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{{Short description|French novelist}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2013}}
{{no footnotes|date=February 2013}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2024}}
{{More footnotes needed|date=February 2013}}
{{Infobox writer <!-- for more information see [[:Template:Infobox writer/doc]] -->
{{Infobox writer <!-- for more information see [[:Template:Infobox writer/doc]] -->
| name = Alain-René Lesage
| name = Alain-René Lesage
| image = Alain-René Lesage.png
| image = Alain-René Lesage.png
| caption = Alain-René Lesage
| birth_date = {{Birth date|1668|5|6|df=y}}
| birth_date = {{Birth date|1668|5|6|df=y}}
| birth_place = [[Sarzeau]]
| birth_place = [[Sarzeau]], [[Brittany]], France
| death_date = {{death date and age|1747|11|17|1668|5|8|df=y}}
| death_date = {{death date and age|1747|11|17|1668|5|8|df=y}}
| death_place = [[Boulogne-sur-Mer|Boulogne]]
| death_place = [[Boulogne-sur-Mer]], [[Picardy]], France
| occupation = [[Novelist]], [[Playwright]]
| occupation = [[Novelist]], [[playwright]]
| nationality = French
| nationality = French
| period = [[Age of Enlightenment|Enlightenment]]
| period = [[Age of Enlightenment|Enlightenment]]
| influences = [[Commedia dell'arte]], [[Molière]]
}}
}}


'''Alain-René Lesage''' ({{IPA-fr|alɛ̃ ʁəne ləsaʒ}}; 6 May 1668 – 17 November 1747; older spelling '''Le Sage''') was a French [[novelist]] and [[playwright]]. Lesage is best known for his comic novel ''The Devil upon Two Sticks'' (1707, ''Le Diable boiteux''), his comedy ''[[Turcaret]]'' (1709), and his [[picaresque novel|picaresque]] novel ''[[Gil Blas]]'' (1715–1735).
'''Alain-René Lesage''' ({{IPA-fr|alɛ̃ ʁəne ləsaʒ}}; 6 May 1668{{snd}}17 November 1747; older spelling '''Le Sage''') was a French [[novelist]] and [[playwright]]. Lesage is best known for his comic novel ''[[The Devil upon Two Sticks]]'' (1707, ''Le Diable boiteux''), his comedy ''[[Turcaret]]'' (1709), and his [[picaresque novel]] ''[[Gil Blas]]'' (1715–1735).


==Life==
==Life==


===Youth and education===
===Youth and education===
Claude Lesage, the father of the novelist, held the united positions of advocate, notary and registrar of the royal court in Rhuys. His mother's name was Jeanne Brenugat. Both Lesage's father and mother died when Lesage was very young, and he was left in the care of his uncle who wasted his education and fortune. Père Bochard, of the Order of the [[Jesuits]], Principal of the College in [[Vannes]], became interested in the boy on account of his natural talents. Bochard cultivated Lesage's taste for literature. At age 25, Lesage went to Paris in 1693 "to pursue his philosophical studies".
Claude Lesage, the father of the novelist, held the united positions of advocate, notary and registrar of the royal court in Rhuys. His mother's name was Jeanne Brenugat. Both Lesage's father and mother died when Lesage was very young, and he was left in the care of his uncle who wasted his education and fortune.{{sfn|Saintsbury|1911|p=486}} Bochard, of the Order of the [[Jesuits]], Principal of the College in [[Vannes]], became interested in the boy on account of his natural talents. Bochard cultivated Lesage's taste for literature. At age 25, Lesage went to Paris in 1693 "to pursue his philosophical studies".


In August 1694, he married the daughter of a joiner, Marie Elizabeth Huyard. She was beautiful but had no fortune, and Lesage had little practice. About this time he encountered an old schoolfellow, the dramatist [[Antoine Danchet]], who is said to have advised him to take up literature. He began as a translator, and published in 1695 a French version of the ''Epistles'' of [[Aristaenetus]], which was not successful. Shortly afterwards he found a valuable patron and adviser in the [[Abbé de Lyonne]], who bestowed on him an annuity of 600 livres, and recommended him to exchange the classics for [[Spanish literature]], of which he was himself a student and collector. Spanish literature was once very popular in France when the queens of the house of Austria sat upon the throne, but had become neglected by Lesage's time.
In August 1694, he married the daughter of a joiner, Marie Elizabeth Huyard. She was beautiful but had no fortune, and Lesage had little practice. About this time he encountered an old schoolfellow, the dramatist [[Antoine Danchet]], who is said to have advised him to take up literature. He began as a translator, and published in 1695 a French version of the ''Epistles'' of [[Aristaenetus]], which was not successful. Shortly afterwards he found a valuable patron and adviser in the [[Abbé de Lyonne]], who bestowed on him an annuity of 600 livres, and recommended him to exchange the classics for [[Spanish literature]], of which he was himself a student and collector.{{sfn|Saintsbury|1911|p=486}} Spanish literature was once very popular in France when the queens of the house of Austria sat upon the throne, but had become neglected by Lesage's time.


