Gaofen
| 高分 Gāo Fēn | |
| Program overview | |
|---|---|
| Country | China |
| Status | Active |
| Program history | |
| Duration | 2013–Present |
| First flight | 26 April 2013 |
| Successes | 35 |
| Failures | 2 |
| Launch site(s) | |
| Vehicle information | |
| Launch vehicle(s) | |
Gaofen (Chinese: 高分; pinyin: Gāofēn; lit. 'high resolution') is a series of Chinese high-resolution Earth imaging satellites launched as part of the China High-resolution Earth Observation System (CHEOS) program.[1][2] CHEOS is a state-sponsored, civilian Earth-observation program used for agricultural, disaster, resource, and environmental monitoring. Proposed in 2006 and approved in 2010, the CHEOS program consists of the Gaofen series of space-based satellites, near-space and airborne systems such as airships and UAVs, ground systems that conduct data receipt, processing, calibration, and taskings, and a system of applications that fuse observation data with other sources to produce usable information and knowledge.[2][3] Although the first seven Gaofen satellites and their payloads have been heavily detailed, little to no details on Gaofen 8 and later satellites have been revealed prompting suggestions that Gaofen satellites may be dual purpose supporting both civilian and military missions.[2][4][5][6][7]
In 2003, the China National Space Administration (CNSA) agreed with Roscosomos to share Gaofen data for data from Russia's Earth observation satellites of similar capability. This agreement was expanded in August 2021 when leaders from BRICS space agencies agreed to share space-based remote sensing data.[8]
Notable satellites
Gaofen-5
Gaofen-5 has been lauded as the "flagship of the environment and atmosphere observation satellite in the CHEOS program". Launched on 8 May 2018 from Taiyuan Satellite Launch Center (TSLC) into sun-synchronous orbit, Gaofen-5 carries six payloads: an Advanced Hyperspectral Imagery sensor (AHSI), Atmospheric Infrared Ultraspectral Sensor (AIUS), Directional Polarization Camera (DPC), Environment Monitoring Instrument (EMI), Greenhouse-gases Monitoring Instrument (GMI), and Visual and Infrared Multispectral Sensor (VIMS).[2][9]
The Advanced Hyperspectral Imagery (AHSI) sensor payload aboard Gaofen-5 claims to be the first space-based hyperspectral imaging sensor utilizing both convex grating spectrophotometry and a three concentric-mirror (Offner) configuration.[10] The AHSI uses spectrophotometry to measure the light spectra reflected, transmitted, or emitted by an imaged object to detect or identify objects on the ground.[10] In civilian applications, the AHSI allows analysts to conduct environmental monitoring and resource discovery while in a military application would allow analysts to detect and identify an adversary's equipment or spot non-multi-spectral camouflage.[10][11][12] AHSI has a 30 meter spatial resolution and 5 nanometer spectral resolution in the visible, near-infrared (NIR), and short-wave infrared (SWIR) wavelength ranges.[12]
The Atmospheric Infrared Ultraspectral Sensor (AIUS) payload aboard Gaofen-5 is China's first hyperspectral occultation spectrometer meaning it measures the spectra of imaged atmospheric particles between the sensor and the Sun.[13][14] AIUS allows scientists to monitor atmospheric circulation by tracing H
2O (water vapor), temperature, pressure, and various carbon and halogen-containing gas pollutants such as chloroflourocarbons (CFCs), dinitrogen pentoxide, and chlorine nitrate.[14][15] A Michelson interferometer, AIUS images wavelengths between 2.4 and 13.3 micrometers (near to mid-wave infrared) at a 0.3 centimeter resolution and a ±10° field of view.[14]
Gaofen-5's Directional Polarimetric Camera (DPC) is China's first space-based multi-angle polarimetric camera.[9] Prior to GF-5's launch, in September 2016, China had experimented with polarimetric imaging in 2016 aboard the Tiangong-2 space laboratory and launched its Cloud and Aerosol Polarimetric Imager (CAPI) aboard TanSat in December of that year.[9][16] CAPI imaged clouds within 670 and 1640 nanometer channels but was restricted to fixed-angle imaging. The DPC aboard Gaofen-5 enables atmospheric spectroscopy in three polarized bands (90, 670, and 865 nm; polarized at 0°, 60°, and 120°) and five non-polarized bands (443, 565, 763, 765, and 910 nm), all wavelengths from green to near-infrared (NIR). A step motor rotates the 512 × 512 pixel charge-coupled device (CCD) imager ±50° providing a 1,850 km swath of imagery at 3.3 km resolution.[9][17]
Satellites
The People's Republic of China has attempted to launch 78 Gaofen-series satellites with 76 successfully launched and 2 unsuccessfully launched contributing to a 97% success rate.
