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{{Short description|Species of aquatic plant}}
{{italic title}}
{{Speciesbox
{{taxobox
|name = starfruit
|status = NT
|status_system=IUCN3.1
|image =
|status_ref =<ref name=iucn>{{cite web|author=Lansdown, R. V.|date= 2011|title=''Damasonium alisma''. The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 2011: e.T164465A5879418|access-date= 27 June 2020|url=https://www.iucnredlist.org/species/164465/5879418}}</ref>
|regnum = [[Plantae]]
|name = Starfruit
|unranked_divisio = [[Angiosperms]]
⚫
|image = Fig. 05 Damasonium alisma.jpg
|unranked_classis = [[Monocots]]
|image_caption =
|ordo = [[Alismatales]]
⚫
|genus = Damasonium
|familia = [[Alismataceae]]
⚫
|species = alisma
⚫
|genus = ''[[Damasonium]]''
|authority = [[Philip Miller|Mill.]]
⚫
|species = '''''D. alisma'''''
|synonyms = *''Actinocarpus damasonium'' ([[Carl Linnaeus|L.]]) Sweet
⚫
|binomial = ''Damasonium alisma''
*''Actinocarpus europaeus'' Spreng.
|binomial_authority = [[Mill.]]
*''Actinocarpus maior'' Bercht. & J.Presl
|synonyms =
*''Actinocarpus stellatus'' Bubani
*''Alisma damasonium'' [[Carl Linnaeus|L.]]
*''Alisma stellatum'' Lam.
*''Damasonium dalechampii'' Gray
*''Damasonium damasonium'' ([[Carl Linnaeus|L.]]) Asch. & Graebn.
*''Damasonium stellatum'' Thuill.
*''Damasonium vulgare'' Coss. & Germ.
|synonyms_ref = <ref name=powo>{{Cite web|title=''Damasonium alisma'' Mill. {{!}} Plants of the World Online {{!}} Kew Science|url=http://powo.science.kew.org/taxon/urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:58296-1|access-date=2020-06-27|website=Plants of the World Online}}</ref>
}}
}}
⚫
'''''Damasonium alisma''''' is a species of flowering [[marsh plant]] known by the common name of '''starfruit'''. Its native range includes parts of [[Great Britain]], [[France]], [[Portugal]], [[Spain]], [[Italy]], [[Greece]], [[Russia]], [[Ukraine]], [[Moldova]], and [[Kazakhstan]].<ref>[http://apps.kew.org/wcsp/namedetail.do?name_id=303908 Kew World Checklist of Selected Plant Families, ''Damasonium alisma'' ]</ref><ref>[http://luirig.altervista.org/flora/taxa/index1.php?scientific-name=damasonium+alisma Altervista Flora Italiana, Mestolaccia stellata, Starfruit ''Damasonium alisma'' ]</ref>


⚫
'''''Damasonium alisma''''' is a species of flowering [[marsh plant]] known by the common name of '''starfruit'''. Its native range includes parts of [[Great Britain]], [[France]], [[Portugal]], [[Spain]], [[Italy]], [[Greece]], [[Russia]], [[Ukraine]], [[Moldova]], and [[Kazakhstan]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://apps.kew.org/wcsp/namedetail.do?name_id=303908|title=World Checklist of Selected Plant Families: Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew|website=apps.kew.org|language=en-GB|access-date=2017-01-26}}</ref><ref>[http://luirig.altervista.org/flora/taxa/index1.php?scientific-name=damasonium+alisma Altervista Flora Italiana, Mestolaccia stellata, Starfruit ''Damasonium alisma'']</ref>
⚫
''Damasonium alisma'' is [[native species|native]] to the [[British Isles]] and was at one time commonly found in south and central [[England]].<ref name=ip30 /> Numbers have declined as a result of the loss of pond [[habitat]]s.<ref name=NewS /> It was not recorded in the wild in 2006 and is classified as [[endangered species|endangered]] within the United Kingdom.<ref name=Kew />

⚫
''Damasonium alisma'' is [[native species|native]] to the [[British Isles]] and was at one time commonly found in south and central [[England]].<ref name=ip30 /> Numbers have declined as a result of the loss of pond [[habitat]]s.<ref name=NewS /> It was not recorded in the wild in 2006 and is classified as [[endangered species|endangered]] within the United Kingdom.<ref name=Kew /> Seeds from the (extinct) Headley Heath population were germinated in undisturbed ponds managed by Surrey Wildlife Trust in 2013, and have grown there each year since (at least up to 2018).

