Female reproductive system and Guru Arjan: Difference between pages
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[[Image:Dictation of the Guru Granth Saheb.jpg|thumb|200px|left|Guru Arjan, right, dictating the Adi Granth to Bhai Gurdas.]] |
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{{Sikhi}} |
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'''Guru Arjan Dev Ji''' or '''Guru Arjun Dev Ji''' ({{lang-pa|ਗੁਰੂ ਅਰਜੁਨ ਦੇਵ}}) (born in [[Amritsar]], [[Punjab (India)|Punjab]], [[India]] on [[15 April]], [[1563]] – [[30 May]], [[1606]] [[Lahore]], [[Punjab (Pakistan)|Punjab]], [[Pakistan]]) was the fifth of the [[Ten Gurus of Sikhism]] and became a Guru on [[1 September]][[1581]] following in the footsteps of [[Guru Ram Das]]. He was born at [[Goindval]], and was the youngest of the sons of Guru Ram Das and Bibi Bhani, the daughter of Guru Amar Das<ref>{{cite book |
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}}</ref>. Before his death, he nominated his son Har Gobind as the next Guru of the Sikhs. |
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Guru Arjan was head of [[Sikhism]] for a quarter of a century and accomplished a lot during his regime. He completed the construction of [[Amritsar]] and founded other cities such as [[Taran Taran]] and [[Kartarpur]]. He constructed a Baoli at [[Lahore]]. The most important work of Arjan Dev was the compilation of [[Adi Granth]]. He collected all the work of the first four Gurus and dictated it in the form of verses in [[1604]]. It is, perhaps, the only book of a scriptural nature which still exists in the form first published (a hand written manuscript) by the Guru. It and the Guru Granth Sahib which includes the writing of the later Gurus have managed to avoid the embellishments, additions and alterations that have plagued the original writing of other more ancient religious texts.<ref>{{cite book |
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Guru Arjan organised the [[Masand]] system, a group of representatives who taught and spread the teachings of the Gurus and also collected the Dasvand , one tenth of a Sikh's income (in money, goods or service) that Sikhs paid to support the building of Gurdwaras, the all important Guru ka Langars (free communal kitchens) originally intended to support the poor, the elderly, still an important element today in any Gurdwara. The Langars were open to any visitors and were designed from the start to stress the idea of equality and a casteless society. The land that Amritsar is built upon is believed to be a jagir (estates gifted to individuals under the Mughal system which included one or more villages and often a portion of the crops produced on the land) given as a gift by the Emperor Akbar, who was impressed by the practice, after sharing a meal in the Guru's communal kitchen, seated on the floor among commoners. |
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==Life== |
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Guru Arjan clearly understood the wide import of the teachings of Guru Nanak and perceived how applicable they were to every state of life and to every condition of society.<ref>{{cite book |
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}}</ref> He made Amritsar the proper seat of his followers and a centre which would attract the worldly longings for a material bond of union. The city became populous and a great place of pilgrimage of the Sikh people. |
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Composing the Adi Granth, he gave to his followers a fixed rule of religious and moral conduct. His starting of collection of offerings by way of Masand system, in a systematic way, accustomed them to a regular government. He traded in horses, though not extensively, and encouraged his followers to follow his example, to be as zealous in trade as they were in their faith.<ref>{{cite book |
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Guru Arjan became famous among his pious devotees and his biographers dwell on the number of [[Saints]] and [[Holy]] men who were edified by his instructions.<ref>{{cite book |
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}}</ref> He was equally headed by men in high positions. During his time, the teaching and pilosophy of [[Nanak]] took a firm hold on the minds of his followers. |
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==Compositions== |
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Beside compiling the works of the previous Gurus and other works by both Hindu and Muslim Sants, religious reformers in their own right, Guru Arjan composed many hymns of his own which he included in the Adi Granth as well. He appointed [[Bhai Buddha]], who was a companion of Guru Nanak, and an associate of each of the subsequent Guru as the chief priest of the [[Harmandir Sahib|Golden Temple]]. He placed the Adi Granth on the Gaddi (throne) reserved for him , preffering to sit among his disciples. |
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Translated below is the Sukhmani, one the most recited banis (sacred hymns) revered by the by Sikhs. It was composed by Guru Arjan. |
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:''Meditate, meditate, meditate peace is obtained, Worry and anguish is expelled from the body''. |
