T-34

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T-34
T-34 (model 1942)

T-34 (model 1942)
General properties
crew 4 (commander, driver, loader, machine gunner / radio operator)
length 6.75 m
width 3 m
height 2.60 m
Dimensions 30.9 tons
Armor and armament
Armor 70 mm (tower front wall), 45 mm / 60 ° (front plate, corresponds to 90 mm vertical armor)
Main armament 1 × 76.2 mm L / 41.5 cannon F-34 (100 rounds)
Secondary armament 2 × 7.62 mm MG Degtjarjow DT (one coaxial , one in the hull, 2275 rounds)
agility
drive V-12 diesel engine W-2-34
500 PS (368 kW)
suspension Christie suspension
Top speed 55 km / h
Power / weight 16.2 HP / t (11.9 kW / t)
Range 465 km (road)
T-34/85
T-34/85 (1944)

T-34/85 (1944)
General properties
crew 5 (commander, driver, gunner, loader, radio operator)
length 8.10 m (including pipe)
width 3.00 m
height 2.65 m (tower top)
Dimensions 32 tons
Armor and armament
Armor 20-90 mm
Main armament 1 × 85 mm cannon type SiS-S-53 with 56 shot
Secondary armament 2 × 7.62 mm MG Degtjarjow DT (1920 rounds)
agility
drive 12-cylinder diesel engine W-2-34M
500 PS (368 kW)
suspension Christie suspension
Top speed 55 km / h
Power / weight 15.6 HP / t (11.5 kW / t)
Range 380 km (road)

The T-34 (from Russian танк for tank ) was a medium tank from Soviet production. It was built from 1940 to 1958 and used by the Red Army mainly in the German-Soviet War . The T-34 is considered to be the most famous Soviet tank of the war. Its simple construction enabled it to be mass-produced. With over 50,000 units it was the most-built tank of the Second World War and with a total of over 80,000 it was one of the most-built tanks ever.

The T-34 was superior to all German tanks at the time of the German attack in 1941. In the tank battle near Mtsensk , he was able to demonstrate his superiority for the first time. Some significant tactical deficits in the design were disadvantageous, such as the lack of a fifth crew member in the person of the gunner or, initially, the lack of radio equipment. From 1942/43 onwards, the Germans were able to use tanks with superior combat power with the upgraded Panzer IV , the Panther and the Tiger , whereupon the Soviets upgraded the tank to the T-34/85 with a more powerful cannon from 1944. Due to its enormous majority, the T-34 contributed significantly to the victory of the Red Army. After World War II, the T-34 was exported to numerous states and used in several other wars, most notably the Korean War and the Middle East .

development

The T-34 is a further development of the older BT series . It is based on the Christie drive developed by John Walter Christie and named after him . The tank emerged from the A-20, A-30 and A-32 projects. The A-20 still had four rollers on each side like the BT tanks, the A-32 was the first to use five rollers. After a few tests, it was found that the A-32 could carry even more weight. The armor was reinforced from 30 to 45 mm. Due to the tense foreign policy situation in the Soviet Union, the changes were accepted and the immediate provision of 200 tanks was required before a prototype existed. In the end, only a name was missing for the newly developed tank. Mikhail Koshkin , the tank's chief designer, had the courage and told Defense Commissioner Kliment Voroshilov not to name the tank after him. He imagined the name T-34: T for tank (Panzer) and the 34 for the year 1934, in which the reinforcement of the armored forces had been requested. After the prototypes completed in January 1940 had been successfully subjected to extensive tests and when the construction plans were ready, series production began. Koschkin died of pneumonia in 1940 after he had undertaken long-distance journeys in icy weather as a test driver for the final inspection of the T-34. From then on, the development work was headed by Koschkin's deputy, Alexander Morosow , who was previously responsible for the project's engine and drive train.

