Punjabis

from Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
This article or section needs to be revised. Details should be given on the talk page. Please help to improve it , and then remove this flag.

Punjabis
پنجابی
ਪੰਜਾਬੀ
region Residents
PakistanPakistan Pakistan 91,601,412
IndiaIndia India 29,100,000
United KingdomUnited Kingdom United Kingdom 700,000
CanadaCanada Canada 545.730
United StatesUnited States United States 253.740
AustraliaAustralia Australia 132,496
MalaysiaMalaysia Malaysia 55,400
LebanonLebanon Lebanon 54,000
NorwayNorway Norway 24,000
BangladeshBangladesh Bangladesh 23,700
New ZealandNew Zealand New Zealand 19,752
GermanyGermany Germany 18,000
NepalNepal Nepal 10,000
languages
Punjabi and dialects of it
country religion
PakistanPakistan Pakistan Islam (97%)
IndiaIndia India Sikhism (57.7%)
Hinduism (38.5%)
Christians (minority)

The Punjabis , in German also Punjabi or Pundschabis ( Panjabi : پنجابی, ਪੰਜਾਬੀ), are an ethnic group that is at home with the Punjab region, in which Punjabi , an Indo-Aryan language , is at home. The name Punjab means land of five waters in Persian (panj (five) āb (water)). The name was introduced by the Turkish-Persian conquerors of South Asia . Punjab is often referred to as the bread basket of India or Pakistan.

The merging of the various tribes and castes in Punjab into a common “Punjabi” identity began at the beginning of the 18th century. Previously, there was no common identity, although most of the Punjab communities shared a common language, culture and genetic origin.

The Punjabi identity is primarily defined through language, geography and culture. These are more important than historical origin or religion. Integration and assimilation are an important part of the Punjabi culture. The cultural background of the Punjabi is relatively similar.

Historically, the Punjabi have a high degree of heterogeneity and split into clans called biradari (brotherhoods) or tribes. Each person was a member of a clan. Over time, this tribal society was abandoned and replaced by a unified society based on group cohesion . At the present time they are divided into Punjabi Muslims, Punjabi Sikhs and Punjabi Hindus.

Geographical distribution

Sikh era Punjab

In the 19th century Ranjit Singh founded the Sikh empire that comprised the Punjab. This empire extended in the west from Punjab to the Chaiber Pass in the east and in the north from Kashmir and Tibet to Sindh in the south. In terms of religious demography , the approximately 3.5 million inhabitants belonged to the following religions: Islam (70%), Sikhism (17%) and Hinduism (13%). In 1799 Ranjit Singh moved the capital from Gujranwala to Lahore , which was founded in 1763 by his grandfather Charat Singh.

Map the Punjabi Sikh Empire

Punjab was a region between India and the Afghan Durrani Empire . The following modern political divisions made up the kingdom:

After Ranjit Singh's death in 1839, the empire was weakened by internal tension and malregulation. The British East India Company took advantage of this opportunity to start the First Sikh War . After the Second Sikh War , the empire was divided into the princely state and the British province of Punjab in 1849 . Eventually a lieutenant governor was installed in Lahore to represent the British Crown.

Division of Punjab

The Punjab region with rivers

The independence of India and Pakistan with the division of Punjab is seen by some historians as the beginning of the end of the British Empire. The UNHCR estimates that 14 million Hindus, Sikhs and Muslims became refugees as a result of the partitions . To this day, this is considered the largest mass immigration in human history.

Until 1947 the province was ruled by a coalition of the Indian National Congress , the Shiromani Akali Dal and the Unionist Muslim League. In the 1946 election, however, the Muslim League became the leading party. Shortly before the partition, this led to local violence and hundreds of thousands of deaths. In western Punjabwas, most of the Hindu and Sikh populations were expelled to India. In East Punjab the Muslims were removed.