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:''Remembering God, you’re not reborn. Remembering God, the fear of death is dispelled.'' |
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:''Remembering God, death is eliminated. Remembering God, your enemies are repelled.'' |
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:''Remembering God, no obstacles are met. Remembering God, night and day you’re fully awake.'' |
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:''Remembering God, fear cannot touch you. Remembering God, you don’t suffer with sorrow. '' |
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:''Remembrance of God, in the Company of Saints. All treasures, O Nanak, are by Lord’s Blessing.'' ||2|| |
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:::::::::::::::::[[Guru Granth Sahib]] page 262) |
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==Martyrdom of Guru Arjan== |
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Relations between [[Akbar]] and Guru Arjan were cordial but things changed after the accession of [[Jahangir]]. Ultimately the Guru was tortured to death in 1605.<ref>{{cite book |
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}}</ref> His end seems to have been hastened by the rigors in confinement; and Sikhs piously believe that, having obtained leave to bathe in the [[Ravi river]], he vanished, to the fear and wonder of those guarding him.<ref>{{cite book |
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Many reasons have been given for this tragedy. It is stated that [[Jahangir]] was annoyed because Guru Arjan gave his blessings to his rebel son, Prince [[Khusrau Mirza]].<ref>{{cite book |
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}}</ref> Jahangir also did not like the growing popularity of [[Sikhism]] and took strong objection to conversion of [[Muslims]] to Sikhism.<ref>{{cite book |
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There are also some Mughal accounts which state that Guru Arjan blessed the rebel son of emperor Jehangir which promptrd the emperor to take action against him.<ref>[http://www.columbia.edu/itc/mealac/pritchett/00islamlinks/ikram/part2_14.html part2_14<!-- Bot generated title -->]</ref> But the [[Tuzk-e-Jahangiri|memoirs]] of Jehangir make it clear that he in fact was looking for an excuse to , in his own words to bring him into the assembly of the people of Islam. |
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It is also stated in some sources that one of the Hindu courtiers of Jahangir who had first laughed at the suggested marriage between his daughter and the Gurus son, which was later rebuffed, could not put up with the insult and poisoned the ears of the Emperor. Consequently [[Jahangir]] imposed a fine of Rupees two Lac (two hundred thousand) on Guru Arjan and also ordered him to remove certain passages from the Adi Granth, which were objectionable to Muslims. On the Guru's refusal to do so, he was tortured to death.<ref>{{cite book |
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This is what Emperor Jahangir wrote in his diary called the [[Tuzk-e-Jahangiri]], which translates to "Memoirs of Jahangir" |
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{{Cquotetxt|In Goindwal, which is on the river Biyãh (Beas), there was a Hindu named Arjan, in the garments of sainthood and sanctity, so much so that he had captured many of the simple-hearted of the Hindus, and even of the ignorant and foolish followers of Islam, by his ways and manners, and they had loudly sounded the drum of his holiness. They called him Guru, and from all sides stupid people crowded to worship and manifest complete faith in him. For three or four generations (of spiritual successors) they had kept this shop warm. Many times it occurred to me to put a stop to this vain affair or to bring him into the assembly of the people of Islam. |
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At last when Khusrau passed along this road this insignificant fellow proposed to wait upon him. Khusrau happened to halt at the place where he was, and he came out and did homage to him. He behaved to Khusrau in certain special ways, and made on his forehead a finger-mark in saffron, which the Indians (Hinduwän) call qashqa, (Tilak) and is considered propitious. When this came to my ears and I clearly understood his folly, I ordered them to produce him and handed over his houses, dwelling-places, and children to Murtaza Khan, and having confiscated his property commanded that he should be put to death."|[[Jahangir]]|[[Tuzuk-i-Jahangiri]]}} |
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The manner in which Guru Arjan was put to death "convinced the sikhs that they must arm themselves and fight, if they wanted to live".<ref>{{cite book |
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It proved a turning point in the history of Sikhism. |
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==External links== |
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*[http://www.sikh-history.com/sikhhist/gurus/nanak5.html The Sikh History Web Site] |
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*[http://www.srigurugranthsahib.org/guru-arjan/ Eternal Glory of Sri Guru Arjan Dev Ji] |