===First literary efforts===
===First literary efforts===
[[File:DevilUponTwoSticks1708.jpg|thumb|300px|Frontispiece and titlepage of a 1708 English edition of ''The Devil upon Two Sticks'', aka ''Le Diable boiteux''.]]
[[File:DevilUponTwoSticks1708.jpg|thumb|300px|Frontispiece and titlepage of a 1708 English edition of ''The Devil upon Two Sticks'', aka ''Le Diable boiteux''.]]
Lesage began by translating plays chiefly from [[Francisco de Rojas Zorrilla]] and [[Lope de Vega]]. ''Le Traître puni'' and ''Le Point d'honneur'' from the former and ''Don Félix de Mendoce'' from the latter were acted or published in the first two or three years of the 18th century. In 1704, he translated the continuation of ''[[Don Quixote]]'' by [[Alonso Fernández de Avellaneda]], and soon afterwards adapted a play from [[Pedro Calderón de la Barca]], ''Don César Ursin'', which was successful at court and damned in the city. Lesage was, however, nearly forty before he obtained decided success. In 1707, his farce, ''[[Crispin rival de son maître]]'', was well received, and {{link-interwiki|vertical-align=sup|en=Le Diable boiteux (novel)<!--red link per dab [[Le Diable boiteux]]-->|en_text=''Le Diable boiteux''|lang=fr|lang_title=Le Diable boiteux}} (with a [[Book frontispiece|frontispiece]] by [[Louise-Magdeleine Horthemels]]) was published and ran to several editions. Lesage altered and improved this play in 1725, giving it its present form. Notwithstanding the success of ''Crispin'', the actors did not like Lesage, and refused a small piece of his called ''Les Étrennes'' (1707). He thereupon altered it into ''[[Turcaret]]'' (1709), considered his theatrical masterpiece.
Lesage began by translating plays chiefly from [[Francisco de Rojas Zorrilla]] and [[Lope de Vega]]. ''Le Traître puni'' and ''Le Point d'honneur'' from the former and ''Don Félix de Mendoce'' from the latter were acted or published in the first two or three years of the 18th century. In 1704, he translated the continuation of ''[[Don Quixote]]'' by [[Alonso Fernández de Avellaneda]], and soon afterwards adapted a play from [[Pedro Calderón de la Barca]], ''Don César Ursin'', which was successful at court and damned in the city. Lesage was, however, nearly forty before he obtained decided success. In 1707, his farce, ''[[Crispin rival de son maître]]'', was well received, and [[Le Diable boiteux (novel)|''Le Diable boiteux'']] (with a [[Book frontispiece|frontispiece]] by [[Louise-Magdeleine Horthemels]]) was published and ran to several editions. Lesage altered and improved this play in 1725, giving it its present form. Notwithstanding the success of ''Crispin'', the actors did not like Lesage, and refused a small piece of his called ''Les Étrennes'' (1707). He thereupon altered it into ''[[Turcaret]]'' (1709), considered his theatrical masterpiece.{{sfn|Saintsbury|1911|p=486}} Around this time his publisher Claude Barbin also asked Lesage to rework [[François Pétis de la Croix]]'s translation of Turkish tales {{lang|fr|Les mille et un jours}} (1710–12) into marketable French, and included two of these stories at the end of the eighth volume of [[Antoine Galland]]'s ''[[Les mille et une nuits]]'' (1709).<ref name="Karateke 1997">{{cite journal | last=Karateke | first=Hakan T. | title=The Politics of Translation: Two Stories from the Turkish ''Ferec baʿde Şidde'' in ''Les mille et une nuit, contes arabes'' | journal=Journal of Near Eastern Studies | publisher=[[University of Chicago Press]] | volume=74 | issue=2 | year=2015 | pages=211–224 | doi=10.1086/682237 | jstor=10.1086/682237 | s2cid=156007752 | url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/10.1086/682237 }}</ref>