In the 1960s, a Punjabi-speaking state was established in connection with the States Reorganization Act . The Hindi-speaking areas were assigned to Himachal Pradesh and Haryana . Indian Punjab is still one of the richest Indian states.

After the partition, western Punjabis made up a large part of Pakistan's population and made up forty percent of the land area. Nowadays, Punjabis live in Punjab Province Asad Jammu and Kashmir and in Islamabad Capital Territory . You can also find a community in Karachi .

Punjabis can be found in the Indian states of Punjab , Haryana , Himachal Pradesh , Delhi and the Union Territory of Chandigarh . Larger communities can be found in the Jammu region of Jammu and Kashmir as well as in Rajasthan , Uttarakhand and Uttar Pradesh .

Punjabis in Pakistan

There are over 110 million Punjabis in Pakistan, making up about 55% of Pakistan's population. Punjab is a multi-ethnic state. They belong to the group of Biradaris. In addition, they are divided into two groups. The Zamindar or Qoums are traditionally farmers and the Moeens are usually artisans. The different tribes of the Zamindars are Jats, Shaikhs, Muslim Khatris, Gujjars, Awans, Arains and Sayyid . People from the neighboring regions such as Kashmiris, Pashtuns and Baluch also make up a considerable part of the population. A large number of Punjabis belong to groups related to the craft: Sunar, Lohar, Kumhar, Tarkhan , Julaha, Mochi , Hajjam, Chhimba Darzi, Teli, Lalari, Qassab, Mallaah, Dhobi, Mirasi etc.

Punjabis in India

2.8% of Indians speak Punjabi in 2001. The total number was not recorded in the census. The Sikhs are concentrated in the state of Punjab and make up sixty percent of the population. The proportion of Hindus is 39%. Ethnic Punjabis makes up 35% of the population of Delhi, according to estimates, and is made up of Hindi- speaking Hindus. In Chandigarh , 80.78% of the population are Hindus, 13.11% are Sikhs, 4.87% are Muslims and a minority are Christians, Buddhists and Jains.

Punjabi in the Diaspora

The Punjabis are scattered in many parts of the world. In the early 20th century, many emigrated to the United States. A larger number can also be found in Great Britain and Canada. In the 1970s, many emigrated to the countries of the Middle East ( United Arab Emirates , Saudi Arabia and Kuwait ). Larger communities can be found in Kenya , Uganda , Tanzania , Australia , New Zealand , Malaysia , Thailand , Singapore, and Hong Kong . In recent times, many have also emigrated to Italy.

Punjabi as a home

After the partition of India, the feeling of the Punjabi nation faded into the background. Since the mid-1980s, the national feeling became a cultural area.

See also

literature

Web links

Commons : Punjabi people (ethnic group)  - collection of pictures, videos and audio files