| Designation | Launch date (UTC) |
Payloads | SCN | COSPAR ID | Orbit | Inclination | Launch vehicle | Launch site | Status |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Gaofen 1 | 26 April 2013 | 2m PAN, 8m MSI, 4x 16m WFV MSI | 39150 | 2013-018A | 632.8 km × 662.7 km | 98.1° | Long March 2D | Jiuquan SLC | Operational |
| Gaofen 2 | 19 August 2014 | 0.8m PAN, 3.2m MSI | 40118 | 2014-049A | 630.5 km × 638.0 km | 97.7° | Long March 4B | Taiyuan SLC | Operational |
| Gaofen 8 | 26 June 2015 | 40701 | 2015-030A | 501.7 km × 504.5 km | 97.6° | Long March 4B | Taiyuan SLC | Operational | |
| Gaofen 9-01 | 14 September 2015 | EO | 40894 | 2015-047A | 624.5 km × 671.3 km | 97.8° | Long March 2D | Jiuquan SLC | Operational |
| Gaofen 4 | 28 December 2015 | 50m VIS, 400m MWIR | 41194 | 2015-083A | 35,782.4 km × 35,806.4 km | 0.1° | Long March 3B | Xichang SLC | Operational |
| Gaofen 3 | 9 August 2016 | C-band SAR | 41727 | 2016-049A | 757.9 km × 758.8 km | 98.4° | Long March 4C | Taiyuan SLC | Operational |
| Gaofen 1-02 | 31 March 2018 | 2m PAN, 8m MSI, 4x 16m WFV MSI | 43259 | 2018-031A | 645.4 km × 649.0 km | 97.9° | Long March 4C | Taiyuan SLC | Operational |
| Gaofen 1-03 | 31 March 2018 | 2m PAN, 8m MSI, 4x 16m WFV MSI | 43260 | 2018-031B | 642.9 km ×651.9 km | 97.9° | Long March 4C | Taiyuan SLC | Operational |
| Gaofen 1-04 | 31 March 2018 | 2m PAN, 8m MSI, 4x 16m WFV MSI | 43262 | 2018-031D | 644.3 km × 650.5 km | 97.9° | Long March 4C | Taiyuan SLC | Operational |
| Gaofen 5 | 8 May 2018 | 303km POL MSI, 0.3cm HSI, 30m HSI | 43461 | 2018-043A | 706.2 km × 707.0 km | 98.3° | Long March 4C | Taiyuan SLC | Operational |
| Gaofen 6 | 2 June 2018 | MSI | 43484 | 2018-048A | 641.0 km × 654.3 km | 97.9° | Long March 2D | Jiuquan SLC | Operational |
| Gaofen 11-01 | 31 July 2018 | 43585 | 2018-063A | 493.1 km × 512.5 km | 97.6° | Long March 4B | Taiyuan SLC | Operational | |
| Jilin-1 Gaofen 03A | 5 June 2019 | 1m PAN, 4m MSI, video | Unknown* | 2019-032 | Unknown* | Unknown* | Long March 11H | Tai Rui barge | Operational |
| Gaofen 10R | 4 October 2019 | 44622 | 2019-066A | 632.0 km × 634.4 km | 97.9° | Long March 4C | Taiyuan SLC | Operational | |
| Gaofen 7 | 3 November 2019 | 44703 | 2019-072A | 500.7 km × 517.9 km | 97.4° | Long March 4B | Taiyuan SLC | Operational | |
| Jilin-1 Gaofen 02A | 13 November 2019 | 1m PAN, 4m MSI, video | 44777 | 2019-075A | 540.9 km × 546.8 km | 97.7° | Kuaizhou-1A | Jiuquan SLC | Operational |
| Gaofen 12 | 27 November 2019 | SAR | 44819 | 2019-082A | 634.4 km × 636.5 km | 97.9° | Long March 4C | Taiyuan SLC | Operational |
