Henry Gannett: Difference between revisions
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=== Monographs === |
=== Monographs === |
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* ''[[iarchive:cu31924097555803/page/n7/mode/2up|The Areas of the United States, the Several States and Territories, and their Counties]]''. ''Extra Census Bulletin'', 1881. |
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* ''Dictionary of Altitudes in the United States.'' ''United States Geological Survey Bulletin'' no. 5, 1884. |
* ''Dictionary of Altitudes in the United States.'' ''United States Geological Survey Bulletin'' no. 5, 1884. |
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* [[doi:10.3133/b76|''Dictionary of Altitudes in the United States. 2nd edition''.]] ''United States Geological Survey Bulletin'' no. 70, 1884. |
* [[doi:10.3133/b76|''Dictionary of Altitudes in the United States. 2nd edition''.]] ''United States Geological Survey Bulletin'' no. 70, 1884. |
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* [[iarchive:buildingofnation00gannrich|''The Building of a Nation, the growth, Present Condition and Resources of the United States, with a Forecast of the Future'']]. New York: The H. T. Thomas Company, 1893. |
* [[iarchive:buildingofnation00gannrich|''The Building of a Nation, the growth, Present Condition and Resources of the United States, with a Forecast of the Future'']]. New York: The H. T. Thomas Company, 1893. |
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* ''[https://pubs.er.usgs.gov/publication/m22 A Manual of Topographic Methods.]'' ''United StatesGeological Survey Monograph no. 22,'' 1893. |
* ''[https://pubs.er.usgs.gov/publication/m22 A Manual of Topographic Methods.]'' ''United StatesGeological Survey Monograph no. 22,'' 1893. |
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* ''[[iarchive:statisticsofnegr00gann_0|Statistics of the Negroes in the United States]]''. ''The Trustees of the John Slater Fund Occasional Papers'' no. 4, 1894. |
* ''[[iarchive:statisticsofnegr00gann_0|Statistics of the Negroes in the United States]]''. ''The Trustees of the John Slater Fund Occasional Papers'' no. 4, 1894. |
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* ''[[iarchive:occupationsofneg00gann_0|Occupations of the Negroes]]''. ''The Trustees of the John Slater Fund Occasional Papers'' no. 6, 1894. |
* ''[[iarchive:occupationsofneg00gann_0|Occupations of the Negroes]]''. ''The Trustees of the John Slater Fund Occasional Papers'' no. 6, 1894. |
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* "[[iarchive:forestsoregon00ganngoog|The Forests of Oregon]]" ''United States Geological Survey Professional Paper'' no. 4, 1902. |
* "[[iarchive:forestsoregon00ganngoog|The Forests of Oregon]]" ''United States Geological Survey Professional Paper'' no. 4, 1902. |
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* ''"[https://pubs.er.usgs.gov/publication/pp5 The Forests of Washington"]'' ''United States Geological Survey Professional Paper'' no. 5, 1902. |
* ''"[https://pubs.er.usgs.gov/publication/pp5 The Forests of Washington"]'' ''United States Geological Survey Professional Paper'' no. 5, 1902. |
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* ''[[iarchive:gazetteerofdelaw00gann|A Gazetter of Delaware]]''. ''United States Geological Survey Bulletin'' no. 230, Series F, Geography 38, 1904. |
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* ''[[iarchive:gazetteerofmaryl0000gann/page/n3/mode/2up|A Gazetter of Maryland]]''. ''United States Geological Survey Bulletin'' no. 231, 1904. |
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* ''[[iarchive:cu31924102204066/page/n7/mode/2up|A Gazetter of Virginia]]''. ''United States Geological Survey Bulletin'' no. 232, Series F, Geography 40, 1904. |
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* ''[[iarchive:gazetteerofindia0000gann|A Gazetteer of Indian Territory]]''. ''United States Geological Survey Bulletin'' 248, Series F, Geography 44, 1905. |
* ''[[iarchive:gazetteerofindia0000gann|A Gazetteer of Indian Territory]]''. ''United States Geological Survey Bulletin'' 248, Series F, Geography 44, 1905. |
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* ''[[iarchive:dictionaryofalti00gannrich|A Dictionary of Altitudes in the United States 4th edition.]]'' United States Geological Survey Bulletin no. 274, 1906. |