===Prose writings===
===Prose writings===
Some years passed before he again attempted romance writing, and then the first two parts of ''Gil Blas de Santillane'' were published in 1715, without the popularity of ''Le Diable boiteux''. Lesage worked at it for a long time, and did not bring out the third part till 1724, nor the fourth till 1735. During these twenty years he was, however, continually busy. Notwithstanding the great merit and success of ''Turcaret'' and ''Crispin'', the [[Théâtre Français]] did not welcome him, and in 1715 he began to write for the [[Théâtre de la foire]], the comic opera held in booths at festival time. According to one computation he produced, either alone or with others, about a hundred pieces, varying from strings of songs with no regular dialogues, to comediettas only distinguished from regular plays by the introduction of music. He was also industrious in prose fiction. Besides finishing ''[[Gil Blas]]'' he translated the ''Orlando innamorato'' (1721), rearranged ''Guzman d'Alfarache'' (1732), published two more or less original novels, ''Le Bachelier de Salamanque'' and ''Estevanille Gonzalez'', and in 1733 produced the ''Vie et aventures de M. de Beauchesne'', which resembles certain works of [[Daniel Defoe]]. Besides all this, Lesage was also the author of ''La Valise trouvée'', a collection of imaginary letters, and of some minor pieces including ''Une journée des Parques''. He did not retire until 1740, when he was more than seventy years of age; he and his wife went to live with his second son, who was a canon at [[Boulogne-sur-Mer]]. Lesage's eldest son, Louis-André, had become an actor, and Lesage had disowned him. Lesage's last work, ''Mélange amusant de saillies d'esprit et de traits historiques les plus frappants'', appeared in 1743.
Some years passed before he again attempted romance writing, and then the first two parts of ''Gil Blas de Santillane'' were published in 1715, without the popularity of ''Le Diable boiteux''. Lesage worked at it for a long time, and did not bring out the third part till 1724, nor the fourth till 1735. During these twenty years he was, however, continually busy. Notwithstanding the great merit and success of ''Turcaret'' and ''Crispin'', the [[Théâtre Français]] did not welcome him, and in 1715 he began to write for the [[Théâtre de la foire]], the comic opera held in booths at festival time. According to one computation he produced, either alone or with others, about a hundred pieces, varying from strings of songs with no regular dialogues, to comediettas only distinguished from regular plays by the introduction of music. He was also industrious in prose fiction. Besides finishing ''[[Gil Blas]]'' he translated the ''[[Orlando innamorato]]'' (1721), rearranged ''Guzman d'Alfarache'' (1732), published two more or less original novels, ''Le Bachelier de Salamanque'' and ''Estevanille Gonzalez'', and in 1732<ref name="DCB">{{cite web |title=Biography – CHEVALIER, Beauchêne, ROBERT – Volume II (1701-1740) – Dictionary of Canadian Biography |url=http://www.biographi.ca/en/bio/chevalier_robert_2E.html |website=www.biographi.ca |access-date=8 March 2019}}</ref> produced ''Les avantures de monsieur Robert Chevalier, dit de Beauchêne, capitaine de flibustiers dans la Nouvelle-France'', which resembles certain works of [[Daniel Defoe]]. Besides all this, Lesage was also the author of ''La Valise trouvée'', a collection of imaginary letters, and of some minor pieces including ''Une journée des Parques''. He did not retire until 1740, when he was more than seventy years of age; he and his wife went to live with his second son, who was a canon at [[Boulogne-sur-Mer]]. Lesage's eldest son, Louis-André, had become an actor, and Lesage had disowned him. Lesage's last work, ''Mélange amusant de saillies d'esprit et de traits historiques les plus frappants'', appeared in 1743.{{sfn|Saintsbury|1911|p=486}}


