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==Life==
==Life==
He was born in [[Bath, Maine]] August 24, 1846,<ref>{{cite journal|last1=Darton|first1=N.H.|title=Memoir of Henry Gannett|journal=Annals of the Association of American Geographers|date=January 1917|volume=7|pages=68–70|url=http://hdl.handle.net/2027/inu.30000053670869?urlappend=%3Bseq=74|accessdate=December 15, 2014|doi=10.1080/00045601709357056}}</ref> graduated with a B.S. at [[Harvard University]] in 1869 and at the [[Hooper School of Mining and Practical Geology|Hooper Mining School]] in 1870 also at Harvard.
He was born in [[Bath, Maine]] August 24, 1846,<ref>{{cite journal|last1=Darton|first1=N.H.|title=Memoir of Henry Gannett|journal=Annals of the Association of American Geographers|date=January 1917|volume=7|pages=68–70|url=http://hdl.handle.net/2027/inu.30000053670869?urlappend=%3Bseq=74|access-date=December 15, 2014|doi=10.1080/00045601709357056}}</ref> graduated with a B.S. at [[Harvard University]] in 1869 and at the [[Hooper School of Mining and Practical Geology|Hooper Mining School]] in 1870 also at Harvard.


In 1871 he was almost simultaneously offered positions with [[Charles Francis Hall]] on what would become the ill-fated [[Polaris Expedition]] or going with [[Ferdinand Vandeveer Hayden]] to survey [[Yellowstone National Park]]. He chose the Hayden adventure and would map the western portion of the Hayden's division until 1879.
In 1871 he was almost simultaneously offered positions with [[Charles Francis Hall]] on what would become the ill-fated [[Polaris Expedition]] or going with [[Ferdinand Vandeveer Hayden]] to survey [[Yellowstone National Park]]. He chose the Hayden adventure and would map the western portion of the Hayden's division until 1879.
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On July 26, 1872, while climbing the then unnamed highest mountain in the [[Gallatin Mountains]], he and his party experienced electric shocks following a [[lightning]] event near the summit. He was to name the mountain [[Electric Peak]].
On July 26, 1872, while climbing the then unnamed highest mountain in the [[Gallatin Mountains]], he and his party experienced electric shocks following a [[lightning]] event near the summit. He was to name the mountain [[Electric Peak]].


He married Mary E. Chase on November 24, 1874.<ref>{{cite journal|last1=Darton|first1=N.H.|title=Memoir of Henry Gannett|journal=Annals of the Association of American Geographers|date=January 1917|volume=7|pages=68–70|url=http://hdl.handle.net/2027/inu.30000053670869?urlappend=%3Bseq=74|accessdate=December 15, 2014|doi=10.1080/00045601709357056}}</ref>
He married Mary E. Chase on November 24, 1874.<ref>{{cite journal|last1=Darton|first1=N.H.|title=Memoir of Henry Gannett|journal=Annals of the Association of American Geographers|date=January 1917|volume=7|pages=68–70|url=http://hdl.handle.net/2027/inu.30000053670869?urlappend=%3Bseq=74|access-date=December 15, 2014|doi=10.1080/00045601709357056}}</ref>


==The Father of Government Mapmaking==
==The Father of Government Mapmaking==
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He lobbied to call the new organization "United States Geological and Geographical Survey" although the name [[United States Geological Survey]] would officially be approved.
He lobbied to call the new organization "United States Geological and Geographical Survey" although the name [[United States Geological Survey]] would officially be approved.