  • Prototype A-32

  • Prototype A-32

  • from left: BT-7, A-20, two T-34/76 (model 1940 and model 41)

T-34

The model variants of the T-34, now commonly referred to as T-34/76, were originally only called T-34, M19xx. Only after the appearance of the T-34/85 were they called T-34/76. The first 117 pre-series vehicles were built in 1940 by the Charkow locomotive works "Comintern" . 1941 began Stalingrad tractor factory "Dzerzhinsky" (Сталинградский тракторный завод (СТЗ) имени Ф. Э. Дзержинского) with the serial production and made 40 percent of all T-34 side until the work in September 1942 with the start of the Battle of Stalingrad failed. In the summer of 1941, the T-34 production was also in the Chelyabinsk Tractor Plant (from October 1941 Chelyabinsk Tractor Plant "Stalin" - Челябинский тракторный завод им И. В. Сталина.) And mechanical engineering complex "Krasnoye Sormovo" (Красное Сормово) in Gorki on . Shortly before the German occupation of Kharkov in October 1941, the "Comintern" locomotive plant was relocated to Nizhny Tagil , where it was combined with the Ural wagon factory ( Russian: Уралвагонзавод ) to form the Ural tank plant "Stalin" , which delivered a total of over 25,000 T-34s. Another large manufacturer was Uralmash (Уральский Машиностроительный Завод) in what was then Sverdlovsk .

The main use of the T-34 was initially as a company and platoon command tank for the very large number of light BT models and the T-26 . At first it was not used in closed associations. This made it easier for the German enemy, despite his lack of suitable anti-tank defense, to isolate and shoot down the individually deployed vehicles. Technically, the weak point of the early versions was the gearbox, the defects of which caused more vehicles to be lost than the enemy. In contrast to the German tanks, the T-34 only had a four-man crew, whereby the commander had to act as a gunner at the same time, which made it difficult to keep track of the battle. In addition, only the company commander tanks had a radio. Even so, his superior skills were evident. The excellent mobility and armor, however, were offset by immature telescopic sights and a lack of guidance, such as the initially missing radio. A commander's hatch was only available with the Model 43.

The German 3.7 cm anti-tank gun was  unable to harm the armor of the T-34 - apart from lucky hits in the turret ring - and was therefore sarcastically referred to in the troops as the "army knocking device". The 5 cm KwK L / 42 of the Panzer III could only endanger the T-34 at the sides and at the rear. Only the 7.5 cm PaK 40 was an effective defense weapon. The T-34 could also be effectively fought with the 8.8 cm anti-aircraft gun , which was used as an improvised PaK. The Panzer IV F2 , which appeared in the spring of 1942, was able to restore the armament balance with its 7.5 cm KwK 40 L / 43 cannon, but was still significantly inferior to the T-34 in terms of armor and mobility. It was only with the introduction of the V "Panther" tank (version D) that the Wehrmacht had a more than equivalent medium tank. The Panther was heavier, a little slower and had a much shorter range, but was more armed and armored than the T-34.

The wide tracks soon proved to be an advantage as they increased the cross-country mobility compared to the German tanks with their relatively narrow tracks . The diesel engine increased the range and reduced the risk of fire (see diesel fuel ).

The T-34/76 model 1940 had the 76.2 mm L-11 cannon with 30 caliber lengths (L / 30). Starting with the 1941 model, the 76.2 mm F-34 cannon with 41.5 caliber lengths (L / 42) was installed. This made it far better armed than any other tank in the early 1940s.

The cast rather than welded turret of the T-34, which is more suitable for mass production, was developed by Vasily S. Jemeljanow . The tower construction was revised several times and partly varied depending on the place of manufacture. While the models had a compact turret with a large hatch until 1942, a larger turret with two hatches was used from 1943. The commander's hatch was soon supplemented by a dome, which gave the commander an all-round view even when the hatch was closed.

  • Model 1940 (L-11 cannon)

  • Model 1941 (cannon F-34)

  • Transitional model 1941/42

  • 1943 model

  • Model 1943 (with commanders cupola)

T-34/85

In order to keep the T-34 at the same high level as the latest German tanks, the order was placed to install a new cannon in the tank. Since several cannons with a caliber of 85 mm were being developed at the time, it made sense to use one of them. The factory "Krasnoye Sormowo" and the Ural tank factory "Stalin" produced test vehicles. Both used the cannons of the type D-5T, LB-1, S-50 and S-53. The Ural Panzerwerk also developed a new turret for the tank that was originally intended for the KW-85 . In order to accommodate the new tower, the diameter of the slewing ring had to be increased from 1420 mm to 1600 mm.

After the testing was completed, series production began. The S-53 was intended as a weapon, but the first models had to be equipped with the D-5 from January to March 1944. The S-53 was not yet fully developed when the T-34/85 started production; after its completion it was added as the main weapon of the T-34/85 under the designation SIS-S-53 (original: ЗИС-С-53). With the appearance of the German Panzer V ( Panther ) and Panzer VI ( Tiger ), the T-34 lost part of its horror for the Germans. However, the numerical superiority of the T-34 made up for the higher quality and better armament of the late German tanks. The production figures of the T-34 were about nine times as high as those of the Panther (54,600: 6,000). A total of around 54,600 T-34s were built during the war, of which 19,430 were T-34 / 85s.