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*[http://www.sikhvideos.org/guru-arjan-dev-ji-vol2.htm Video on 400th Martyrdom Anniversary of Sri Guru Arjan Dev Ji] |
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*[http://www.sikhvideos.org/guru-arjan-dev-ji-vol1.htm Video as a Tribute to Guru Arjan Partakh Har] |
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*[http://www.scys-online.org/site/G5.html Learn more about Sri Guru Arjan Dev Ji] |
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*[http://www.gurmat.info/sms/smspublications/guruarjandevjitheapostleofpeace/ Guru Arjan, the Apostle of Peace] - eBook |
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*[http://allaboutsikhs.com/gurus/guruarjun.htm AllAboutSikhs.com] |
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*[http://www.bbc.co.uk/religion/religions/sikhism/holydays/gurpurbs/arjan.shtml www.bbc.co.uk] |
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*[http://www.sgpc.net/gurus/guruarjandev.asp www.sgpc.net] |
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*[http://www.sikh-heritage.co.uk/gurus/Arjan/Guru%20Arjan.htm www.sikh-heritage.co.uk] |
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*[http://www.gurmat.info/sms/smspublications/guruarjandevjitheapostleofpeace/chapter3/ http://www.gurmat.info] |
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==Notes== |
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{{reflist}} |
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==References== |
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* 1. "Tuzuk-i-Jahagiri or Memoirs of Jahagir" Translated by Alexander Rogers. Edited by Henry Beveridge Published by Low Price Publication www.lppindia.com ISBN 978-81-7536-148-5 |
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* 2. History of the Panjab, Syad Muhammad Latif, Published by: Kalyani Publishers, Ludhiana, Punjab, India ISBN 978-81-7096-245-8 |
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{{Sikh Gurus|Guru Ram Das|([[24 September]] [[1534]] - [[1 September]] [[1581]])|Guru Arjan Dev|Guru Har Gobind|([[19 June]] [[1595]] - [[3 March]] [[1644]])}} |
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{{Sikhism}} |
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Koubouter van het Gerrit Rietveld College, Zeer normaal schoolkind. XD |
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[[Category:Indian religious leaders]] |
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[[Category:Indian spiritual writers]] |
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[[Category:Sikh gurus]] |
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[[Category:Sikh martyrs]] |
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[[fa:گورو ارجن]] |
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[[hi:गुरू अर्जुन देव]] |
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[[nl:Goeroe Arjan]] |
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[[nn:Guru Ardjan Dev]] |
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Revision as of 21:47, 10 October 2008
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Guru Arjan Dev Ji or Guru Arjun Dev Ji (Punjabi: ਗੁਰੂ ਅਰਜੁਨ ਦੇਵ) (born in Amritsar, Punjab, India on 15 April, 1563 – 30 May, 1606 Lahore, Punjab, Pakistan) was the fifth of the Ten Gurus of Sikhism and became a Guru on 1 September1581 following in the footsteps of Guru Ram Das. He was born at Goindval, and was the youngest of the sons of Guru Ram Das and Bibi Bhani, the daughter of Guru Amar Das[1]. Before his death, he nominated his son Har Gobind as the next Guru of the Sikhs.
Guru Arjan was head of Sikhism for a quarter of a century and accomplished a lot during his regime. He completed the construction of Amritsar and founded other cities such as Taran Taran and Kartarpur. He constructed a Baoli at Lahore. The most important work of Arjan Dev was the compilation of Adi Granth. He collected all the work of the first four Gurus and dictated it in the form of verses in 1604. It is, perhaps, the only book of a scriptural nature which still exists in the form first published (a hand written manuscript) by the Guru. It and the Guru Granth Sahib which includes the writing of the later Gurus have managed to avoid the embellishments, additions and alterations that have plagued the original writing of other more ancient religious texts.[2]
Guru Arjan organised the Masand system, a group of representatives who taught and spread the teachings of the Gurus and also collected the Dasvand , one tenth of a Sikh's income (in money, goods or service) that Sikhs paid to support the building of Gurdwaras, the all important Guru ka Langars (free communal kitchens) originally intended to support the poor, the elderly, still an important element today in any Gurdwara. The Langars were open to any visitors and were designed from the start to stress the idea of equality and a casteless society. The land that Amritsar is built upon is believed to be a jagir (estates gifted to individuals under the Mughal system which included one or more villages and often a portion of the crops produced on the land) given as a gift by the Emperor Akbar, who was impressed by the practice, after sharing a meal in the Guru's communal kitchen, seated on the floor among commoners.