| Jilin-1 Gaofen 02B | 7 December 2019 | 1m PAN, 4m MSI, video | 44836 | 2019-086A | 539.1 km × 548.5 km | 97.7° | Kuaizhou-1A | Taiyuan SLC | Operational |
| Gaofen 9-02 | 31 May 2020 | EO | 45625 | 2020-034B | 493.9 km × 511.3 km | 97.4° | Long March 2D | Jiuquan SLC | Operational |
| Gaofen 9-03 | 17 June 2020 | EO | 45794 | 2020-039A | 491.5 km × 513.9 km | 97.4° | Long March 2D | Jiuquan SLC | Operational |
| Gaofen DUOMO | 3 July 2020 | EO | 45856 | 2020-042A | 635.5 km × 657.6 km | 97.9° | Long March 4B | Taiyuan SLC | Operational |
| Jilin-1 Gaofen 02E | 10 July 2020 | Launch failure | Kuaizhou-11 | Jiuquan SLC | Failed launch | ||||
| Gaofen 9-04 | 6 August 2020 | EO | 46025 | 2020-054A | 497.9 km × 506.4 km | 94.4° | Long March 2D | Jiuquan SLC | Operational |
| Gaofen 9-05 | 23 August 2020 | EO | 46232 | 2020-058A | 493.5 km × 511.9 km | 97.4° | Long March 2D | Jiuquan SLC | Operational |
| Gaofen 11-02 | 7 September 2020 | 46396 | 2020-064A | 500.7 km × 505.2 km | 97.4° | Long March 4B | Taiyuan SLC | Operational | |
| Jilin-1 Gaofen 02C | 12 September 2020 | Launch failure | Kuaizhou-1A | Jiuquan SLC | Failed launch | ||||
| Jilin-1 Gaofen 03B | 15 September 2020 | 1m PAN, 4m MSI, video | 46454 | 2020-065A | 525.6 km × 546.1 km | 97.4° | Long March 11H | Tai Rui barge | Operational |
| Jilin-1 Gaofen 3C | 1m PAN, 4m MSI, video | 46455 | 2020-065B | 526.3 km × 545.1 km | 97.4° | Operational | |||
| Jilin-1 Gaofen 3D | 1m PAN, 4m MSI, video | 46456 | 2020-065C | 526.8 km × 544.6 km | 97.4° | Operational | |||
| Jilin-1 Gaofen 3E | 1m PAN, 4m MSI, video | 46457 | 2020-065D | 527.0 km × 544.9 km | 97.4° | Operational | |||
| Jilin-1 Gaofen 3F | 1m PAN, 4m MSI, video | 46458 | 2020-065E | 526.5 km × 545.4 km | 97.4° | Operational | |||
| Jilin-1 Gaofen 3G | 1m PAN, 4m MSI, video | 46459 | 2020-065F | 525.6 km × 545.8 km | 97.4° | Operational | |||
| Jilin-1 Gaofen 3H | 1m PAN, 4m MSI, video | 46460 | 2020-065G | 526.5 km × 545.3 km | 97.4° | Operational | |||
| Jilin-1 Gaofen 3I | 1m PAN, 4m MSI, video | 46461 | 2020-065H | 526.2 km × 545.8 km | 97.4° | Operational | |||
| Jilin-1 Gaofen 3J | 1m PAN, 4m MSI, video | 46462 | 2020-065J | 526.8 km × 545.0 km | 97.4° | Operational | |||
| Gaofen 13 | 11 October 2020 | 46610 | 2020-071A | 35,782.5 km × 35,806.1 km | 0.2° | Long March 3B | Xichang SLC | Operational | |
| Gaofen 14 | 6 December 2020 | EO | 47231 | 2020-092A | 492.9 km × 198.4 km | 97.4° | Long March 3B/G5 | Xichang SLC | Operational |
| Gaofen 12-02 | 30 March 2021 | SAR | 48079 | 2021-026A | 634.7 km × 636.6 km | 97.9° | Long March 4C | Jiuquan SLC | Operational |
| Jilin-01 Gaofen 03D-01 | 3 July 2021 | 1m PAN, 4m MSI, video | Unknown* | 2021-061? | Unknown* | Unknown* | Long March 2D | Taiyuan SLC | Operational |