===Retirement===
===Retirement===
With his wife he had three sons and a daughter whose filial piety made her devote her entire life to serving her genius father. Though he lived happily, one event embittered Lesage for years. His eldest son had been educated for the bar, but insisted going on stage. Lesage, who had often painted the life of the actor in the most ridiculous and hateful aspect, was pained by his son's career choice, especially when his son joined the Théâtre Français, against which Lesage had long waged a satirical war. Probably out of deference to his father, the son took the name Montménil, and by the merit of his talents and private character, soon entered the upper society of Paris. Lesage was reconciled with his son many years later and became so devoted to Montménil that he could barely leave his side.
With his wife he had three sons and a daughter whose filial piety made her devote her entire life to serving her genius father. Though he lived happily, one event embittered Lesage for years. His eldest son had been educated for the bar, but insisted going on stage. Lesage, who had often painted the life of the actor in the most ridiculous and hateful aspect, was pained by his son's career choice, especially when his son joined the Théâtre Français, against which Lesage had long waged a satirical war. Probably out of deference to his father, the son took the name Montménil, and by the merit of his talents and private character, soon entered the upper society of Paris. Lesage was reconciled with his son many years later and became so devoted to Montménil that he could barely leave his side.


Montménil caught cold during a hunting party and died on 8 September 1743. This was such a severe blow to Lesage that he retired forever from Paris and the world. Lesage's youngest son had also become an actor under the name Pittenec, so Lesage and his wife saw out their old age in the home of their second son who had become the Abbé Lesage (Abbott Lesage). This son had been made a Canon of the Cathedral of Boulogne, through the patronage of the queen, and been bestowed a fair pension.
Montménil caught cold during a hunting party and died on 8 September 1743. This was such a severe blow to Lesage that he retired forever from Paris and the world. Lesage's youngest son had also become an actor under the name Pittenec, so Lesage and his wife saw out their old age in the home of their second son who had become the [[Abbé]] Lesage. This son had been made a Canon of the Cathedral of Boulogne, through the patronage of the queen, and been bestowed a fair pension.


Lesage lived beyond 80 years of age, but was afflicted with deafness and had to use an ear trumpet. However, his conversation was so delightful that when he ventured into the world and frequented his favourite coffee house in Rue St. Jacques in Paris, guests would gather around him, climbing onto tables and chairs, to hear his famous words of wit and wisdom.
Lesage lived beyond 80 years of age, but was afflicted with deafness and had to use an ear trumpet. However, his conversation was so delightful that when he ventured into the world and frequented his favourite coffee house in Rue St. Jacques in Paris, guests would gather around him, climbing onto tables and chairs, to hear his famous words of wit and wisdom.
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==Personality==
==Personality==
Very little is known of Lesage's life and personality. The few anecdotes which we have of him represent him as a very independent man, declining to accept the literary patronage required to survive. One story tells of the time he had been entreated to read his manuscript (according to the fashion of the day) at the [[Hôtel de Bouillon]] by the Duchess. The hour appointed for the reading was noon, but the dramatist was still very interested in legal matters and was detained until 1 o'clock attending the decision of a lawsuit. When he finally appeared at the [[Hôtel]] and attempted to apologise, the [[Duchess of Bouillon]] was so cold and haughty, observing that he had made her guests lose one hour waiting for his arrival. "It is easy to make up the loss madame", replied Lesage; "I will not read my comedy, and thus you will gain two hours." With that, he left the Hôtel and could never be persuaded to go to the Duchess's house again.
Very little is known of Lesage's life and personality. Various anecdotes represent him as a very independent man, declining to accept the literary patronage required to survive.{{sfn|Saintsbury|1911|p=486}} One story tells of the time he had been entreated to read his manuscript (according to the fashion of the day) at the [[Hôtel de Bouillon]] by the Duchess. The hour appointed for the reading was noon, but the dramatist was still very interested in legal matters and was detained until 1 o'clock attending the decision of a lawsuit. When he finally appeared at the [[Hôtel]] and attempted to apologise, the [[Duchess of Bouillon]] was so cold and haughty, observing that he had made her guests lose one hour waiting for his arrival. "It is easy to make up the loss madame", replied Lesage; "I will not read my comedy, and thus you will gain two hours." With that, he left the Hôtel and could never be persuaded to return to the Duchess's house.


