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<!-- This article is a part of [[Wikipedia:WikiProject Aircraft]]. Please see [[Wikipedia:WikiProject Aircraft/page content]] for recommended layout. -->
[[Image:Kalnyshevsky.jpg|thumb|right| Petro Kalnyshevsky]]
{{Infobox Aircraft
'''Petro Ivanovych Kalnyshevsky''' ({{lang-uk |Петро Іванович Калнишевський}}) ([[1690]] – [[31 October]] [[1803]]) was the last [[Kosh otaman]] of the [[Zaporozhian Host]] in [[1762]] and in [[1765]]–[[1775]] years period.
|name=CH-54 Tarhe
Kalnyshevsky took part in Russo-Turkish war of 1768-1774 and was honored with a gold medal with brilliants for courage.
|image=Image:Sikorsky Skycrane carrying parachute bomb c.jpg
|caption=A CH-54A carrying a [[BLU-82|parachute bomb]]
|type=Heavy-lift [[military transport aircraft|cargo helicopter]]
|manufacturer=[[Sikorsky Aircraft]]
|designer=
|first flight=1962
|introduced=
|retired=
|status=
|primary user=[[United States Army]]
|more users= <!--up to three more. please separate with <br/>.-->
|produced=<!--years in production, e.g. 1970-1999, if still in active use but no longer built-->
|number built=105
|unit cost=
|developed from=[[CH-37 Mojave]]
|variants with their own articles=[[S-64 Skycrane]]
}}


[[Image:Sikorsky Skycrane carrying 2 Hueys c.jpg|thumb|right|A CH-54A Tarhe carrying 2 [[UH-1 Iroquois|UH-1 Hueys]].]]
Being a head of the [[Zaporozhian Host]] Petro Kalnyshevsky defended the rights of [[cossacks]] and their independence from increasing Imperial Russian [[Tsar]]ist influence, encouraged agriculture development and trade in the Zaporizhian [[steppe]].
[[Image:Ch-54.jpg|thumb|right|CH-54B carrying an [[M551 Sheridan]] tank on a sling mount during transmission testing for the CH-54B.]]
The '''CH-54 Tarhe''' is a twin-engine heavy-lift helicopter designed by [[Sikorsky Aircraft]] for the [[United States Army]]. It is named after [[Tarhe]] (whose nickname was "The Crane"), an eighteenth-century chief of the [[Wyandot]] [[Native Americans in the United States|Native American]] tribe.<ref>[http://www.ohiohistorycentral.org/entry.php?rec=371 Ohio History Central page on Tarhe]</ref> The civil version is the '''[[S-64 Skycrane]]'''.


==Development==
After the destruction of [[Zaporizhian Sich]] by Russian troops, Petro Kalnyshevsky was arrested and deported to the [[Solovetsky Monastery]], where he spent over 26 years in solitary confinement in a cold and dark cell (1 m wide, 2 m long). Three times a year he was allowed outside to breathe the open air.
Initial work on the Sikorsky "sky-crane" [[helicopter]]s began in [[1958]] with the [[piston engine|piston-engine]]d [[CH-37 Mojave|S-60]].


The first flight of the [[turboshaft]]-powered '''S-64 Skycrane''' was [[May 9]], [[1962 in aviation|1962]], with the [[U.S. Army]] eventually purchasing 105, designating them CH-54. Used in [[Vietnam]] for transport and downed-aircraft retrieval, it was highly successful, thanks to the 'adaptable' nature of the module system first conceived by General [[James M. Gavin]] in his book ''Airborne Warfare'' in 1947. Early pods could not carry troops and external sling-loads at the same time. Advanced pods for the CH-54 could carry troops and cargo underslung at the same time but were not purchased. The Skycrane can not only hold its cargo up and tight against its center spine to lessen drag and eliminate the pendulum effect when flying forward, it can winch vehicles up and down from a hovering position, so the helicopter itself need not land. Due to budget cuts the Heavy Lift Helicopter (HLH) program was cancelled and the CH-54s not upgraded with larger engines. [[Boeing]] [[CH-47 Chinook]] gradually supplemented it in combat, although Skycranes remained in [[U.S. National Guard]] service until the early [[1990]]s. The Soviet Union also created much larger crane helicopters with a similar skeletal design.
He was pardoned by Emperor Alexander at the age of 110 years. Kalnyshevsky by that time had become blind and decided to remain in the monastery, where he died 2 years later in [[1803]].