== Ecology ==
''Damasonium alisma'' grows in acidic ponds. In [[Great Britain]] it went into decline along with the [[village pond]]. It once grew in many English counties from [[Sussex]] north to [[Shropshire]], but by 1900 was reduced to two ponds in [[Buckinghamshire]] and one in [[Surrey]]. It is gradually starting to make a comeback due to intense conservation efforts. It requires open, well-lit, shallow water to grow in and regularly churned-up mud for its seeds to germinate.<ref>{{Cite web|title=''Damasonium alisma'' {{!}} Online Atlas of the British and Irish Flora|url=https://www.brc.ac.uk/plantatlas/plant/damasonium-alisma|access-date=2020-06-27|website=www.brc.ac.uk|language=en|archive-date=2020-06-29|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200629111517/https://www.brc.ac.uk/plantatlas/plant/damasonium-alisma|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=''Damasonium alisma'': Starfruit {{!}} NBN Atlas|url=https://species.nbnatlas.org/species/NHMSYS0000457989|access-date=2020-06-27|website=species.nbnatlas.org}}</ref>

It is very variable in form according to the depth of the water it is growing in. Dwarf plants with aerial leaves occur growing sub-terrestrially on mud. The number of ovules vary. Usually there are two in each carpel, but carpels with four to many occur over the range. Multi-ovulate forms from southwestern Europe and [[Sicily]] were originally described as ''D. polyspermum''.{{citation needed|date=June 2020}}

The shape of the follicles depends on the number of seeds; the beak (empty upper part) of the carpel is elongated in two-seeded plants, whereas in many-seeded plants the seeds occupy more of the follicle and the beak is relatively shorter and less well defined.{{citation needed|date=June 2020}}

== Taxonomy ==
It was first described by [[Carl Linnaeus]] as ''Alisma damasonium'' in 1753, but was assigned to the genus, ''[[Damasonium]]'', in 1768 by [[Philip Miller]].<ref name=ipni>{{IPNI|id=58296-1|taxon=''Damasonium alisma''}}</ref><ref name=miller>{{cite book|date=1768|author=Miller, P.|title=Gardeners Dictionary|edition= 8|location= London|url=https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/394847}}</ref>


==References==
==References==
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| first =
| first =
| author-link =
| author-link =
| title = Species: Damasonium alisma (Starfruit)
| title = Species: ''Damasonium alisma'' (Starfruit)
| work = Interactive Flora of NW Europe
| work = Interactive Flora of NW Europe
| publisher =
| publisher =
| date =
| date =
| url = http://ip30.eti.uva.nl/BIS/flora.php?selected=beschrijving&menuentry=soorten&id=4164
| url = http://ip30.eti.uva.nl/BIS/flora.php?selected=beschrijving&menuentry=soorten&id=4164
| accessdate =11 July 2010
| access-date = 11 July 2010
}}{{Dead link|date=July 2019 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref>
}}
⚫
<ref name=NewS>{{Citation | last = Perring | first = Franklyn | title = Records For Leisure And Profit | newspaper = [[New Scientist]] | publisher = [[Reed Business Information]] | date = 23–30 December 1976 | page = 725 | volume = 72 | issue = 1032 | url = https://books.google.com/books?id=obHSBCxiJ1YC&pg=PA725 | access-date =11 July 2010
</ref>
⚫
<ref name=NewS>{{Citation | last = Perring | first = Franklyn | title = Records For Leisure And Profit | newspaper = [[New Scientist]] | publisher = [[Reed Business Information]] | date = 23–30 Dec 1976 | page = 725 | volume = 72 | issue = 1032 | url = http://books.google.co.uk/books?id=obHSBCxiJ1YC&pg=PA725 | accessdate =11 July 2010
}}</ref>
}}</ref>
<ref name=Kew>{{Citation | title = Damasonium alisma | work = [[Millennium Seed Bank Project]] | publisher = [[Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew]] | url = http://www.kew.org/msbp/plantstories/Damasonium.htm | accessdate =11 July 2010
<ref name=Kew>{{Citation
|title=''Damasonium alisma''
|work=[[Millennium Seed Bank Project]]
|publisher=[[Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew]]
|url=http://www.kew.org/msbp/plantstories/Damasonium.htm
|access-date=11 July 2010
|url-status=dead
|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100707151118/http://www.kew.org/msbp/plantstories/Damasonium.htm
|archive-date=7 July 2010
}}</ref>
}}</ref>
}}
}}


==External links==
==External links==
{{Commons category-inline|Damasonium}}
*{{Commons category-inline|Damasonium alisma |''Damasonium alisma''}}
{{Wikispecies-inline|Damasonium}}
*{{Wikispecies-inline|Damasonium |''Damasonium''}}