Individual evidence

  1. ↑ Calculation based on the percentage of Punjabis and the 2017 estimate of the total population of Pakistan in the CIA World Factbook .
  2. ↑ Punjabi Population In India - State wise details ( en )
  3. ^ John McDonnell: Punjabi Community . In: House of Commons . December 5, 2006. Retrieved on August 3, 2016: "We now estimate the Punjabi community at about 700000, with Punjabi established as the second language certainly in London and possibly within the United Kingdom."
  4. ^ NHS Profile, Canada, 2011, Census Data . Retrieved February 4, 2015.
  5. ↑ US Census Bureau American Community Survey (2009-2013) See Row # 62
  6. ↑ Top ten languages ​​spoken at home in Australia ( Memento of the original from July 9, 2017 in the Internet Archive ) Info: The archive link was inserted automatically and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice. @1@ 2Template: Webachiv / IABot / www.abs.gov.au
  7. ↑ Malaysia .
  8. ↑ Libya .
  9. ↑ Philip Strazny: Encyclopedia of Linguistics . Routledge. 1st February 2013.
  10. ↑ Bangladesh .
  11. ↑ Archived copy ( Memento of the original from December 13, 2013 in the Internet Archive ) Info: The archive link was inserted automatically and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice. @1@ 2Template: Webachiv / IABot / www.stats.govt.nz
  12. ↑ German Information Center for Sikhism, Sikhgeschichte, Culture and Science (DISR) .
  13. ↑ http://unstats.un.org/unsd/demographic/sources/census/wphc/Nepal/Nepal-Census-2011-Vol1.pdf
  14. ^ Wade Davis, K. David Harrison, and Catherine Herbert Howell, Book of Peoples of the World: A Guide to Cultures . National Geographic, 2007, ISBN 978-1-4262-0238-4 , pp. 132-133.
  15. ^ EK Brown, Sarah Ogilvie: Concise encyclopedia of languages ​​of the world . 1st ed.Elsevier, Amsterdam, Netherlands 2009, ISBN 978-0-08-087775-4 , pp. 522-523 .
  16. ^ Rajmohan Gandhi: Punjab: A History from Aurangzeb to Mountbatten . Aleph Book Company, New Delhi, India, Urbana, Illinois 2013, ISBN 978-93-83064-41-0 .
  17. ↑ Canfield, Robert L. (Robert Leroy), School of American Research (Santa Fe, NM): Turko-Persia in historical perspective . Cambridge University Press, Cambridge 2002, ISBN 0-521-52291-9 .
  18. ^ Punjab, bread basket of India, hungers for change . In: Reuters , January 30, 2012. 
  19. ^ Columbia Water Center Released New Whitepaper: "Restoring Groundwater in Punjab, India's Breadbasket" - Columbia Water Center. Accessed December 9, 2017 .
  20. ↑ Malhotra, Anshu., Mir, Farina .: Punjab reconsidered: history, culture, and practice . New Delhi, India, ISBN 978-0-19-807801-2 .
  21. ↑ Alyssa Ayers: Language, the Nation, and Symbolic Capital: The Case of Punjab . In: Journal of Asian Studies . 67, No. 3, 2008, pp. 917-946. doi : 10.1017 / s0021911808001204 .
  22. ^ Pritam Singh, 1932-2008., Thandi, Shinder S., Association for Punjab Studies., Coventry University. Coventry Business School., International Conference on Punjab Studies (1st: 1994: Coventry University): Globalization and the region: explorations in Punjabi identity . Association for Punjab Studies (UK), Coventry, United Kingdom 1996, ISBN 1-874699-05-4 .
  23. ↑ edited by Pritam Singh, Shinder Singh Thandi: Punjabi identity in a global context . Oxford University Press, New Delhi 1999, ISBN 0-19-564864-1 .
  24. ↑ Pritam Singh: 'Globalization and Punjabi Identity: Resistance, Relocation and Reinvention (Yet Again!)' . In: Journal of Punjab Studies . 19, No. 2, 2012, pp. 153-172.
  25. ↑ Languages: Indo-European Family . Krysstal.com. Retrieved July 12, 2013.
  26. ^ Carron Albert V., Lawrence R. Brawley: Cohesion: Conceptual and Measurement Issues . In: http://sgr.sagepub.com/  : Small Group Research . 43, No. 6, December 2012.