Today, [[Erickson Air-Crane]] of [[Central Point, Oregon]] operates the largest fleet of S-64 helicopters in the world under the name [[S-64 Skycrane|Erickson S-64 Aircrane]], which can be equipped with water-dropping equipment (some also have foam/gel capability) for [[Aerial firefighting|firefighting]] duties worldwide. After obtaining the type certificate and manufacturing rights in 1992, Erickson remains the manufacturer and world’s largest operator of S-64s.
== Early life ==


==Variants==
Petro Kalnyshevsky's early life largely remains unknown and is surrounded by folk-tales and myths. According to one of them one day an eight years-old orphaned Petro Kalnysh tending livestock was picked up by passing Cossacks on their way to the Zaporozhian Sich. Modern research, however, contradicts that verstion and points out that he was born in 1691 in the Village of Pustovoitivka (present-day Sumy oblast, Ukraine) and stemmed from the Cossack petty gentry — sotnyk starshyna. His relatives active in administration of the Cossack Hetmanate in Poltava regiment were already known in the Zaporozhian Sich, so it was natural that he ended up in that Cossack host too. It is suggested that he came to the Sich while already a grown up man, in his 40s.<ref name="dt">Anatoly Dilanian [http://www.dt.ua/3000/3760/43641/ The last of the Kosh Otamans] Zerkalo Nedeli. № 43 (468) 8 — 14 November 2003</ref><ref name="Grib">Vladyslav Hrybovsky [http://www.exp21.com.ua/zovlimit/67-7.htm Kalnyshevsky against Catherine II] Expedition XXI century. №5 (67) December 2007</ref>
*'''YCH-54A:''' Pre-production aircraft, six built.


*'''CH-54A:''' Production model powered by two 4500shp T-73-P1 turboshafts, 54 built.
== In the Sich ==
=== Path to leadership ===


*'''CH-54B:''' Heavier version of the CH-54A with two 4800 shp T-73-P700 turboshafts and twin-wheeled main undercarriage, 37 built.
His career in the Sich was quite fast, partly due to his talents and the support of the Kalnysh clan that had established itself in the host earlier. His first position was that of kosh [[yesaul]] - a military judge, whose duties were to maintain order in the Sich, to investigate abuse and to collect taxes from nearby settlements. His main task at that time, however was to fight Cossack bands, known as [[haidamakas]], who were harassing and robbing people, mostly settlers in the areas close to the Zaporozhian Sich. Having established himself as an efficient law enforcer and a commander of his own military detachment that was fighting haidamakas, Kalnyshevsky earned respect of his fellow Cossacks and quickly raised through the ranks of the Sich starshyna.


==Operators==
In years 1754-1755 he already headed a comission that was set up to settle relations of Cossacks with the neighbouring Tatars. Twice, in 1755 and in 1757 he was elected to represent Cossacks within a deputation sent to the Russian court.<ref>[[Adrian Kashchenko]] [http://lib.ru/SU/UKRAINA/KASHCHENKO/opovidan.txt_Piece40.14 The Story about Zaporizhian Army] Lib.ru</ref> There he not only effectively lobbied for the Cossacks' rights but made a few important friends that would help him later in his career. Thus, by 1760s Peter Kalnysh (as he was known then) had become one of the strong men in the Sich and a right hand of the then kosh otaman Hryhoriy Lantukh. As the otaman Lantukh grew older Kalnyshevsky would eventually talk over his responsibilities and use him as a nominal figure head. Finally in 1762 he replaced the old Lantukh and became the kosh otaman - an effective leader of the Zaporozhian Sich.
;{{USA}}
* [[United States Army]]