* ''[[iarchive:dictionaryofalti00gannrich|A Dictionary of Altitudes in the United States 4th edition.]]'' United States Geological Survey Bulletin no. 274, 1906. |
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* ''[[iarchive:gazetteerofcolor00gann/page/n1/mode/2up|A Gazetteer of Colorado]]''. ''United States Geological Survey Bulletin'' no. 291, Series F, Geography 51, 1906.. |
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* ''[[iarchive:areasofunitedsta00gann|The Areas of the United States, the States, and the Territories]]''. United States Geological Survey. Bulletin no. 302, Series F, Geography 58, 1906. |
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* ''List of the Mountains in the United States'' (1910-12)<ref name=":8" /> |
* ''List of the Mountains in the United States'' (1910-12)<ref name=":8" /> |
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=== |
=== Articles === |
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* "[https://librivox.org/the-national-geographic-magazine-vol-03-by-various/ Notes: La Carte de France, dite de l'Etat Major]", ''The National Geographic Magazine'' vol. 3, 1881. |
* "[https://librivox.org/the-national-geographic-magazine-vol-03-by-various/ Notes: La Carte de France, dite de l'Etat Major]", ''The National Geographic Magazine'' vol. 3, 1881. |
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* "[https://librivox.org/the-national-geographic-magazine-vol-03-by-various/ Notes: Statistics of Railways in United States]". ''The National Geographic Magazine'' vol. 3, 1881. |
* "[https://librivox.org/the-national-geographic-magazine-vol-03-by-various/ Notes: Statistics of Railways in United States]". ''The National Geographic Magazine'' vol. 3, 1881. |
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* "[https://librivox.org/the-national-geographic-magazine-vol-07-03-march-1896-by-various/ The Mother Maps of the United States]", ''The National Geographic Magazine v''ol. 4, 1892–1893. |
* "[https://librivox.org/the-national-geographic-magazine-vol-07-03-march-1896-by-various/ The Mother Maps of the United States]", ''The National Geographic Magazine v''ol. 4, 1892–1893. |
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⚫ | |||
* "[https://librivox.org/the-national-geographic-magazine-vol-05-by-various/ The Movements of Our Population]",''The National Geographic Magazine v''ol. 5, 1895. |
* "[https://librivox.org/the-national-geographic-magazine-vol-05-by-various/ The Movements of Our Population]",''The National Geographic Magazine v''ol. 5, 1895. |
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* "[[iarchive:summmaryofprimar00gann|Summmary of the Primary Triangulation Executed by the United States Geological Survey between the Years 1882 and 1894]]", Extract from the ''Sixteenth Annual Report of the Survey 1894–95 Part 1: Director's Report and Papers of a Theoretical Nature. Washington, D.C.: United States Geological Survey/Government Printing Office,'' 1896. |
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* "[https://librivox.org/the-national-geographic-magazine-vol-07-03-march-1896-by-various/ Survey and Subdivision of Indian Territory]",''The National Geographic Magazine'' vol. 7, no. 3, March 1896. |
* "[https://librivox.org/the-national-geographic-magazine-vol-07-03-march-1896-by-various/ Survey and Subdivision of Indian Territory]",''The National Geographic Magazine'' vol. 7, no. 3, March 1896. |
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* "[https://librivox.org/the-national-geographic-magazine-vol-07-07-july-1896-by-various/ The Work of the United States Board on Geographic Names]", ''The National Geographic Magazine v''ol. 7, no. 7, July 1896 |
* "[https://librivox.org/the-national-geographic-magazine-vol-07-07-july-1896-by-various/ The Work of the United States Board on Geographic Names]", ''The National Geographic Magazine v''ol. 7, no. 7, July 1896 |
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* "[https://librivox.org/the-national-geographic-magazine-vol-07-12-december-1896-by-national-geographic-society/ Statistics of Railways in the United States]", ''The National Geographic Magazine'' vol. 7, no.12, December 1896. |