| Jilin-01 Gaofen 03D-02 | 1m PAN, 4m MSI, video | 2021-061? | Operational | ||||||
| Jilin-01 Gaofen 03D-03 | 1m PAN, 4m MSI, video | 2021-061? | Operational | ||||||
| Gaofen 5-02 | 7 September 2021 | 303km POL MSI, 0.3cm HSI, 30m HSI | 49122 | 2021-079A | 705.4 km × 710.2 km | 98.2° | Long March 4C | Taiyuan SLC | Operational |
| Jilin-1 Gaofen 02D | 27 September 2021 | 49256 | 2021-086A | 529.5 km × 550.0 km | 97.6° | Kuaizhou-1A | Jiuquan SLC | Operational | |
| Jilin-1 Gaofen 02F | 27 October 2021 | 1m PAN, 4m MSI, video | 49338 | 2021-097A | 532.6 km × 547.1 km | 97.6° | Kuaizhou-1A | Jiuquan SLC | Operational |
| Gaofen 11-03 | 20 November 2021 | 49492 | 2021-107A | 498.6 km × 504.8 km | 97.4° | Long March 4B | Taiyuan SLC | Operational | |
| Gaofen 3-02 | 22 November 2021 | C-band SAR | 49495 | 2021-109A | 757.5 km × 759.2 km | 98.4° | Long March 4C | Jiuquan SLC | Operational |
| Jilin-1 Gaofen 03D-10 | 27 February 2022 | 1m PAN, 4m MSI, video | Unknown* | 2022-019? | Unknown* | Unknown* | Long March 8 | Wenchang SLS | Operational |
| Jilin-1 Gaofen 03D-11 | 1m PAN, 4m MSI, video | 2022-019? | Operational | ||||||
| Jilin-1 Gaofen 03D-12 | 1m PAN, 4m MSI, video | 2022-019? | Operational | ||||||
| Jilin-1 Gaofen 03D-13 | 1m PAN, 4m MSI, video | 2022-019? | Operational | ||||||
| Jilin-1 Gaofen 03D-14 | 1m PAN, 4m MSI, video | 2022-019? | Operational | ||||||
| Jilin-1 Gaofen 03D-15 | 1m PAN, 4m MSI, video | 2022-019? | Operational | ||||||
| Jilin-1 Gaofen 03D-16 | 1m PAN, 4m MSI, video | 2022-019? | Operational | ||||||
| Jilin-1 Gaofen 03D-17 | 1m PAN, 4m MSI, video | 2022-019? | Operational | ||||||
| Jilin-1 Gaofen 03D-18 | 1m PAN, 4m MSI, video | 2022-019? | Operational | ||||||
| Gaofen 3-03 | 6 April 2022 | C-band SAR | 52200 | 2022-035A | 757.8 km × 758.9 km | 98.4° | Long March 4C | Jiuquan SLC | Operational |
| Jilin-1 Gaofen 04A | 30 April 2022 | 1m PAN, 4m MSI, video | 52388 | 2022-046A | 534.6 km × 555.9 km | 97.5° | Long March 11H | Tai Rui barge | Operational |
| Jilin-1 Gaofen 03D-04 | 1m PAN, 4m MSI, video | 52389 | 2022-046B | 529.7 km × 548.5 km | 97.5° | Operational | |||
| Jilin-1 Gaofen 03D-05 | 1m PAN, 4m MSI, video | 52390 | 2022-046C | 528.5 km × 548.2 km | 97.5° | Operational | |||
| Jilin-1 Gaofen 03D-06 | 1m PAN, 4m MSI, video | 52391 | 2022-046D | 527.8 km × 547.8 km | 97.5° | Operational | |||
| Jilin-1 Gaofen 03D-07 | 1m PAN, 4m MSI, video | 52392 | 2022-046E | 526.9 km × 547.3 km | 97.5° | Operational | |||
| Jilin-1 Gaofen 03D-27 | 5 May 2022 | 1m PAN, 4m MSI, video | 52444 | 2022-048B | 531.5 km × 552.0 km | 97.7° | Long March 2D | Taiyuan SLC | Operational |