Even after the Second World War, the T-34/85 continued to be produced until the end of 1946. The total production amounted to approximately 25,915 pieces. There was a conversion of older T-34 / 76s up to 1951 (according to American estimates 12,000 pieces). Poland and Czechoslovakia then also built another 4,565 units (1,380 and 3,185, respectively) by 1956. Numerous countries - for example Egypt  - used the T-34/85 until the 1960s. In the National People's Army of the GDR , the T-34/76 was retired in 1964; the last 35 T-34/85 tanks with the 85-mm cannon remained in reserve there until 1988 or were used as hard targets on firing ranges.

During the Yugoslav Wars in the 1990s, the T-34/85 were used by both Serbian and Croatian armed forces . T-34s are said to be still in service today, including with the North Korean People's Army .

  • Front view of a T-34/85

  • Tail of a T-34/85

  • T-34/85 turret in detail

  • Side view of a T-34/85

T-34/57

T-34/57

The first 57 mm ZIS-4 guns were produced in the autumn of 1941. It was planned to install this in the T-34/76, as the penetration rate was higher at a muzzle velocity of 1270 m / s. With the beginning of the war it was no longer possible to assemble it in the tanks. From July to October 1943, about 200 improved 57mm ZIS-4M cannons were produced. Four experimental tanks were tested in tank factory No. 183 Nizhny Tagil. A serial installation did not take place in the factory. The ZIS-4M was a 57mm anti-tank gun ZIS-2 that was used in the cradle of the F-34 tank gun. In front workshops, repaired T-34/76 tanks were converted with 57-mm ZIS-4M cannons. So far only two photos of the deployed T-34/57 (turret number 20) are known. A replica of a T-34/57 is now in the military museum in Verkhnyaya Pyschma.

T-34/100

In 1944 and 1945 there were attempts to install a 100 mm cannon in the turret of the T-34. Two different prototypes were made. However, problems with the recoil of the cannon meant that the accuracy of the first prototype was very poor. This problem could be resolved with the second prototype, but the new T-34/100 was no longer approved for mass production. After the Second World War, however, T-34s were converted to 100 mm cannons in the Arab world, which instead of a turret were given a fixed structure with the cannon and are more likely to be regarded as tank destroyers .

Derived models

Several other Soviet armored vehicles of World War II are based on the chassis of the T-34:

  • the SU-85 and SU-100 tank destroyers
  • the SU-122 assault gun
  • the OT-34 flamethrower tank
  • the mine clearance tank PT-34

There were also versions as bridge-laying tanks, armored recovery vehicles, armored personnel carriers and artillery tractors.

T-34 captured from the German side were used under the designation Panzerkampfwagen 747 (r) ; some were converted into recovery and ammunition tanks and ambulance vehicles.

The Egyptian army converted some of their T-34s into tank destroyers. To do this, the Soviet 100-mm anti-tank gun BS-3 was installed in a rigid turret. These vehicles are also known as T-100 or T-34/100.

Successor models

The development, which did not end with the versions of the T-34, was continued with the T-43 (1943, prototype stage) and T-44 (1945, built and used in much smaller numbers) and resulted in the construction of the T-54 (in production 1947), which was to eventually replace the T-34 in service.

technology

Engine and power transmission

Cutaway model of the W-2 diesel engine in the Parola tank museum (Finland)
transmission
T-34 chain link

The twelve-cylinder - diesel engine W-2-34 ( russian В-2-34 ) with 38.88 liters of displacement makes more than 500  hp (368  kW ) at 1800 / min (400 hp at 1700 / min). Cylinder heads and benches , and piston and crank case of elaborately constructed V-type engine with a 60 °  bank angle and diesel direct injection made as in aircraft engines from a cast aluminum alloy . The steel cylinder sleeves were inserted. The ready-to-install motor weighs only around 750 kg. It has four valves per cylinder and DOHC valve control (two camshafts per cylinder bank ), which are each driven by a vertical shaft.

In order for discharged starter battery to ensure the tempering or low temperatures, is pneumatic Start System available: the accommodated to the driver from the / compressed air cylinder / -en is a rotating with half the crankshaft speed distribution of compressed air via check valves blown into the cylinder and therefore the piston emotional. The compressed air cylinder must be filled externally and allows four to six start attempts. The electric auxiliary starter can be used to start without compressed air .