* "[https://librivox.org/the-national-geographic-magazine-vol-07-12-december-1896-by-national-geographic-society/ Statistics of Railways in the United States]", ''The National Geographic Magazine'' vol. 7, no.12, December 1896." |
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* "[[iarchive:ngm09_01_2003_librivox|Our Foreign Trade]]", ''The National Geographic Magazine'' vol. 9, no. 5, January 1898 |
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* "[[iarchive:ngm09_05_2009_librivox|Captain Charles D. Sigsbee, U. S. N.]]", The National Geographic Magazine vol. 9, no. 5, May 1898. |
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* "[[iarchive:ngm09_07_2012_librivox|Geographic Work of the General Government]]". ''The National Geographic Magazine'' vol. 9, no. 7. July 1898. |
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* "[[iarchive:ngm09_09_2103_librivox|The Forest Conditions and Standing Timber of the State of Washington]]", ''The National Geographic Magazine'' vol. 9, no. 9. September 1898 |
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* "[[iarchive:ngm10_12_2303_librivox|The Harriman Alaska Expedition]]", ''The National Geographic Magazine'' vol. 10, no. 12, December 1899. |
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* "[[iarchive:ngm10_05_2110_librivox|The Redwood Forest of the Pacific Coast]]", ''The National Geographic Magazine'' vol. 10, no. 5. May 1899 |
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* "[[iarchive:paper-doi-10_1038_083283a0|Commander Peary's Expedition to the North Pole]]". with C. M. Chester and O. H. Tittman. ''Nature'', vol. 83, no. 2114, May 1910. |
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== References == |
== References == |
Revision as of 21:43, 9 October 2023
Henry Gannett | |
---|---|
Born | Bath, Maine, U.S. | August 24, 1846
Died | November 5, 1914 Washington, D.C., U.S. | (aged 68)
Alma mater | Harvard University Harvard University School of Mining and Practical Geology |
Occupation | Geographer |
Employer(s) | United States Geological Survey United States Census |
Organization(s) | American Association of Geographers Cosmos Club National Geographic Society |
Known for | Father of mapmaking in America |
Henry Gannett (August 24, 1846 – November 5, 1914) was an American geographer who is described as the "father of mapmaking in America."[1][2][3][4] He was the chief geographer for the United States Geological Survey essentially from its founding until 1902.[2]
He was a founding member and president of the National Geographic Society, a founder of the American Association of Geographers, and a co-founder and president of the Twenty Year Club or Twenty Year Topographers which was formed at the U.S.G.S. Topographic Division. He was also a founder and president of the Cosmos Club in Washington, D.C.
Gannett also was the geographer of the 10th United States Census in 1880, 11th Census in 1890, and the 12th Census in 1900. He was the assistant director of the 1899 Census of the Philippines and Puerto Rico, the 1902 Census of the Philippines, and the 1906 Census in Cuba.
Early life
Gannett was born in Bath, Maine, on August 24, 1846.[3] He was the son of Hannah Trufant (née Church) and Michael Farley Gannett.[3][5] He attended local schools, before going to Harvard for college.[3] He graduated with a B.S. from the Lawrence Scientific School of Harvard University in 1869 and received an M.E. at the Hooper Mining School (aka the Harvard University School of Mining and Practical Geology) in 1870.[5][3]
From 1870 to 1871, Gannett was an assistant at the Harvard College Observatory.[5] In 1871, he participated in a Harvard expedition to Spain to observe a solar eclipse.[3][4]
In 1871 he declined a position as an astronomer with Charles Francis Hall's ill-fated Polaris Expedition to the North Pole.[4][5][3] Instead, he accepted the position of topographer with Dr. Ferdinand Vandeveer Hayden's survey of Yellowstone National Park, working on western territories surveys from 1872 through 1879.[5][2][3][4] Gannett was trained in topographic mapping at Cambridge by Josiah D. Whitney and Charles F. Hoffman, who encouraged him to work with Hayden.[4]
On July 26, 1872, while climbing the then-unnamed highest mountain in the Gallatin Mountains, he and his party experienced electric shocks following a lightning event near the summit. He named the mountain Electric Peak.