His first job in the new organization under its first director [[Clarence King]] was geographer of the [[United States Census, 1880]].<ref>{{cite journal|last1=Penry|first1=Jerry|title=The Father of Government Mapmaking: Henry Gannett|journal=The American Surveyor|date=October 27, 2007|url=http://www.amerisurv.com/content/view/4519/%20The%20Father%20of%20Government%20Mapmaking:%20Henry%20Gannett|accessdate=December 15, 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141216012853/http://www.amerisurv.com/content/view/4519/%20The%20Father%20of%20Government%20Mapmaking:%20Henry%20Gannett|archive-date=December 16, 2014|url-status=dead}}</ref> He laid out 2,000 enumeration districts with such precision that for the first time each census enumerator knew in advance the metes and bounds of his particular district. The completion of this work on July 1, 1882 is considered the start of true topographical work in the United States and the birth of the quad. He was promoted to Chief Geographer for the Geological Society by [[John Wesley Powell]] and would hold the position until 1896.
His first job in the new organization under its first director [[Clarence King]] was geographer of the [[United States Census, 1880]].<ref>{{cite journal|last1=Penry|first1=Jerry|title=The Father of Government Mapmaking: Henry Gannett|journal=The American Surveyor|date=October 27, 2007|url=http://www.amerisurv.com/content/view/4519/%20The%20Father%20of%20Government%20Mapmaking:%20Henry%20Gannett|access-date=December 15, 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141216012853/http://www.amerisurv.com/content/view/4519/%20The%20Father%20of%20Government%20Mapmaking:%20Henry%20Gannett|archive-date=December 16, 2014|url-status=dead}}</ref> He laid out 2,000 enumeration districts with such precision that for the first time each census enumerator knew in advance the metes and bounds of his particular district. The completion of this work on July 1, 1882 is considered the start of true topographical work in the United States and the birth of the quad. He was promoted to Chief Geographer for the Geological Society by [[John Wesley Powell]] and would hold the position until 1896.


In 1884 he published his first ''Dictionary of Altitudes'' which listed all known survey altitudes in the United States as well as the source of the survey. He was to persuade various organizations doing the surveys including the railroads to begin using similar [[datum (geodesy)|datums]] so the data could interconnect.
In 1884 he published his first ''Dictionary of Altitudes'' which listed all known survey altitudes in the United States as well as the source of the survey. He was to persuade various organizations doing the surveys including the railroads to begin using similar [[datum (geodesy)|datums]] so the data could interconnect.
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In 1885 he published ''Boundaries of the United States and of the Several States and Territories, with a Historical Sketch of the Territorial Changes,'' which was the first attempt to standardize the history of the boundaries in the country.
In 1885 he published ''Boundaries of the United States and of the Several States and Territories, with a Historical Sketch of the Territorial Changes,'' which was the first attempt to standardize the history of the boundaries in the country.


In 1888 Gannett was one of founding members of the [[National Geographic Society]].<ref>{{cite web|title=Census.gov › History › Agency History › Notable Alumni › Henry Gannett|url=https://www.census.gov/history/www/census_then_now/notable_alumni/henry_gannett.html|publisher=U.S. Census Bureau|accessdate=December 15, 2014}}</ref> He served as its first secretary, and later as treasurer, then vice-president, and finally president, in 1909. He was also a member of the Washington Academy of Sciences until his death.<ref>{{cite book|title=List of members, officers, and committees, corrected to March 16, 1914.|date=1916|publisher=Washington Academy of Sciences|location=Washington, D.C.)|page=5|url=http://hdl.handle.net/2027/wu.89100016302?urlappend=%3Bseq=5}}</ref>
In 1888 Gannett was one of founding members of the [[National Geographic Society]].<ref>{{cite web|title=Census.gov › History › Agency History › Notable Alumni › Henry Gannett|url=https://www.census.gov/history/www/census_then_now/notable_alumni/henry_gannett.html|publisher=U.S. Census Bureau|access-date=December 15, 2014}}</ref> He served as its first secretary, and later as treasurer, then vice-president, and finally president, in 1909. He was also a member of the Washington Academy of Sciences until his death.<ref>{{cite book|title=List of members, officers, and committees, corrected to March 16, 1914.|date=1916|publisher=Washington Academy of Sciences|location=Washington, D.C.)|page=5|url=http://hdl.handle.net/2027/wu.89100016302?urlappend=%3Bseq=5}}</ref>


He was chief geographer for the [[United States Census, 1890]] and [[United States Census, 1900]]
He was chief geographer for the [[United States Census, 1890]] and [[United States Census, 1900]]

Revision as of 05:40, 17 January 2021

Henry Gannett
Born(1846-08-24)August 24, 1846
Bath, Maine
DiedNovember 5, 1914(1914-11-05) (aged 68)
CitizenshipAmerican
Alma materHarvard University
RelativesSamuel Gannett (cousin)

Henry Gannett (August 24, 1846 – November 5, 1914) was an American geographer who is described as the "Father of the Quadrangle" which is the basis for topographical maps in the United States.