==Survivors==
As the kosh otaman he also represented the Cossacks at Catherine II's coronation in Moscow. His relationship with the empress was strained: Catherine didn't like the fact that Kalnyshevsky had been elected without the royal approval and at the end of 1762 he had to resign under pressure from the government and the old otaman Lantukh was reinstated. For the next three years he continued to rule by proxy using old Lantukh as a figure head. However, on January 1, 1765 aginst the wishes of the Russian government Kalnyshevsky was elected again as the kosh otaman. His populatirty was such that Cossacks would never elect anyone but him until the end of the Zaporozhian Sich.
{{main|List of surviving CH-54 Tarhes}}
A large number of surviving airframes exist in flyable condition as well as in museum collections worldwide.


==Specifications (CH-54B Tarhe) ==
=== At the head of the Sich ===
[[Image:Sikorsky-CH-54-Tarhe.png|right|300px|Orthographically projected diagram of the Sikorsky CH-54B Tarhe.]]
{{aircraft specifications


|plane or copter?=copter
During the years at he helm of the Sich Kalnyshevsky surrounded hsimself with his relatives in different positions in Sich and in the settlements surrounding it. Relative stability that Kalnyshevsky provided led to Cossack commander class - starshina becoming quite wealthy, acquiring new lands and settlements surrounding the Sich and the area. As such he tried to restrain the rank-and-file Cossacks upset at the Russian govenment's colonization efforts in the area. His wealth and support of the colonists often irritated many of the Cossacks, so much so that in December of 1768 an uprising broke out in the Sich and he used Russian troops to put it down and to restore his authority. Social division in the host left it devided between the wealthy starshyna and the majority of rank and file Cossacks, who saw robbery of settlers as one of the ways to acquire wealth.
|jet or prop?=prop


|ref=The Complete Encyclopedia of World Aircraft<ref>{{cite web
The Russo-Turkish War of 1768-1774 saw the division in the Sich deepening further. As the settlements were overrun and burned by the Tatars, Kalnyshevsky and the starshina started to encourage settlements without permission from the government. Because of the increased violence between the settlers and the Cossacks and little control that the government had over the Sich it was decided by Catherine II to abolish it. In the meantime Cossacks' participation in the war was much appreciated — Kalnyshevsky and other commanders were decorated war heroes and received praise, previleges and nobility status. A few of Russian nobles, including Kutuzov and tsarina's favourite Grigoriy Potyomkin were formally admitted to Cossackdom. However, later, acting on orders of Potemkin Russian general Tekelli took advantage of Cossacks' complacency and occupied the Zaporozhian Sich on August 5, 1775 in a bloodless takeover.
|url=http://avia.russian.ee/helicopters_eng/sik_s-64-r.html
|title=Sikorsky S-64 / CH-54 “Tarhe” helicopter
|work=The Complete Encyclopedia of World Aircraft
|author=Donald, D.
|year=1997
|accessdate=2006-10-08
}}</ref>
|crew=3
|capacity=
|payload main=20,000 [[pound (mass)|lb]]
|payload alt=9,000 kg


|length main=88 [[foot (length)|ft]] 6 [[inch|in]]
== Arrest and exile ==
|length alt=26.97 m
|span main=72 ft 0 in
|span alt=21.95 m
|height main=25 ft 5 in
|height alt=7.75 m
|area main=4071.5 ft²
|area alt=378.24 m²
|airfoil=
|empty weight main=19,800 [[pound (mass)|lb]]
|empty weight alt=8,980 kg
|loaded weight main=<!-- lb-->
|loaded weight alt=<!-- kg-->
|useful load main=
|useful load alt=
|max takeoff weight main=47,000 lb
|max takeoff weight alt=21,000 kg
|more general=