Career
In 1879, Gannet was among those lobbying to centralize the mapping functions into one government agency. Previously individual mapmakers and agencies had to compete for money from Congress for funds for projects. He suggested calling the new organization "United States Geological and Geographical Survey" although the name United States Geological Survey (USGS) would officially be approved. He also assisted in planning the work of the USGS.[2]
Gannet was appointed to the USGS on October 8, 1879, under director Clarence King.[4][6] He was immediately transferred served as the geographer of the 10th United States Census in 1880.[5][4] He laid out 2,000 enumeration districts with such precision that for the first time, each census enumerator knew in advance the metes and bounds of his particular district. The completion of this work on July 1, 1882, is considered the start of true topographical work in the United States and the birth of the quad.
On July 1, 1882, John Wesley Powell appointed Gannett as the chief geographer in charge of the topographic mapping division of the USGS, a position he held until 1896.[5][4] Around 1884, he persuaded various organizations doing the surveys, including the railroads, to begin using similar datums so the data could interconnect. As the chief geographer, he oversaw work on the topographical atlas of the United States.[5] He also served as a geographer for the 11th Census in 1890 and the 12th Census in 1900.[2][3]
In 1890, he and Thomas Corwin Mendenhall of the U.S. National Geodetic Survey campaigned to establish the United States Board on Geographic Names to create official names for locations in the United States.[2] He was named to the newly created Board on Geographic Names by President Benjamin Harrison in Executive Order No. 28. In 1896, his last year with the USGS, he started the use of the benchmark.
In 1899, he was invited on the Harriman Alaska Expedition. In 1899, he was appointed the assistant director of the Census of the Philippines and Puerto Rico, the Philippines again in 1902, and Cuba in 1906.[2][4][7] In 1909 he was named chairman of a special committee to examine and verify the records of Robert E. Peary in the controversy with Frederick Cook over who was the first to reach the North Pole.
Professional affiliations
In 1888 Gannett was one of six founding members of the National Geographic Society.[8][2][4] He served as its first secretary, and later as treasurer, then vice–president, and president, in 1909.[7][2] He was also Chair of the Society's Research Committee, organizing expeditions to Alaska, La Soufriere, Mount Pelee, Peru, and the Polar Seas.[3]
From 1897 to 1909, he was a vice president of the American Statistical Association.[9][7] In 1904 he was among the founders of the American Association of Geographers.[3] Also in 1904, he was secretary of the 8th Geographic Congress.[3] He was also a member of the Washington Academy of Sciences, the Royal Geographical Society of London, the Royal Scottish Geographical Society, the Philadelphia Geographic Society, and one of ten founding members and president of the Cosmos Club.[10][2][11][12][13][3][8][4]
Gannett was a co-founder and president of the Twenty Year Club or Twenty Year Topographers which was formed at the U.S.G.S. Topographic Division in the winter of 1910-1911.[4] Eligibility was serving twenty years or more as a topographer with the U.S.G.S.[4]
Honors
Gannett received an honorary LL.D from Bowdoin College in 1889.[5][13]
Gannett Peak, the highest peak in Wyoming, and the related Gannett Glacier was named for him in 1906.[14] In 1911, Lawrence Martin named Mount Gannett, a 10,000 feet (3,000 m) peak in the Chugach Mountains of eastern Alaska, for Henry Gannett.[15]
Personal
Gannett married Mary E. Chase of Waterville, Maine on November 24, 1874.[3] They had a son, Farley Gannett who was an engineer for the Water Supply Commission of Pennsylvania.[2][12] Their daughters were May Gannett (Mrs. G. T. Backus) and Alice Gannett; the latter was a noted social reformer and settlement house worker.[12][13]
Gannett died at his home in 1840 Biltmore Street, Washington, D.C. on November 5, 1914, after being ill for about a year with Bright's Disease.[1][2][12][13] His funeral service was given by Rev. U. G. B. Pierce of All Soul's Unitarian Church.[13] The day of his funeral, the National Geographic Society closed its offices and draped the building in mourning.[2]
Publications
Gannett's published works are geographical and statistical.[5] Although he did not write many works in geomorphology and physical geology, he offered valuable suggestions.[3] For example, he recognized hanging valleys and their importance in interpreting a geological setting.[3] He issued a gazetteer for eleven states and was a contributor to Baedecker's Guide to the United States, Encyclopedia Britannica, and The New International Encyclopedia.[12][3] Following are some Gannett's publications.