Life

He was born in Bath, Maine August 24, 1846,[1] graduated with a B.S. at Harvard University in 1869 and at the Hooper Mining School in 1870 also at Harvard.

In 1871 he was almost simultaneously offered positions with Charles Francis Hall on what would become the ill-fated Polaris Expedition or going with Ferdinand Vandeveer Hayden to survey Yellowstone National Park. He chose the Hayden adventure and would map the western portion of the Hayden's division until 1879.

On July 26, 1872, while climbing the then unnamed highest mountain in the Gallatin Mountains, he and his party experienced electric shocks following a lightning event near the summit. He was to name the mountain Electric Peak.

He married Mary E. Chase on November 24, 1874.[2]

The Father of Government Mapmaking

In 1879 he was among those lobbying for centralizing the mapping functions into one government agency. Previously individual mapmakers and agencies had to compete for money from Congress for funds for projects.

He lobbied to call the new organization "United States Geological and Geographical Survey" although the name United States Geological Survey would officially be approved.

His first job in the new organization under its first director Clarence King was geographer of the United States Census, 1880.[3] He laid out 2,000 enumeration districts with such precision that for the first time each census enumerator knew in advance the metes and bounds of his particular district. The completion of this work on July 1, 1882 is considered the start of true topographical work in the United States and the birth of the quad. He was promoted to Chief Geographer for the Geological Society by John Wesley Powell and would hold the position until 1896.

In 1884 he published his first Dictionary of Altitudes which listed all known survey altitudes in the United States as well as the source of the survey. He was to persuade various organizations doing the surveys including the railroads to begin using similar datums so the data could interconnect.

In 1885 he published Boundaries of the United States and of the Several States and Territories, with a Historical Sketch of the Territorial Changes, which was the first attempt to standardize the history of the boundaries in the country.

In 1888 Gannett was one of founding members of the National Geographic Society.[4] He served as its first secretary, and later as treasurer, then vice-president, and finally president, in 1909. He was also a member of the Washington Academy of Sciences until his death.[5]

He was chief geographer for the United States Census, 1890 and United States Census, 1900

In 1890 he and Thomas Corwin Mendenhall of the U.S. National Geodetic Survey campaigned to establish the United States Board on Geographic Names to create official names for locations in the United States. He was subsequently named to the newly created Board on Geographic Names by President Benjamin Harrison in Executive Order No. 28.

In 1893 A Manual of Topographic Methods which was the basis for standardizing survey and mapping processes.

In 1896 in his last year with the USGS, he started the use of the Benchmark.

In 1899, he was invited with other elite scientists on the Harriman Alaska Expedition.

In 1904 he was among the founders of the American Association of Geographers.

In 1906 Gannett Peak, the highest peak in Wyoming, was named for him. In 1911, Lawrence Martin named Mount Gannett, a 10,000-foot peak in the Chugach Mountains of eastern Alaska, for Henry Gannett.

In 1909 he was named chairman of a special committee to examine and verify the records of Robert E. Peary in the controversy with Frederick Cook over who was the first to reach the North Pole.

He was assistant director of the census of the Philippines (1902) and of Cuba (1907–08). From 1897 to 1909, he was a vice president of the American Statistical Association.[6]

References

  1. ^ Darton, N.H. (January 1917). "Memoir of Henry Gannett". Annals of the Association of American Geographers. 7: 68–70. doi:10.1080/00045601709357056. Retrieved December 15, 2014.
  2. ^ Darton, N.H. (January 1917). "Memoir of Henry Gannett". Annals of the Association of American Geographers. 7: 68–70. doi:10.1080/00045601709357056. Retrieved December 15, 2014.
  3. ^ Penry, Jerry (October 27, 2007). "The Father of Government Mapmaking: Henry Gannett". The American Surveyor. Archived from the original on December 16, 2014. Retrieved December 15, 2014.
  4. ^ "Census.gov › History › Agency History › Notable Alumni › Henry Gannett". U.S. Census Bureau. Retrieved December 15, 2014.
  5. ^ List of members, officers, and committees, corrected to March 16, 1914. Washington, D.C.): Washington Academy of Sciences. 1916. p. 5.
  6. ^ North, S.D.N. (1915). Henry Gannett, President of the National Geographic Society, 1910-1914. Washington, D.C.: National Geographic Society. hdl:2027/mdp.39015039793479.

External links

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Henry Gannett
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