The crawlers are the two driving wheels driven backward, the over steering brakes with the differential - / change speed transmission are connected in the rear block of the tank; This is followed by the clutch bell , above which a tangential fan wheel rotates, and the longitudinally installed V-motor. Two water coolers on both sides of the engine ensure heat dissipation.

Data

Tank scheme of the T-34
DT bow machine gun of the T-34

Note: The different versions of the T-34/76 were not given official names. In the literature there are therefore different names for the different types. On the one hand, they are differentiated by the designations T-34/76 A to D or A to F; elsewhere according to the year of publication (like here). The letter designation is sometimes misleading because different authors give the same versions different names; for example, the 1942 model is referred to as the T-34/76 C or the T-34/76 D, the later version with the commander's cupola as the T-34/76 F. Sometimes there were also differences in the places of manufacture, especially in the tower shape, which had their origin in the available resources.

Panzerkampfwagen T-34 Panzerkampfwagen T-34/85
0 General characteristics
crew 4th 5
Combat weight 26.3 t 30 t
Ground pressure 0.64 kg / cm² 0.87 kg / cm²
length 5.93 m 7.53 m
width 3.02 m 3 m
height 2.46 m 2.72 m (T-34 / 85M: 2.70 m)
Ground clearance 38 cm 40 cm
Chain width 56 cm
0 armament
Main armament 76.2 mm L / 42 cannon 85mm L / 53 cannon
Secondary armament 2 × DT machine guns (cal. 7.62 mm )
Ammunition cannon 77 shells 56 shells
Ammunition MG 4420 cartridges 1955 cartridges
0 mileage
engine Twelve-cylinder V-engine ( W-2 )
cooling water
Displacement 38.88 l
Bore × stroke 150 mm × 180 mm (secondary connecting rod: 186.7 mm)
Maximum power 500 hp (368 kW) at 1800 rpm.
Liter output 12.7 hp / l
Power / weight 19 hp / t 16.7 hp / t
transmission unsynchronized (four forward, one reverse)
Top speed 47 km / h
Fuel supply 480 l diesel
Range road 455 km 300 km
Range terrain 260 km 160 km
steering Steering brakes
Rollers 5
suspension Coil springs ( Christie drive ) without shock absorbers
Fording depth 112 cm 90 cm
0 armor
Tub bow 45 mm
Tub side 45 mm
Tub rear 40 mm 40-45 mm
Tub roof 20 mm 30 mm
Tub bottom 15 mm 20 mm
Tower front 45 mm 45-55 mm
Tower side 45 mm 50-55 mm
Turret stern 40 mm 50 mm
Tower roof 16 mm 20 mm

production

Total produced T-34
year 1940 1941 1942 1943 1944 1945 1946-1955
T-34/76 117 3014 12572 15833 4441 - -
T-34/85 - - - - 10647 12551 ≈4500
total 117 3262 12527 15833 14263 12551 ≈4500
Produced T-34 in the Soviet Union, according to works
plant Type 1940 until June 1941 Remainder 1941 1942 1943 1944 1945 1946 total
Factory No. 183 - Charkov locomotive works "Comintern" T-34/76 117/183 553 939 (until September) - - - - - 1609/1675
Factory No. 183 - Urals Wagon Plant , Nizhny Tagil T-34/76 - - 25 December) 5684 7466 1838 - - 15013
T-34/85 - - - - - 6585 7356 493 14434
STS - Stalingrad Tractor Plant "Felix E. Dzerzhinsky" T-34/76 - 256 1000 2520 (until September) - - - - 3776
Factory No. 112 “ Krasnoye Sormowo ”, Gorky T-34/76 - - 173/161 (from October, 156 with M-17F, 5 with W-2 ) 2584 2962 557 - - 6276/6264
T-34/85 - - - - - 3062 3255 1154 7471
Factory No. 174 Voroshilov Plant , Omsk T-34/76 - - - 417 1347 1136 - - 2900
T-34/85 - - - - - 1000 1940 1054 3994
TschTS - Chelyabinsk Tractor Plant T-34/76 - - - 1055 (from summer) 3594 445 (until March) - - 5094
USTM ( Uralmash ), Sverdlovsk T-34/76 - - - 267 (from September 15, 1942) 464 (until autumn) - - - 731
Total production 117/183 809 2459/2453 12527 15833 14263 12551 2701 61366