Life
Guru Arjan clearly understood the wide import of the teachings of Guru Nanak and perceived how applicable they were to every state of life and to every condition of society.[3] He made Amritsar the proper seat of his followers and a centre which would attract the worldly longings for a material bond of union. The city became populous and a great place of pilgrimage of the Sikh people.
Composing the Adi Granth, he gave to his followers a fixed rule of religious and moral conduct. His starting of collection of offerings by way of Masand system, in a systematic way, accustomed them to a regular government. He traded in horses, though not extensively, and encouraged his followers to follow his example, to be as zealous in trade as they were in their faith.[4]
Guru Arjan became famous among his pious devotees and his biographers dwell on the number of Saints and Holy men who were edified by his instructions.[5] He was equally headed by men in high positions. During his time, the teaching and pilosophy of Nanak took a firm hold on the minds of his followers.
Compositions
Beside compiling the works of the previous Gurus and other works by both Hindu and Muslim Sants, religious reformers in their own right, Guru Arjan composed many hymns of his own which he included in the Adi Granth as well. He appointed Bhai Buddha, who was a companion of Guru Nanak, and an associate of each of the subsequent Guru as the chief priest of the Golden Temple. He placed the Adi Granth on the Gaddi (throne) reserved for him , preffering to sit among his disciples.
Translated below is the Sukhmani, one the most recited banis (sacred hymns) revered by the by Sikhs. It was composed by Guru Arjan.
- Meditate, meditate, meditate peace is obtained, Worry and anguish is expelled from the body.
- Remembering God, you’re not reborn. Remembering God, the fear of death is dispelled.
- Remembering God, death is eliminated. Remembering God, your enemies are repelled.
- Remembering God, no obstacles are met. Remembering God, night and day you’re fully awake.
- Remembering God, fear cannot touch you. Remembering God, you don’t suffer with sorrow.
- Remembrance of God, in the Company of Saints. All treasures, O Nanak, are by Lord’s Blessing. ||2||
- Guru Granth Sahib page 262)
Martyrdom of Guru Arjan
Relations between Akbar and Guru Arjan were cordial but things changed after the accession of Jahangir. Ultimately the Guru was tortured to death in 1605.[6] His end seems to have been hastened by the rigors in confinement; and Sikhs piously believe that, having obtained leave to bathe in the Ravi river, he vanished, to the fear and wonder of those guarding him.[7]
Many reasons have been given for this tragedy. It is stated that Jahangir was annoyed because Guru Arjan gave his blessings to his rebel son, Prince Khusrau Mirza.[8] Jahangir also did not like the growing popularity of Sikhism and took strong objection to conversion of Muslims to Sikhism.[9]
There are also some Mughal accounts which state that Guru Arjan blessed the rebel son of emperor Jehangir which promptrd the emperor to take action against him.[10] But the memoirs of Jehangir make it clear that he in fact was looking for an excuse to , in his own words to bring him into the assembly of the people of Islam.
It is also stated in some sources that one of the Hindu courtiers of Jahangir who had first laughed at the suggested marriage between his daughter and the Gurus son, which was later rebuffed, could not put up with the insult and poisoned the ears of the Emperor. Consequently Jahangir imposed a fine of Rupees two Lac (two hundred thousand) on Guru Arjan and also ordered him to remove certain passages from the Adi Granth, which were objectionable to Muslims. On the Guru's refusal to do so, he was tortured to death.[11]
This is what Emperor Jahangir wrote in his diary called the Tuzk-e-Jahangiri, which translates to "Memoirs of Jahangir"
In Goindwal, which is on the river Biyãh (Beas), there was a Hindu named Arjan, in the garments of sainthood and sanctity, so much so that he had captured many of the simple-hearted of the Hindus, and even of the ignorant and foolish followers of Islam, by his ways and manners, and they had loudly sounded the drum of his holiness. They called him Guru, and from all sides stupid people crowded to worship and manifest complete faith in him. For three or four generations (of spiritual successors) they had kept this shop warm. Many times it occurred to me to put a stop to this vain affair or to bring him into the assembly of the people of Islam. At last when Khusrau passed along this road this insignificant fellow proposed to wait upon him. Khusrau happened to halt at the place where he was, and he came out and did homage to him. He behaved to Khusrau in certain special ways, and made on his forehead a finger-mark in saffron, which the Indians (Hinduwän) call qashqa, (Tilak) and is considered propitious. When this came to my ears and I clearly understood his folly, I ordered them to produce him and handed over his houses, dwelling-places, and children to Murtaza Khan, and having confiscated his property commanded that he should be put to death."