Books
- The West: From the Census of 1880, a History of the Industrial, Commercial, Social, and Political Development of the States and Territories of the West from 1800 to 1880. with R. P. Porter and W. A. Jones. Chicago: Rand, McNally & Co, 1882.
- Scribner's Statistical Atlas with F. W. Hewes. New York: C. Scribner's Sons, 1883.
- Stanford's Compendium of Geography and Travel: The United States vol. 2. London: Edward Stanford, 1898.
- Commercial Geography. with Carl L. Garrison and Edwin J. Houston. New York: American Book Company, 1905.
Monographs
- The Areas of the United States, the Several States and Territories, and their Counties. Extra Census Bulletin, 1881.
- Dictionary of Altitudes in the United States. United States Geological Survey Bulletin no. 5, 1884.
- Dictionary of Altitudes in the United States. 2nd edition. United States Geological Survey Bulletin no. 70, 1884.
- Boundaries of the United States and of the Several States and Territories, with a Historical Sketch of the Territorial Changes. United States Geological Survey Bulletin no. 13, 1885.
- The Building of a Nation, the growth, Present Condition and Resources of the United States, with a Forecast of the Future. New York: The H. T. Thomas Company, 1893.
- A Manual of Topographic Methods. United StatesGeological Survey Monograph no. 22, 1893.
- Statistics of the Negroes in the United States. The Trustees of the John Slater Fund Occasional Papers no. 4, 1894.
- Occupations of the Negroes. The Trustees of the John Slater Fund Occasional Papers no. 6, 1894.
- A Dictionary of Altitudes in the United States (third edition) United States Geological Survey Bulletin 160, 1899.
- Origin of Certain Place Names in the United States. United States Geological Survey Bullutin 248, 1902.
- A Gazetteer of Porto Rico. Bulletin of the United States Geological Survey no. 183, 1901.
- A Gazetteer of Cuba. Bulletin of the United States Geological Survey no. 192, 1902.
- A Gazetteer of Texas. United States Geological Survey Bulletin no. 224, 1902.
- "The Forests of Oregon" United States Geological Survey Professional Paper no. 4, 1902.
- "The Forests of Washington" United States Geological Survey Professional Paper no. 5, 1902.
- A Gazetter of Delaware. United States Geological Survey Bulletin no. 230, Series F, Geography 38, 1904.
- A Gazetter of Maryland. United States Geological Survey Bulletin no. 231, 1904.
- A Gazetter of Virginia. United States Geological Survey Bulletin no. 232, Series F, Geography 40, 1904.
- A Gazetteer of Indian Territory. United States Geological Survey Bulletin 248, Series F, Geography 44, 1905.
- A Dictionary of Altitudes in the United States 4th edition. United States Geological Survey Bulletin no. 274, 1906.
- A Gazetteer of Colorado. United States Geological Survey Bulletin no. 291, Series F, Geography 51, 1906..
- The Areas of the United States, the States, and the Territories. United States Geological Survey. Bulletin no. 302, Series F, Geography 58, 1906.
- List of the Mountains in the United States (1910-12)[4]
Articles
- "Notes: La Carte de France, dite de l'Etat Major", The National Geographic Magazine vol. 3, 1881.
- "Notes: Statistics of Railways in United States". The National Geographic Magazine vol. 3, 1881.
- "The Mother Maps of the United States", The National Geographic Magazine vol. 4, 1892–1893.
- "The Average Elevation of the United States". Extract from the Thirteenth Annul Report of the Director 1891–92. Washington, D.C.: United States Geological Survey/Government Printing Office, 1894.
- "The Movements of Our Population",The National Geographic Magazine vol. 5, 1895.
- "Summmary of the Primary Triangulation Executed by the United States Geological Survey between the Years 1882 and 1894", Extract from the Sixteenth Annual Report of the Survey 1894–95 Part 1: Director's Report and Papers of a Theoretical Nature. Washington, D.C.: United States Geological Survey/Government Printing Office, 1896.
- "Survey and Subdivision of Indian Territory",The National Geographic Magazine vol. 7, no. 3, March 1896.
