Palpimanoidea: Difference between revisions
→Phylogeny: neck |
→Phylogeny: name update |
||
| Line 93: | Line 93: | ||
Nevertheless, the authors preferred to accept the earlier conclusion based on multiple lines of evidence that the Palpimanoidea are a monophyletic group.<ref name=WheeCoddCrowDimi17/> |
Nevertheless, the authors preferred to accept the earlier conclusion based on multiple lines of evidence that the Palpimanoidea are a monophyletic group.<ref name=WheeCoddCrowDimi17/> |
||
Although the morphological data suggests that the two families with "necks" in the prosoma, Archaeidae and Mecysmaucheniidae, are sisters, molecular data suggests otherwise. It is now believed that the elongated and elevated "neck" has evolved independently in these two families, as well as in the more distantly related [[ |
Although the morphological data suggests that the two families with "necks" in the prosoma, Archaeidae and Mecysmaucheniidae, are sisters, molecular data suggests otherwise. It is now believed that the elongated and elevated "neck" has evolved independently in these two families, as well as in the more distantly related [[Malkaridae]] (Pararchaeidae).<ref name=WoodGrisGill12/> |
||
==References== |
==References== |
||
Revision as of 10:39, 9 September 2018
| Palpimanoids | |
|---|---|
| |
| Male Sarascelis chaperi (Palpimanidae) | |
Scientific classification 
| |
| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Arthropoda |
| Subphylum: | Chelicerata |
| Class: | Arachnida |
| Order: | Araneae |
| Infraorder: | Araneomorphae |
| Superfamily: | Palpimanoidea |
| Families | |
|
See text. | |
Palpimanoidea or palpimanoids, also known as assassin spiders,[1] are a group of araneomorph spiders, originally treated as a superfamily. As with many such groups, its circumscription has varied. As of September 2018[update], the following five families were included:[2][3]
Description
Some palpimanoids, particularly members of the families Archaeidae, Huttoniidae and Stenochilidae, specialize in preying on other spiders, hence the description "assassin spiders". They enter the retreats and webs of other spiders and seize them. Members of the families Huttoniidae, Palpimanidae and Stenochilidae have extensive scopulae on the sides of their often enlarged front legs, which enable them to both seize and manipulate prey. Members of the family Archaeidae have much smaller scopulae, but have a highly modified prosoma (cephalothorax), in which a long narrow "neck" separates a "head" portion from the rest of the prosoma. The long neck is matched by long chelicerae. Members of the Mecysmaucheniidae also have an elongated prosoma and chelicerae. When hunting prey, they hold their chelicerae widely open. Long, forward directed hairs (setae) appear to act as triggers; when touched by prey, the chelicerae rapidly snap shut, enabling mecysmaucheniids to catch fast-moving prey, such as springtails.[1][2]
-
Zephyrarchaea grayi (Archaeidae), showing the "neck" and long chelicerae (bar = 1 mm) -
Zearchaea clypeata (Mecysmaucheniidae), showing the less long "neck" and chelicerae -
Boagrius sp. (Palpimanidae), showing the enlarged front legs (bar = 1 mm)
Phylogeny
In 1984, Raymond R. Forster and Norman I. Platnick proposed that some groups previously considered araneoid actually belonged in the distantly related Palpimanoidea, including the families Holarchaeidae, Micropholcommatidae, Mimetidae and Pararchaeidae. Subsequent phylogenetic studies have rejected this proposal, firmly placing them in Araneoidea.[3]
Studies published in 2012 and 2013, using morphological, molecular and fossil evidence, agreed that Palpimanoidea is monophyletic.[2][4] Molecular data suggested the following relationship between the five families comprising the Palpimanoidea, although three of the families were represented by only one species each:[2]
| Palpimanoidea |
| ||||||||||||||||||||||||
Using only the morphological data produced a different arrangement of the families:[2]
| Palpimanoidea |
| ||||||||||||||||||||||||
A large molecular phylogenetic study, first published online in 2016, grouped the five families in the same way, but suggested that the Palpimanoidea, together with part of the non-monophyletic Leptonetidae, were a paraphyletic group basal to the large Entelegynae clade:[1]
|
Palpimanoidea |
Nevertheless, the authors preferred to accept the earlier conclusion based on multiple lines of evidence that the Palpimanoidea are a monophyletic group.[1]
Although the morphological data suggests that the two families with "necks" in the prosoma, Archaeidae and Mecysmaucheniidae, are sisters, molecular data suggests otherwise. It is now believed that the elongated and elevated "neck" has evolved independently in these two families, as well as in the more distantly related Malkaridae (Pararchaeidae).[2]
References
- ^ a b c d Wheeler, Ward C.; Coddington, Jonathan A.; Crowley, Louise M.; Dimitrov, Dimitar; Goloboff, Pablo A.; Griswold, Charles E.; Hormiga, Gustavo; Prendini, Lorenzo; Ramírez, Martín J.; Sierwald, Petra; Almeida-Silva, Lina; Alvarez-Padilla, Fernando; Arnedo, Miquel A.; Benavides Silva, Ligia R.; Benjamin, Suresh P.; Bond, Jason E.; Grismado, Cristian J.; Hasan, Emile; Hedin, Marshal; Izquierdo, Matías A.; Labarque, Facundo M.; Ledford, Joel; Lopardo, Lara; Maddison, Wayne P.; Miller, Jeremy A.; Piacentini, Luis N.; Platnick, Norman I.; Polotow, Daniele; Silva-Dávila, Diana; Scharff, Nikolaj; Szűts, Tamás; Ubick, Darrell; Vink, Cor J.; Wood, Hannah M.; Zhang, Junxia (2017) [published online 2016], "The spider tree of life: phylogeny of Araneae based on target-gene analyses from an extensive taxon sampling", Cladistics, 33: 574–616, doi:10.1111/cla.12182
{{citation}}: Unknown parameter|lastauthoramp=ignored (|name-list-style=suggested) (help) - ^ a b c d e f Wood, Hannah Marie; Griswold, Charles E.; Gillespie, Rosemary G. (2012), "Phylogenetic placement of pelican spiders (Archaeidae, Araneae), with insight into evolution of the "neck" and predatory behaviours of the superfamily Palpimanoidea", Cladistics, 28 (6): 598–626, doi:10.1111/j.1096-0031.2012.00411.x, retrieved 2015-09-24
{{citation}}: Unknown parameter|lastauthoramp=ignored (|name-list-style=suggested) (help) - ^ a b Hormiga, Gustavo; Griswold, Charles E. (2014), "Systematics, Phylogeny, and Evolution of Orb-Weaving Spiders", Annual Review of Entomology, 59 (1): 487–512, doi:10.1146/annurev-ento-011613-162046, PMID 24160416
{{citation}}: Invalid|ref=harv(help); Unknown parameter|lastauthoramp=ignored (|name-list-style=suggested) (help) - ^ Wood, Hannah Marie; Matzke, Nicholas J.; Gillespie, Rosemary G.; Griswold, Charles E. (2013), "Treating Fossils as Terminal Taxa in Divergence Time Estimation Reveals Ancient Vicariance Patterns in the Palpimanoid Spiders", Systematic Biology, 62 (2): 264–284, doi:10.1093/sysbio/sys092
{{citation}}: Unknown parameter|lastauthoramp=ignored (|name-list-style=suggested) (help)