The manner in which Guru Arjan was put to death "convinced the sikhs that they must arm themselves and fight, if they wanted to live".[12] It proved a turning point in the history of Sikhism.
External links
- The Sikh History Web Site
- Eternal Glory of Sri Guru Arjan Dev Ji
- Video on 400th Martyrdom Anniversary of Sri Guru Arjan Dev Ji
- Video as a Tribute to Guru Arjan Partakh Har
- Learn more about Sri Guru Arjan Dev Ji
- Guru Arjan, the Apostle of Peace - eBook
- AllAboutSikhs.com
- www.bbc.co.uk
- www.sgpc.net
- www.sikh-heritage.co.uk
- http://www.gurmat.info
Notes
- ^ Mcleod, Hew (1997). Sikhism. London: Penguin Books. p. 28. ISBN 0-14-025260-6.
- ^ Mahajan, Vidya Dhar. "ten". Muslim Rule In India (fifth ed.). p. 232.
{{cite book}}: Cite has empty unknown parameters:|accessyear=,|origmonth=,|accessmonth=,|month=,|chapterurl=,|origdate=, and|coauthors=(help) - ^ Cunnigham, J.D. (1853). "Gooroo Arjoon". A History Of The Sikhs. John Murray.
{{cite book}}: Cite has empty unknown parameters:|accessyear=,|origmonth=,|accessmonth=,|month=,|chapterurl=,|origdate=, and|coauthors=(help) - ^ Cunnigham, J.D. (1853). "Gooroo Arjoon". A History Of The Sikhs. John Murray.
{{cite book}}: Cite has empty unknown parameters:|accessyear=,|origmonth=,|accessmonth=,|month=,|chapterurl=,|origdate=, and|coauthors=(help) - ^ Cunnigham, J.D. (1853). "Gooroo Arjoon". A History of The Sikhs. John Murray.
{{cite book}}: Cite has empty unknown parameters:|accessyear=,|origmonth=,|accessmonth=,|month=,|chapterurl=,|origdate=, and|coauthors=(help) - ^ Mahajan, Vidya Dhar. Muslim Rule In India. S. Chand & Co.
{{cite book}}: Cite has empty unknown parameters:|accessyear=,|origmonth=,|accessmonth=,|month=,|chapterurl=,|origdate=, and|coauthors=(help) - ^ Cunnigham, Joseph Davey (1853). A History Of The Sikhs. London: John Murray. p. 51.
{{cite book}}: Cite has empty unknown parameters:|accessyear=,|origmonth=,|accessmonth=,|month=,|chapterurl=,|origdate=, and|coauthors=(help) - ^ Mahajan, Vidya Dhar. Muslim Rule In India (fifth ed.). S. Chand & Co. p. 232.
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{{cite book}}: Cite has empty unknown parameters:|accessyear=,|origmonth=,|accessmonth=,|month=,|chapterurl=,|origdate=, and|coauthors=(help) - ^ part2_14
- ^ Mahajan, Vidya Dhar (1970). "ten". Muslim Rule In India (fifth ed.). New Delhi: S. Chand & Co. p. 232.
{{cite book}}: Cite has empty unknown parameters:|accessyear=,|origmonth=,|accessmonth=,|month=,|chapterurl=,|origdate=, and|coauthors=(help) - ^ Mahajan, Vidya Dhar. Muslim Rule In India. Teja singh (Fifth ed.). p. 233.
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References
- 1. "Tuzuk-i-Jahagiri or Memoirs of Jahagir" Translated by Alexander Rogers. Edited by Henry Beveridge Published by Low Price Publication www.lppindia.com ISBN 978-81-7536-148-5
- 2. History of the Panjab, Syad Muhammad Latif, Published by: Kalyani Publishers, Ludhiana, Punjab, India ISBN 978-81-7096-245-8
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