbabwe National Amy". Retrieved 29 February 2012.
  10. ^ "Nkomo's security chief tells police he shot farmer's brother". Zim Eye. 14 May 2009. Retrieved 17 May 2013.

Further reading[edit]

  • Rasmussen, R. K., & Rubert, S. C., 1990. A Historical Dictionary of Zimbabwe, Scarecrow Press, Inc., Metuchen, N.J., United States of America.
  • Sunday mail, Sunday, 8 October 2006, Zimbabwe's true armed struggle history must be told
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