| Jilin-1 Gaofen 03D-28 | 1m PAN, 4m MSI, video | 52445 | 2022-048C | 530.9 km × 551.6 km | 97.7° | Operational | |||
| Jilin-1 Gaofen 03D-29 | 1m PAN, 4m MSI, video | 52446 | 2022-048D | 530.2 km × 551.4 km | 97.7° | Operational | |||
| Jilin-1 Gaofen 03D-30 | 1m PAN, 4m MSI, video | 52447 | 2022-048E | 529.4 km × 551.0 km | 97.7° | Operational | |||
| Jilin-1 Gaofen 03D-31 | 1m PAN, 4m MSI, video | 52448 | 2022-048F | 529.3 km × 550.3 km | 97.7° | Operational | |||
| Jilin-1 Gaofen 03D-32 | 1m PAN, 4m MSI, video | 52449 | 2022-048G | 529.0 km × 549.7 km | 97.7° | Operational | |||
| Jilin-1 Gaofen 03D-33 | 1m PAN, 4m MSI, video | 52450 | 2022-048H | 528.3 km × 549.3 km | 97.7° | Operational | |||
| Gaofen 12-03 | 27 June 2022 | SAR | 52912 | 2022-069A | 633.3 km × 367.1 km | 98.0° | Long March 4C | Jiuquan SLC | Operational |
| Jilin-1 Gaofen 03D-35 | 10 August 2022 | 1m PAN, 4m MSI, video | Unknown* | 2022-098? | Unknown* | Unknown* | Long March 6 | Taiyuan SLC | Operational |
| Jilin-1 Gaofen 03D-36 | 1m PAN, 4m MSI, video | 2022-098? | Operational | ||||||
| Jilin-1 Gaofen 03D-37 | 1m PAN, 4m MSI, video | 2022-098? | Operational | ||||||
| Jilin-1 Gaofen 03D-38 | 1m PAN, 4m MSI, video | 2022-098? | Operational | ||||||
| Jilin-1 Gaofen 03D-39 | 1m PAN, 4m MSI, video | 2022-098? | Operational | ||||||
| Jilin-1 Gaofen 03D-40 | 1m PAN, 4m MSI, video | 2022-098? | Operational | ||||||
| Jilin-1 Gaofen 03D-41 | 1m PAN, 4m MSI, video | 2022-098? | Operational | ||||||
| Jilin-1 Gaofen 03D-42 | 1m PAN, 4m MSI, video | 2022-098? | Operational | ||||||
| Jilin-1 Gaofen 03D-43 | 1m PAN, 4m MSI, video | 2022-098? | Operational | ||||||
| Table data sourced from previously cited references, CelesTrak, N2YO, NASA, and the U.S. Space Force | |||||||||
* Note: Some group-launched Jilin-1 Gaofen satellites have not yet been individually paired with COSPAR IDs and Satellite Catalog Numbers (SCNs) to individually characterize orbits.
See also
References
- ^ "China launches another Gaofen Earth observation satellite". Spaceflight Now. 8 September 2020. Retrieved 9 September 2020.
- ^ a b c d Chen, Liangfu; Letu, Husi; Fan, Meng; Shang, Huazhe; Tao, Jinhua; Wu, Laixiong; Zhang, Ying; Yu, Chao; Gu, Jianbin; Zhang, Ning; Hong, Jin (8 April 2022). "An Introduction to the Chinese High-Resolution Earth Observation System: Gaofen-1~7 Civilian Satellites". Journal of Remote Sensing. 2022. doi:10.34133/2022/9769536.
- ^ China High-resolution Earth Observation System (CHEOS) and its Latest Development (PDF). Earth Observation System and Data Center, CNSA. February 2014.
- ^ Smid, Henk H.F. (26 September 2022). An analysis of Chinese remote sensing satellites (Report). Space Review.