===Quotations===
===Quotations===
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==Works==
==Works==
'''Translations and adaptions'''
'''Translations and adaptations'''
* ''Le Traître puni'', 1700
* ''Le Traître puni'', 1700
* ''Don Félix de Mendoce'', 1700
* ''Don Félix de Mendoce'', 1700
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* ''[[La Foire de Guibray]]'', 1714
* ''[[La Foire de Guibray]]'', 1714
* ''[[Arlequin Mahomet]]'', 1714
* ''[[Arlequin Mahomet]]'', 1714
* ''La Statue merveilleuse'' (fair play, with d'Orneval), 1720 ([https://books.google.com/books?id=8ZEGAAAAQAAJ&pg=PA291<!--291:play starts here in this collection--> French version])
* ''La Statue merveilleuse'' (fair play, with d'Orneval), 1720 ([https://books.google.com/books?id=8ZEGAAAAQAAJ&pg=PA291 <!--291:play starts here in this collection--> French version])
* ''La Boîte de Pandore'' 1721, comedy in 1 act.<ref>''Petite bibliothèque des théâtres'', Paris, 1789, [https://books.google.com/books?id=iT80AAAAMAAJ&dq=%22Pandore%22++piece+de+theatre+-boite&pg=PA68 vol.62 pp.67-8]</ref>


'''Novels'''
'''Novels'''
* {{link-interwiki|vertical-align=sup|en=Le Diable boiteux (novel)<!--red link per dab [[Le Diable boiteux]]-->|en_text=''Le Diable boiteux''|lang=fr|lang_title=Le Diable boiteux}}, 1707. ([http://www.uottawa.ca/academic/arts/lfa/activites/textes/diable_boiteux/V1-NOTES.html French version]) (tr. ''The Devil upon Two Sticks'', ''The Devil on Two Sticks''; [http://www.exclassics.com/devil/devlintr.htm English version])
* [[Le Diable boiteux (novel)|''Le Diable boiteux'']], 1707. ([https://www.uottawa.ca/academic/arts/lfa/activites/textes/diable_boiteux/V1-NOTES.html French version] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120716230631/http://www.uottawa.ca/academic/arts/lfa/activites/textes/diable_boiteux/V1-NOTES.html |date=16 July 2012 }}) (tr. ''The Devil upon Two Sticks'', ''The Devil on Two Sticks''; [http://www.exclassics.com/devil/devlintr.htm English version])
* ''[[Gil Blas]]'' ([http://www.exclassics.com/gilblas/gilconts.htm English version], [http://abu.cnam.fr/cgi-bin/go?gilblas1 French])
* ''[[Gil Blas]]'' ([http://www.exclassics.com/gilblas/gilconts.htm English version], [http://abu.cnam.fr/cgi-bin/go?gilblas1 French])
** ''Histoire de Gil Blas de Santillane, (Livres I-VI)'', 1715. ([http://gallica.bnf.fr/document?O=N080493 French version])
** ''Histoire de Gil Blas de Santillane, (Livres I–VI)'', 1715. ([http://gallica.bnf.fr/document?O=N080493 French version])
** ''Histoire de Gil Blas de Santillane, (Livres VII-IX)'', 1724. ([http://gallica.bnf.fr/document?O=N080494 French version])
** ''Histoire de Gil Blas de Santillane, (Livres VII–IX)'', 1724. ([http://gallica.bnf.fr/document?O=N080494 French version])
** ''Histoire de Gil Blas de Santillane, (Livres X-XII)'', 1735. ([http://gallica.bnf.fr/document?O=N108005 French version])
** ''Histoire de Gil Blas de Santillane, (Livres X–XII)'', 1735. ([http://gallica.bnf.fr/document?O=N108005 French version])
** ''Histoire de Gil Blas de Santillane'', 1747. -
** ''Histoire de Gil Blas de Santillane'', 1747.
* ''Vie et aventures de M. de Beauchesne'', 1733 ([http://gallica.bnf.fr/document?O=N088834 French version])
* ''Les avantures de monsieur Robert Chevalier, dit de Beauchêne, capitaine de flibustiers dans la Nouvelle-France'', 1732<ref name="DCB" /> ([http://gallica.bnf.fr/document?O=N088834 French version])
* ''Le Bachelier de Salamanque'', 1736. ([http://gallica.bnf.fr/document?O=N088839 French version])
* ''Le Bachelier de Salamanque'', 1736. ([http://gallica.bnf.fr/document?O=N088839 French version])
* ''Estevanille Gonzalez'', 1732* {{StandardEbooks|Standard Ebooks URL=https://standardebooks.org/ebooks/alain-rene-lesage/gil-blas/tobias-smollett}}* ''La Valise trouvée'', 1740 ([http://gallica.bnf.fr/document?O=N088838 French version])
* ''Estevanille Gonzalez'', 1732
* ''La Valise trouvée'', 1740 ([http://gallica.bnf.fr/document?O=N088838 French version])
* ''Mélange amusant de saillies d'esprit et de traits historiques les plus frappants'', 1743
* ''Mélange amusant de saillies d'esprit et de traits historiques les plus frappants'', 1743