|engine (prop)=[[Pratt & Whitney]] [[Pratt & Whitney T73|T73]]-P-700
Incidentally, when the news of the Sich abolishment was let known to the Cossacks trapped by general Tekelli, Kalnyshevsky was one of the few people, who were trying to persuade Cossacks to give up without a fight. That, however, did not help the old otaman, as after the Sich had been destroyed he was arrested along with the other starshyna and their property confiscated. Kalnyshevsky was first exhiled to Moscow and from there on June 25, 1776 he was further sent to the Solovki monastery. At the monastery that would later become the infamous GULAG Peter Kalnyshevsky was placed in a solitary confinement. Strict restrictions were placed on the terms of his imprisonment — he was allowed out of his cell only on holidays: on Easter, Christmas and others.
|type of prop=[[turboshaft engine]]s
|number of props=2
|power main=4,800 [[horsepower|shp]]
|power alt=3,580 kW
|max speed main=130 [[knot (speed)|kn]]
|max speed alt=150 [[mph]], 240 km/h
|max speed more=
|cruise speed main=100 kn
|cruise speed alt=115 [[mph]], 185 km/h
|cruise speed more=
|range main=200 [[nautical mile|NM]]
|range alt=230 [[statute mile|mi]], 370 km
|range more=
|ceiling main=18,330 ft
|ceiling alt=5,600 m
|climb rate main=1,330 ft/min
|climb rate alt=6.75 m/s
|loading main=<!-- lb/ft²-->
|loading alt=<!-- kg/m²-->
|power/mass main=<!-- hp/lb-->
|power/mass alt=<!-- W/kg-->
|more performance=


|armament=
After 16 years of imprisonment, the harsh conditions were relaxed — he was moved to a bigger cell and started to enjoy somewhat better treatment. Kalnyshevsky belonged to state prisoners and as such received money


}}
== Legacy ==
==See also==
{{aircontent


|related=
== See also ==
*[[Zaporozhian Host]]
* [[S-64 Skycrane]]
*[[Zaporizhian Sich]]
* [[CH-53 Sea Stallion]]
*[[History of the Cossacks]]
* [[CH-53E Super Stallion]]


|similar aircraft=
== Literature ==
* [[CH-47 Chinook]]
* Oral Narrative of Former Zaporozhian, Dweller of Ekaterinoslav Governorate and District, of the village Mykhailivka — Mykyta Leontiyovych Korzh. Recorded by Gavriil Rozanov. Odessa. 1842.
* [[Mil Mi-10]]


|sequence=
== References ==
<references/>
* [http://www.exp21.com.ua/zovlimit/67-7.htm Kalnyshevsky against Catherine II]
* [http://h.ua/story/55592/ The last Sich]
* [http://www.dt.ua/3000/3760/43641/ The last of the Atamans]
* [http://www.cossackdom.com/personal/gribovskyi_postat02031.htm Historiographic questions surrounding the study of Kalnyshevsky's biography]
* [http://www.ukrterra.com.ua//kajuk_kalnysh.htm Destruction of the Zaporozhian Sich and Kalnyshevsky's destiny]
* [http://www.solovki.ca/camp_20/ukraine/ovsienko_02.php Solovki and Petro Kalnyshevsky]
* [http://gorod.dp.ua/history/doc/korzha_opovid.pdf Oral Narrative of Former Zaporozhian, Dweller of Ekaterinoslav Governorate and District, of the village Mykhailivka — Mykyta Leontiyovych Korzh.]


|lists=
{{DEFAULTSORT:Kalnyshevsky, Petro}}
* [[List of active military aircraft of the United States]]
[[Category:Cossacks]]
* [[List of helicopters]]
[[Category:Ukrainian Cossacks]]
* [[List of military aircraft of the United States]]
[[Category:Longevity claims]]
[[Category:People from Romny]]


|see also=
[[pl:Piotr Kalniszewski]]
* [[Aerial crane]]
[[ru:Калнишевский, Пётр Иванович]]
}}
[[uk:Калнишевський Петро Іванович]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
{{Commons|CH-54 Tarhe (Skycrane)}}
* [http://www.redstone.army.mil/history/aviation/factsheets/ch54.html CH-54 U.S. Army Aviation history fact sheet]
* [http://www.globalsecurity.org/military/systems/aircraft/h-54.htm CH-54 Skycrane/Tarhe on Global Security.org]