  27. ↑ http://www.oecd.org/dev/pgd/internationalconferenceonsocialcohesionanddevelopment.htm  : The Organization for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD) Webpage for Group Cohesiveness
  28. ↑ Protap Mukherjee, Lopamudra Ray Saraswati: Levels and Patterns of Social Cohesion and Its Relationship with Development in India: A Woman's Perspective Approach . In: Ph.D. Scholars, Center for the Study of Regional Development School of Social Sciences Jawaharlal Nehru University New Delhi - 110 067, India . January 20, 2011.
  29. ↑ edited and introduced by Pritam Singh and Shinder S. Thandi: Globalization and the region: explorations in Punjabi identity . Association for Punjab Studies (UK), Coventry, United Kingdom 1996, ISBN 1-874699-05-4 .
  30. ^ SK Gupta: The Scheduled Castes in Modern Indian Politics: Their Emergence as a Political Context . Munshiram Manoharlal Publishers Pvt. Ltd, New Delhi, India 1985, pp. 121-122.
  31. ^ Ranjit Singh: A Secular Sikh Sovereign by KS Duggal. '' (Date: 1989. ISBN 8170172446 '') . Exoticindiaart.com. September 3, 2015. Retrieved August 9, 2009.
  32. ^ Ranjit Singh: A Secular Sikh Sovereign by KS Duggal. '' (Date: 1989. ISBN 81-7017-244-6 '') . Exoticindiaart.com. February 1, 2009. Retrieved August 9, 2009.
  33. ^ World and Its Peoples: Middle East, Western Asia, and Northern Africa . Marshall Cavendish, 2007, ISBN 978-0-7614-7571-2 , p. 411.
  34. ^ The Masters Revealed, (Johnson, p. 128)
  35. ↑ Britain and Tibet 1765–1947, (Marshall, p. 116)
  36. ↑ Ben Cahoon: Pakistan Princely States . Worldstatesmen.org. Retrieved August 9, 2009.
  37. ↑ The Khyber Pass: A History of Empire and Invasion, (Docherty, p. 187)
  38. ↑ The Khyber Pass: A History of Empire and Invasion, (Docherty, pp. 185-187)
  39. ↑ Bennett-Jones, Owen; Singh, Sarina, Pakistan & the Karakoram Highway p. 199
  40. ↑ Trevor Owen Lloyd: The British Empire 1558-1995 . Oxford University Press, 1996, ISBN 0-19-873134-5, (Retrieved July 22, 2009).
  41. ^ Rupture in South Asia . UNHCR. Retrieved December 23, 2015.
  42. ↑ Dr Crispin Bates: The Hidden Story of Partition and its Legacies . In: BBC . December 23, 2015. Retrieved August 16, 2014.
  43. ↑ Ishtiaq Ahmed: The Punjab bloodied, partitioned and cleansed: unraveling the 1947 tragedy through secret British reports and first-person accounts . Oxford University Press, Karachi 2012, ISBN 0-19-906470-9 .
  44. ^ Muslim Peoples: A World Ethnographic Survey Richard V. Weekes, editor-in-chief Greenwood Press 1978
  45. ^ Key Facts on India: Essential Information on India
  46. ^ Census 2011:% age of Sikhs drops in Punjab; migration to blame? . In: The Times of India .
  47. ↑ indiatvnews: Delhi Assembly Elections 2015: Important Facts And Major Stakeholders Mobile Site . In: India TV News . February 6, 2015. Retrieved September 7, 2015.
  48. ↑ Jupinderjit Singh: Why Punjabis are central to Delhi election . In: http://www.tribuneindia.com/news/sunday-special/perspective/why-punjabis-are-central-to-delhi-election/36387.html . Retrieved September 7, 2015.
  49. ^ Sanjay Yadav: The Invasion of Delhi . Worldwide Books, 2008, ISBN 978-81-88054-00-8 .
  50. ↑ http://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011census/C-01/DDW04C-01%20MDDS.XLS
  51. ↑ Nigel Eltringham, Pam Maclean: Remembering Genocide . Routledge, New York 2014, ISBN 978-1-317-75421-3 , p. 'No man's land' (Retrieved November 12, 2016).
  52. ^ Marshall, Stewart., Taylor, Wallace, 1944-, Yu, Xing Huo .: Encyclopedia of developing regional communities with information and communication technology . Idea Group Reference, Hershey, PA 2006, ISBN 978-1-59140-791-1 , pp. 409 .
  53. ^ Giorgio Shani: Sikh Nationalism and Identity in a Global Age . ISBN 978-1-134-10189-4 , pp. 1-8, 86-88 ( google.com ).