==Bibliography==
==Bibliography==
* Francis Assaf - ''Lesage et le picaresque'' (A.-G. Nizet, 1983) ISBN 2-7078-1032-0
* Francis Assaf - ''Lesage et le picaresque'' (A.-G. Nizet, 1983) {{ISBN|2-7078-1032-0}}
* Christelle Bahier-Porte - ''La Poétique d’Alain-René Lesage'' (Champion, 2006) ISBN 978-2-7453-1406-2
* Christelle Bahier-Porte - ''La Poétique d'Alain-René Lesage'' (Champion, 2006) {{ISBN|978-2-7453-1406-2}}
* V. Barberet - ''Lesage et le théâtre de la foire'' ([https://books.google.com/books?id=kSgrAAAAYAAJ&dq=intitle%3Alesage%20intitle%3Afoire%20inauthor%3Abarberet&pg=PA3#v=onepage&q&f=false Paul Sordoillet, 1887]), (Slatkine Reprints, 1970)
* V. Barberet - ''Lesage et le théâtre de la foire'' ([https://books.google.com/books?id=kSgrAAAAYAAJ&dq=intitle%3Alesage%20intitle%3Afoire%20inauthor%3Abarberet&pg=PA3 Paul Sordoillet, 1887]), (Slatkine Reprints, 1970)
* Roger Laufer - ''Lesage ; ou, Le métier de romancier'' (Gallimard, 1971)
* Roger Laufer - ''Lesage ; ou, Le métier de romancier'' (Gallimard, 1971)
* Tobias Smollet's Prefatory Memoir in his 1893 English translation of Le Sage's "The Adventures of Gil Blas"
* Tobias Smollet's Prefatory Memoir in his 1893 English translation of Le Sage's "The Adventures of Gil Blas"
Line 88: Line 87:
==References==
==References==
{{Reflist}}
{{Reflist}}
;Attribution
'''Attribution:'''
*{{EB1911|wstitle=Le Sage, Alain René|volume=16|pages=486-487|first=George|last=Saintsbury|authorlink=George Saintsbury}} That entry includes a long critical appraisal by Saintsbury.
*{{EB1911}}
*{{Catholic|wstitle=Alain-René Le Sage}}
*{{Catholic|wstitle=Alain-René Le Sage}}


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{{Wikiquote}}
{{Wikiquote}}
* [http://data.bnf.fr/11912638/alain-rene_lesage/ Alain-René Lesage] on [[data.bnf.fr]]
* [http://data.bnf.fr/11912638/alain-rene_lesage/ Alain-René Lesage] on [[data.bnf.fr]]
* {{StandardEbooks|Standard Ebooks URL=https://standardebooks.org/ebooks/alain-rene-lesage}}
* {{Gutenberg author| id=Alain+René+Le+Sage| name=Alain-René Lesage}}
* {{Gutenberg author| id=6207| name=Alain-René Lesage}}
* {{Internet Archive author |search=(("Le Sage" OR "Lesage") AND (Alain))}}
* {{Internet Archive author |search=(("Le Sage" OR "Lesage") AND (Alain))}}
* {{Librivox author |id=10537}}
* {{Librivox author |id=10537}}
* {{Cite CE1913|wstitle=Alain-René Le Sage |short=x}}
* {{Cite CE1913|wstitle=Alain-René Le Sage |short=x}}


{{Alain-René Lesage|state=collapsed}}
{{Authority control}}
{{Authority control}}


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[[Category:1747 deaths]]
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[[Category:People from Sarzeau]]
[[Category:18th-century French dramatists and playwrights]]
[[Category:18th-century French dramatists and playwrights]]
[[Category:18th-century French lawyers]]
[[Category:18th-century French lawyers]]
[[Category:French translators]]
[[Category:18th-century French male writers]]
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[[Category:Spanish–French translators]]
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[[Category:18th-century French writers]]
[[Category:18th-century French novelists]]
[[Category:18th-century French novelists]]
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Revision as of 05:34, 19 March 2024

Alain-René Lesage
Born(1668-05-06)6 May 1668
Sarzeau, Brittany, France
Died17 November 1747(1747-11-17) (aged 79)
Boulogne-sur-Mer, Picardy, France
OccupationNovelist, playwright
NationalityFrench
PeriodEnlightenment

Alain-René Lesage (French pronunciation: [alɛ̃ ʁəne ləsaʒ]; 6 May 1668 – 17 November 1747; older spelling Le Sage) was a French novelist and playwright. Lesage is best known for his comic novel The Devil upon Two Sticks (1707, Le Diable boiteux), his comedy Turcaret (1709), and his picaresque novel Gil Blas (1715–1735).