- ^ Qi, Lu (27 December 2021). "呂琪：夜空中最亮的星—盤點中國系列衛星" [[Military Blog Review] Lv Qi: The Brightest Star in the Night Sky - Inventory of Chinese Satellites]. Lite News Hong Kong (in Chinese).
- ^ Zhen, Liu (12 October 2020). "China is sending more of its Gaofen satellites into space. Here's why". South China Morning Post.
- ^ Jones, Andrew (22 November 2021). "China launches new Gaofen-11 high resolution spy satellite to match U.S. capabilities". SpaceNews.
- ^ Iderawumi, Mustapha (19 August 2021). "BRICS Space Agencies Leaders Signed Agreement to Share Remote Sensing Satellite Data". Space in Africa. Retrieved 19 May 2022.
- ^ a b c d Zhengqiang, Li; Hou, Weizhen; Hong, Jin; Zheng, Fengxun; Luo, Donggen; Wang, Jun; Gu, Xingfa; Qiao, Yanli (12 April 2018). "Directional Polarimetric Camera (DPC): Monitoring aerosol spectral optical properties over land from satellite observation" (PDF). Journal of Quantitative Spectroscopy & Radiative Transfer (218). University of Iowa, Chinese Academy of Sciences (published 7 July 2018): 22–23. doi:10.1016/j.jqsrt.2018.07.003 – via Elsevier Science Direct.
- ^ a b c Liu, Yin-Nian; Sun, De-Xin; Hu, Xiao-Ning; Liu, Shu-Feng; Cao, Kai-Qin (1 June 2020). "AHSI: the Hyperspectral Imager on China's GaoFen-5 Satellite". Earth and Environmental Science. 509 (1): 012033. doi:10.1088/1755-1315/509/1/012033.
- ^ Hsu, Su May; Kerekes, J.P.; Berke, Hsiao-Hua; Crooks, S. (April 1999). "SAR and HSI data fusion for counter CC&D". Proceedings of the 1999 IEEE Radar Conference: Radar into the Next Millennium: 218–220. doi:10.1109/NRC.1999.767320.
- ^ a b Ge, Xiangyu; Ding, Jianli; Teng, Dexiong; Xie, Boqiang; Zhang, Xianlong; Wang, Jinjie; Han, Lijing; Bao, Qingling; Wang, Jingzhe (1 August 2022). "Exploring the capability of Gaofen-5 hyperspectral data for assessing soil salinity risks". International Journal of Applied Earth Observation and Geoinformation. 112: 102969. doi:10.1016/j.jag.2022.102969. ISSN 1569-8432.
- ^ Li, Xiaoying; Xu, Jian; Cheng, Tianhai; Shi, Hailiang; Zhang, Xingying; Ge, Shule; Wang, Hongmei; Zhu, Songyan; Miao, Jing; Luo, Qi (January 2019). "Monitoring Trace Gases over the Antarctic Using Atmospheric Infrared Ultraspectral Sounder Onboard GaoFen-5: Algorithm Description and First Retrieval Results of O3, H2O, and HCl". Remote Sensing. 11 (17): 1991. doi:10.3390/rs11171991. ISSN 2072-4292.
{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: unflagged free DOI (link) - ^ a b c Chen, Liangfu (13 October 2016). Mission Overview GaoFen-5 (PDF). 12th Meeting of the CEOS Atmospheric Composition Virtual Constellation (PowerPoint presentation). Seoul, Korea.
- ^ Chen, L.; Tao, M.; Wang, Z. (1 December 2018). "The GaoFen-5 satellite for air pollution monitoring in China: first results and general performance". 2018: A51A–04.
{{cite journal}}: Cite journal requires|journal=(help) - ^ "TanSat". eoPortal.
- ^ Qie, Lili; Li, Zhengqiang; Zhu, Sifeng; Xu, Hua; Xie, Yisong; Qiao, Rui; Hong, Jun; Tu, Bihai (13 August 2021). "In-flight radiometric and polarimetric calibration of the Directional Polarimetric Camera onboard the GaoFen-5 satellite over the ocean". Applied Optics. 60 (24): 7186–7199. doi:10.1364/AO.422980 – via Optica Publishing Group.