{{Taxonbar|from=Q5212051}}
{{Authority control}}


[[Category:Alismataceae]]
[[Category:Alismataceae]]
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[[Category:Flora of Great Britain]]
[[Category:Flora of Great Britain]]
[[Category:Plants described in 1768]]
[[Category:Plants described in 1768]]
[[Category:Freshwater plants]]

[[Category:Taxa named by Philip Miller]]

[[Category:Plants described in 1753]]
{{monocot-stub}}
[[Category:Taxa named by Carl Linnaeus]]

Latest revision as of 22:24, 5 January 2024

Starfruit
Scientific classification Edit this classification
Kingdom: Plantae
Clade: Tracheophytes
Clade: Angiosperms
Clade: Monocots
Order: Alismatales
Family: Alismataceae
Genus: Damasonium
Species:
D. alisma
Binomial name
Damasonium alisma
Synonyms[2]
  • Actinocarpus damasonium (L.) Sweet
  • Actinocarpus europaeus Spreng.
  • Actinocarpus maior Bercht. & J.Presl
  • Actinocarpus stellatus Bubani
  • Alisma damasonium L.
  • Alisma stellatum Lam.
  • Damasonium dalechampii Gray
  • Damasonium damasonium (L.) Asch. & Graebn.
  • Damasonium stellatum Thuill.
  • Damasonium vulgare Coss. & Germ.

Damasonium alisma is a species of flowering marsh plant known by the common name of starfruit. Its native range includes parts of Great Britain, France, Portugal, Spain, Italy, Greece, Russia, Ukraine, Moldova, and Kazakhstan.[3][4]

Damasonium alisma is native to the British Isles and was at one time commonly found in south and central England.[5] Numbers have declined as a result of the loss of pond habitats.[6] It was not recorded in the wild in 2006 and is classified as endangered within the United Kingdom.[7] Seeds from the (extinct) Headley Heath population were germinated in undisturbed ponds managed by Surrey Wildlife Trust in 2013, and have grown there each year since (at least up to 2018).

Ecology[edit]

Damasonium alisma grows in acidic ponds. In Great Britain it went into decline along with the village pond. It once grew in many English counties from Sussex north to Shropshire, but by 1900 was reduced to two ponds in Buckinghamshire and one in Surrey. It is gradually starting to make a comeback due to intense conservation efforts. It requires open, well-lit, shallow water to grow in and regularly churned-up mud for its seeds to germinate.[8][9]

It is very variable in form according to the depth of the water it is growing in. Dwarf plants with aerial leaves occur growing sub-terrestrially on mud. The number of ovules vary. Usually there are two in each carpel, but carpels with four to many occur over the range. Multi-ovulate forms from southwestern Europe and Sicily were originally described as D. polyspermum.[citation needed]

The shape of the follicles depends on the number of seeds; the beak (empty upper part) of the carpel is elongated in two-seeded plants, whereas in many-seeded plants the seeds occupy more of the follicle and the beak is relatively shorter and less well defined.[citation needed]

Taxonomy[edit]

It was first described by Carl Linnaeus as Alisma damasonium in 1753, but was assigned to the genus, Damasonium, in 1768 by Philip Miller.[10][11]

References[edit]

  1. ^ Lansdown, R. V. (2011). "Damasonium alisma. The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 2011: e.T164465A5879418". Retrieved 27 June 2020.
  2. ^ "Damasonium alisma Mill. | Plants of the World Online | Kew Science". Plants of the World Online. Retrieved 2020-06-27.
  3. ^ "World Checklist of Selected Plant Families: Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew". apps.kew.org. Retrieved 2017-01-26.
  4. ^ Altervista Flora Italiana, Mestolaccia stellata, Starfruit Damasonium alisma
  5. ^ "Species: Damasonium alisma (Starfruit)", Interactive Flora of NW Europe, retrieved 11 July 2010[permanent dead link]
  6. ^ Perring, Franklyn (23–30 December 1976), "Records For Leisure And Profit", New Scientist, vol. 72, no. 1032, Reed Business Information, p. 725, retrieved 11 July 2010
  7. ^ "Damasonium alisma", Millennium Seed Bank Project, Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew, archived from the original on 7 July 2010, retrieved 11 July 2010
  8. ^ "Damasonium alisma | Online Atlas of the British and Irish Flora". www.brc.ac.uk. Archived from the original on 2020-06-29. Retrieved 2020-06-27.
  9. ^ "Damasonium alisma: Starfruit | NBN Atlas". species.nbnatlas.org. Retrieved 2020-06-27.
  10. ^ "Damasonium alisma". International Plant Names Index (IPNI). Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew; Harvard University Herbaria & Libraries; Australian National Botanic Gardens.
  11. ^ Miller, P. (1768). Gardeners Dictionary (8 ed.). London.

External links[edit]

Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Damasonium_alisma&oldid=1193835529"