{{Sikorsky Aircraft}}
{{USAF helicopters}}
{{aviation lists}}

[[Category:Military helicopters]]
[[Category:United States military transport aircraft 1960-1969|H-54 Tarhe]]
[[Category:Vietnam War aircraft]]

[[de:Sikorsky S-64]]
[[fr:Sikorsky CH-54]]
[[it:Sikorsky S-64]]
[[ms:CH-54 Tarhe]]
[[nl:Erickson Air Crane]]

Revision as of 04:09, 10 October 2008

Template:Infobox Aircraft

A CH-54A Tarhe carrying 2 UH-1 Hueys.
File:Ch-54.jpg
CH-54B carrying an M551 Sheridan tank on a sling mount during transmission testing for the CH-54B.

The CH-54 Tarhe is a twin-engine heavy-lift helicopter designed by Sikorsky Aircraft for the United States Army. It is named after Tarhe (whose nickname was "The Crane"), an eighteenth-century chief of the Wyandot Native American tribe.[1] The civil version is the S-64 Skycrane.

Development

Initial work on the Sikorsky "sky-crane" helicopters began in 1958 with the piston-engined S-60.

The first flight of the turboshaft-powered S-64 Skycrane was May 9, 1962, with the U.S. Army eventually purchasing 105, designating them CH-54. Used in Vietnam for transport and downed-aircraft retrieval, it was highly successful, thanks to the 'adaptable' nature of the module system first conceived by General James M. Gavin in his book Airborne Warfare in 1947. Early pods could not carry troops and external sling-loads at the same time. Advanced pods for the CH-54 could carry troops and cargo underslung at the same time but were not purchased. The Skycrane can not only hold its cargo up and tight against its center spine to lessen drag and eliminate the pendulum effect when flying forward, it can winch vehicles up and down from a hovering position, so the helicopter itself need not land. Due to budget cuts the Heavy Lift Helicopter (HLH) program was cancelled and the CH-54s not upgraded with larger engines. Boeing CH-47 Chinook gradually supplemented it in combat, although Skycranes remained in U.S. National Guard service until the early 1990s. The Soviet Union also created much larger crane helicopters with a similar skeletal design.

Today, Erickson Air-Crane of Central Point, Oregon operates the largest fleet of S-64 helicopters in the world under the name Erickson S-64 Aircrane, which can be equipped with water-dropping equipment (some also have foam/gel capability) for firefighting duties worldwide. After obtaining the type certificate and manufacturing rights in 1992, Erickson remains the manufacturer and world’s largest operator of S-64s.

Variants

  • YCH-54A: Pre-production aircraft, six built.
  • CH-54A: Production model powered by two 4500shp T-73-P1 turboshafts, 54 built.
  • CH-54B: Heavier version of the CH-54A with two 4800 shp T-73-P700 turboshafts and twin-wheeled main undercarriage, 37 built.

Operators

 United States

Survivors

Main article: List of surviving CH-54 Tarhes

A large number of surviving airframes exist in flyable condition as well as in museum collections worldwide.

Specifications (CH-54B Tarhe)

Orthographically projected diagram of the Sikorsky CH-54B Tarhe.
Orthographically projected diagram of the Sikorsky CH-54B Tarhe.

Data from The Complete Encyclopedia of World Aircraft[2]

General characteristics

  • Crew: 3

Performance

See also

Related development

Aircraft of comparable role, configuration, and era

Related lists

References

  1. ^ Ohio History Central page on Tarhe
  2. ^ Donald, D. (1997). "Sikorsky S-64 / CH-54 "Tarhe" helicopter". The Complete Encyclopedia of World Aircraft. Retrieved 2006-10-08.

External links

Wikimedia Commons has media related to CH-54 Tarhe (Skycrane).
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