Life

Youth and education

Claude Lesage, the father of the novelist, held the united positions of advocate, notary and registrar of the royal court in Rhuys. His mother's name was Jeanne Brenugat. Both Lesage's father and mother died when Lesage was very young, and he was left in the care of his uncle who wasted his education and fortune.[1] Bochard, of the Order of the Jesuits, Principal of the College in Vannes, became interested in the boy on account of his natural talents. Bochard cultivated Lesage's taste for literature. At age 25, Lesage went to Paris in 1693 "to pursue his philosophical studies".

In August 1694, he married the daughter of a joiner, Marie Elizabeth Huyard. She was beautiful but had no fortune, and Lesage had little practice. About this time he encountered an old schoolfellow, the dramatist Antoine Danchet, who is said to have advised him to take up literature. He began as a translator, and published in 1695 a French version of the Epistles of Aristaenetus, which was not successful. Shortly afterwards he found a valuable patron and adviser in the Abbé de Lyonne, who bestowed on him an annuity of 600 livres, and recommended him to exchange the classics for Spanish literature, of which he was himself a student and collector.[1] Spanish literature was once very popular in France when the queens of the house of Austria sat upon the throne, but had become neglected by Lesage's time.

First literary efforts

Frontispiece and titlepage of a 1708 English edition of The Devil upon Two Sticks, aka Le Diable boiteux.

Lesage began by translating plays chiefly from Francisco de Rojas Zorrilla and Lope de Vega. Le Traître puni and Le Point d'honneur from the former and Don Félix de Mendoce from the latter were acted or published in the first two or three years of the 18th century. In 1704, he translated the continuation of Don Quixote by Alonso Fernández de Avellaneda, and soon afterwards adapted a play from Pedro Calderón de la Barca, Don César Ursin, which was successful at court and damned in the city. Lesage was, however, nearly forty before he obtained decided success. In 1707, his farce, Crispin rival de son maître, was well received, and Le Diable boiteux (with a frontispiece by Louise-Magdeleine Horthemels) was published and ran to several editions. Lesage altered and improved this play in 1725, giving it its present form. Notwithstanding the success of Crispin, the actors did not like Lesage, and refused a small piece of his called Les Étrennes (1707). He thereupon altered it into Turcaret (1709), considered his theatrical masterpiece.[1] Around this time his publisher Claude Barbin also asked Lesage to rework François Pétis de la Croix's translation of Turkish tales Les mille et un jours (1710–12) into marketable French, and included two of these stories at the end of the eighth volume of Antoine Galland's Les mille et une nuits (1709).[2]

Prose writings

Some years passed before he again attempted romance writing, and then the first two parts of Gil Blas de Santillane were published in 1715, without the popularity of Le Diable boiteux. Lesage worked at it for a long time, and did not bring out the third part till 1724, nor the fourth till 1735. During these twenty years he was, however, continually busy. Notwithstanding the great merit and success of Turcaret and Crispin, the Théâtre Français did not welcome him, and in 1715 he began to write for the Théâtre de la foire, the comic opera held in booths at festival time. According to one computation he produced, either alone or with others, about a hundred pieces, varying from strings of songs with no regular dialogues, to comediettas only distinguished from regular plays by the introduction of music. He was also industrious in prose fiction. Besides finishing Gil Blas he translated the Orlando innamorato (1721), rearranged Guzman d'Alfarache (1732), published two more or less original novels, Le Bachelier de Salamanque and Estevanille Gonzalez, and in 1732[3] produced Les avantures de monsieur Robert Chevalier, dit de Beauchêne, capitaine de flibustiers dans la Nouvelle-France, which resembles certain works of Daniel Defoe. Besides all this, Lesage was also the author of La Valise trouvée, a collection of imaginary letters, and of some minor pieces including Une journée des Parques. He did not retire until 1740, when he was more than seventy years of age; he and his wife went to live with his second son, who was a canon at Boulogne-sur-Mer. Lesage's eldest son, Louis-André, had become an actor, and Lesage had disowned him. Lesage's last work, Mélange amusant de saillies d'esprit et de traits historiques les plus frappants, appeared in 1743.[1]