Use as a booty tank

Destroyed T-34 on the Eastern Front (1944)
T-34 shot down in the Battle of Stalingrad
Burning T-34 (1941)

From the summer of 1941 until the surrender in 1945, the Wehrmacht , the Waffen-SS and the Ordnungspolizei put captured T-34 tanks of the various versions under the designation ( third-party device number ) “PzKpfw. 747 (r) ". T-34/85 were only rarely used by German troops, as these were seldom conquered due to the superiority of the Red Army. Captured T-34s were often used by the German units immediately after they were captured. As soon as ammunition and spare parts were missing, they were also given up again by mid-1942. From mid-1942, the Wehrmacht and the Waffen-SS began to equip units with T-34 tanks as planned. This “PzKpfw. 747 (r) ”was previously overtaken by the Panzer Repair Group North in Riga . Among other things, the tanks were repainted and converted. Many tanks received German radios, radio antennas and Notek camouflage lights. Some of the tanks were given commanders' cupolas from Panzer III and Panzer IV that were no longer repairable . In 1943, this repair work and conversions began to be carried out at the Daimler-Benz factory in Berlin-Marienfelde and at Waggon- und Maschinenbau AG (WUMAG) in Görlitz . Some of the captured T-34s continued to be repaired and converted by the troops themselves. After the reconquest of Kharkov during the battle in the spring of 1943, the repair squadron of the SS Panzer Grenadier Division “Das Reich” repaired around 50 previously captured T-34s in the local tractor factory. The staff of the plant was used for this purpose. The tanks used by the Waffen-SS about 25 later received side skirts as additional equipment. The severity Panzerjäger department 653 built at least one T-34 for Flakpanzer with a 2-cm-Vierling gun to.

In order to prevent the "PzKpfw. 747 (r) “were attacked by their own or allied troops, they were marked with oversized crosses . The silhouette was partially changed with additions made of wood. The PzKpfw. 747 (r) deployed the troops frequently in tank destroyer units or for direct infantry support. That is why they were often used by infantry divisions and the police force. The order police put the PzKpfw. 747 (r) in the fight against partisans . To train tank crews, the PzKpfw. 747 (r) used in the Reich and in occupied territories, including France . Towerless PzKpfw. 747 (r) were used as armored recovery vehicles and ammunition tugs.

During the Second World War, the countries allied with the German Reich, Finland (only 14 units: seven T-34/76 and also seven T-34/85), Hungary and Italy captured T-34s.

Trivia

Drake the pochard, the comparable front silhouette led to the Finnish nickname of the T-34

In Finland, the T-34/76 was called Sotka (pochard) because of its front-end appearance .

In the summer of 2015, the export of a T-34-85 tank from 1945 from Russia to Kazakhstan was prevented because it was a "smuggling of cultural property".

Because of its distinctive engine noise, the SAS-968 "Saporoshez" was popularly referred to as the "T-34 Sport" in the GDR.

There are still some T-34 monuments , especially in Germany, such as the tank monument in Lalendorf , in Berlin the Soviet memorial in the Tiergarten , in Burg (near Magdeburg) on the Soviet war cemetery or in the Seelower Heights memorial .

States of operations

T-34/85 of the NVA (1952-1965)
T-34/85 in use in Bosnia in 1996
T-34/85 with additional rubber mat armor, 1996 near Doboj in Bosnia
T-34/85 captured by the US Army in the Korean War

literature

  • Ferdinand von Senger and Etterlin : The Soviet medium battle tank . Standard tanks of the Eastern Bloc (=  General Swiss Military Magazine . Volume 133 , no. 9 ). 1967, p. 530-535 ( e-periodica.ch [accessed January 7, 2018]).
  • Janusz Magnuski: From Tankograd to Berlin. Development and testing of the T-34 . 1st edition. Military publishing house of the GDR, Berlin 1980, DNB  369252470 .
  • Matthew Hughes, Chris Mann: T-34 tanks . Karl Müller, Erlangen 1999, ISBN 3-86070-799-X , p. 96 (English: The T-34 tank . Translated by Jürgen Brust).
  • AW Karpenko: Soviet-Russian tanks. 1905-2003 . Elbe-Dnjepr, Klitzschen 2004, ISBN 3-933395-44-5 , p. 235–255 (Russian: Обозрение отечественной бронетанковой техники (1905–1995 гг.) . Translated by R. Meier).
  • Thomas Reichl: From Stalingrad to the Army History Museum. The history of the T-34 medium battle tank . In: Viribus Unitis . Annual report 2004 of the Army History Museum. Vienna 2005, p. 81-102 .
  • Alexander Lüdeke : Wehrmacht loot tanks. Great Britain, Italy, Soviet Union and USA 1939–45 . In: Typenkompass . Basic knowledge for those interested in tanks. Motorbuch, Stuttgart 2011, ISBN 978-3-613-03359-7 .
  • Jörg Siegert , Helmut Hanske: Main battle tanks of the NVA . Motorbuch, Stuttgart 2011, ISBN 978-3-613-03294-1 , p. 10-54 .