- "The Work of the United States Board on Geographic Names", The National Geographic Magazine vol. 7, no. 7, July 1896
- "Statistics of Railways in the United States", The National Geographic Magazine vol. 7, no.12, December 1896."
- "Our Foreign Trade", The National Geographic Magazine vol. 9, no. 5, January 1898
- "Captain Charles D. Sigsbee, U. S. N.", The National Geographic Magazine vol. 9, no. 5, May 1898.
- "Geographic Work of the General Government". The National Geographic Magazine vol. 9, no. 7. July 1898.
- "The Forest Conditions and Standing Timber of the State of Washington", The National Geographic Magazine vol. 9, no. 9. September 1898
- "The Harriman Alaska Expedition", The National Geographic Magazine vol. 10, no. 12, December 1899.
- "The Redwood Forest of the Pacific Coast", The National Geographic Magazine vol. 10, no. 5. May 1899
- "Commander Peary's Expedition to the North Pole". with C. M. Chester and O. H. Tittman. Nature, vol. 83, no. 2114, May 1910.
References
- ^ a b "Henry Gannett's Funeral Takes Place Tomorrow". Evening Star (Washington, D.C.). November 7, 1914. p. 8. Retrieved February 25, 2022 – via Newspapers.com.
- ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m "Henry Gannett is Dead". Harrisburg Daily Independent (Harrisburg, PA). November 6, 1814. p. 4. Retrieved February 25, 2022 – via Newspapers.com.
- ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q Darton, N.H. (January 1917). "Memoir of Henry Gannett". Annals of the Association of American Geographers. 7: 68–70. doi:10.1080/00045601709357056. hdl:2027/inu.30000053670869. Retrieved December 15, 2014.
- ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n Evans, Richard Tranter; Frye, Helen M. (2009). "History of the Topographic Branch (Division)" (PDF). U.S. Geological Survey Circular. 1341. ISBN 978-1-4113-2612-5.
- ^ a b c d e f g h i j Johnson, Rossiter; Brown, John Howard (1904). "Henry Gannett". The Twentieth Century Biographical Dictionary of Notable Americans ... Biographical Society. p. 70.
- ^ Penry, Jerry (October 27, 2007). "The Father of Government Mapmaking: Henry Gannett". The American Surveyor. Archived from the original on December 16, 2014. Retrieved December 15, 2014.
- ^ a b c Colby, Frank Moore; Williams, Talcott (1917). "Henry Gannett". The New International Encyclopædia. Dodd, Mead.
- ^ a b "Census.gov › History › Agency History › Notable Alumni › Henry Gannett". U.S. Census Bureau. Retrieved December 15, 2014.
- ^ North, S.D.N. (1915). Henry Gannett, President of the National Geographic Society, 1910-1914. Washington, D.C.: National Geographic Society. hdl:2027/mdp.39015039793479.
- ^ List of members, officers, and committees, corrected to March 16, 1914. Washington, D.C.): Washington Academy of Sciences. 1916. p. 5. hdl:2027/wu.89100016302.
- ^ "Funeral for Henry Gannett". The Washington Times. November 8, 1914. p. 8. Retrieved February 25, 2022 – via Newspapers.com.
- ^ a b c d e "Great Geographer of Country is Dead pt 2". Harrisburg Telegraph (Harrisburg, PA). November 16, 1914. p. 16. Retrieved February 25, 2022 – via Newspapers.com.
- ^ a b c d e "Funeral on Sunday for Henry Gannett". The Washington Times. November 6, 1914. p. 6. Retrieved February 25, 2022 – via Newspapers.com.
- ^ "Gannett Peak". Britannica. February 25, 2022. Retrieved February 25, 2022.
- ^ "Mount Gannett". Alaska Guide. Retrieved February 25, 2022.
External links
- Works by or about Henry Gannett at Internet Archive
- Works by Henry Gannett at LibriVox (public domain audiobooks)
- 1846 births
- 1914 deaths
- People from Bath, Maine
- American information and reference writers
- American instructional writers
- Harvard University alumni
- American geographers
- United States Geological Survey personnel
- National Geographic Society founders
- American topographers
- 19th-century American non-fiction writers
- Deaths from nephritis
- American Unitarians