Retirement

With his wife he had three sons and a daughter whose filial piety made her devote her entire life to serving her genius father. Though he lived happily, one event embittered Lesage for years. His eldest son had been educated for the bar, but insisted going on stage. Lesage, who had often painted the life of the actor in the most ridiculous and hateful aspect, was pained by his son's career choice, especially when his son joined the Théâtre Français, against which Lesage had long waged a satirical war. Probably out of deference to his father, the son took the name Montménil, and by the merit of his talents and private character, soon entered the upper society of Paris. Lesage was reconciled with his son many years later and became so devoted to Montménil that he could barely leave his side.

Montménil caught cold during a hunting party and died on 8 September 1743. This was such a severe blow to Lesage that he retired forever from Paris and the world. Lesage's youngest son had also become an actor under the name Pittenec, so Lesage and his wife saw out their old age in the home of their second son who had become the Abbé Lesage. This son had been made a Canon of the Cathedral of Boulogne, through the patronage of the queen, and been bestowed a fair pension.

Lesage lived beyond 80 years of age, but was afflicted with deafness and had to use an ear trumpet. However, his conversation was so delightful that when he ventured into the world and frequented his favourite coffee house in Rue St. Jacques in Paris, guests would gather around him, climbing onto tables and chairs, to hear his famous words of wit and wisdom.

Alain-René Lesage died on 17 November 1747.

Personality

Very little is known of Lesage's life and personality. Various anecdotes represent him as a very independent man, declining to accept the literary patronage required to survive.[1] One story tells of the time he had been entreated to read his manuscript (according to the fashion of the day) at the Hôtel de Bouillon by the Duchess. The hour appointed for the reading was noon, but the dramatist was still very interested in legal matters and was detained until 1 o'clock attending the decision of a lawsuit. When he finally appeared at the Hôtel and attempted to apologise, the Duchess of Bouillon was so cold and haughty, observing that he had made her guests lose one hour waiting for his arrival. "It is easy to make up the loss madame", replied Lesage; "I will not read my comedy, and thus you will gain two hours." With that, he left the Hôtel and could never be persuaded to return to the Duchess's house.

Quotations

  • "Pride and conceit were the original sins of man."
  • "Facts are stubborn things."

Works

Translations and adaptations

  • Le Traître puni, 1700
  • Don Félix de Mendoce, 1700
  • Point d'honneur, 1702 (French version)
  • Second Book of the Ingenious Knight Don Quixote of La Mancha, 1704
  • Orlando innamorato, 1721
  • Guzman d'Alfarache, 1732 (French version)

Plays

Novels

Bibliography

  • Francis Assaf - Lesage et le picaresque (A.-G. Nizet, 1983) ISBN 2-7078-1032-0
  • Christelle Bahier-Porte - La Poétique d'Alain-René Lesage (Champion, 2006) ISBN 978-2-7453-1406-2
  • V. Barberet - Lesage et le théâtre de la foire (Paul Sordoillet, 1887), (Slatkine Reprints, 1970)
  • Roger Laufer - Lesage ; ou, Le métier de romancier (Gallimard, 1971)
  • Tobias Smollet's Prefatory Memoir in his 1893 English translation of Le Sage's "The Adventures of Gil Blas"

References

  1. ^ a b c d e Saintsbury 1911, p. 486.
  2. ^ Karateke, Hakan T. (2015). "The Politics of Translation: Two Stories from the Turkish Ferec baʿde Şidde in Les mille et une nuit, contes arabes". Journal of Near Eastern Studies. 74 (2). University of Chicago Press: 211–224. doi:10.1086/682237. JSTOR 10.1086/682237. S2CID 156007752.
  3. ^ a b "Biography – CHEVALIER, Beauchêne, ROBERT – Volume II (1701-1740) – Dictionary of Canadian Biography". www.biographi.ca. Retrieved 8 March 2019.
  4. ^ Petite bibliothèque des théâtres, Paris, 1789, vol.62 pp.67-8

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