Web links

Commons : T-34  - album with pictures, videos and audio files

Individual evidence

  1. ↑ The misery of the German tanks was their quality. In: The world . July 29, 2012.
  2. ^ A 20 Russian tanks and armor 1915–1997. nemo.nu, accessed on November 9, 2016 (English, not directly linkable, select model in the navigation bar (A-20, A-32, and T-32)).
  3. ^ Jörg Siegert, Helmut Hanske: Main battle tanks of the NVA . Motorbuch, Stuttgart 2011, ISBN 978-3-613-03294-1 , p. 10 .
  4. ↑ a b Thomas L. Jentz : The German Armored Troop 1942–1945. Podzun-Pallas Verlag, 1999, ISBN 3-7909-0624-7 , p. 282.
  5. ↑ AW Karpenko: Soviet-Russian tanks. 1905-2003 . Elbe-Dnjepr, Klitzschen 2004, ISBN 3-933395-44-5 , p. 251, 254 (Russian: Обозрение отечественной бронетанковой техники (1905–1995 гг.) . Translated by R. Meier).
  6. ↑ After the Second World War, the T-34/85 was manufactured under license in Czechoslovakia and the People's Republic of Poland. These post-war models differed slightly technically and in a higher quality from the tanks produced during the war in the Soviet Union. The exact number of units and the exact start of license production is not known.
  7. ↑ Steven J. Zaloga: T-34-85 Medium Tank 1944-94 . Osprey Publishing, London 1996, ISBN 1-85532-535-7 (License production of the T-34/85 began in Poland in 1951 and lasted until 1955.).
  8. ^ J. Rickard: T-34 Medium Tank Production. September 19, 2008, accessed January 7, 2014 .
  9. ↑ Евгений Болдырев: Средний танк Т-34. September 20, 2005, accessed January 7, 2014 (Russian).
  10. ↑ Евгений Болдырев: Средний танк Т-34-85. September 20, 2005, accessed January 7, 2014 (Russian).
  11. ↑ a b c d e f different information
  12. ↑ The Kharkov locomotive plant was evacuated to Nizhny Tagil from September 17 to October 19 - while production was still running.
  13. ↑ a b Lüdeke, pp. 61–67.
  14. ↑ jaegerplatoon.net
  15. ↑ T-34. T-34/76 "Sotka". In: Finnish Army 1918–1945: T-28 and T-34 tanks. jaegerplatoon.net, accessed on February 21, 2015 (English): "Finnish soldiers gave already first captured T-34 tank a nickname" Sotka "(pochard) and this nickname spread becoming a commonly used nick-name for all T-34 / 76 tanks. Several more or less varying stories exist about origin of this nickname, but most seem to have that in common, that apparently the inspiration for it originated from a steamboat with that name. "
  16. ^ Reijo Kuusisto: Suomalainen T-34/76 lyhytputkinen Sotka . In: Pienoismalli . No. 1 . Helsinki Media, Helsinki 1994, p. 50 .
  17. ↑ FSB prevented the export of T-34 tanks from Russia to Kazakhstan , Lenta.ru, August 5, 2015
  18. ^ Federal Government: Russian tanks stay at the Brandenburg Gate In: Der Tagesspiegel . April 16, 2014.
  19. ↑ http://mailer.fsu.edu/~akirk/tanks/Italy/Ita-T34-Russia-RickMente.jpg ( Memento from December 2, 2006 in the Internet Archive )
  20. ↑ http://mailer.fsu.edu/~akirk/tanks/Italy/Ita-T34-RickMente.jpg ( Memento from September 25, 2013 in the Internet Archive )
  21. ↑ http://www.bundesheer.at/cms/artikel.php?ID=3655
  22. ↑ a b c http://beute.narod.ru/index.htm ( Memento from April 4, 2005 in the Internet Archive )