User talk:Steampod? and Akhtar Hameed Khan: Difference between pages

Page contents not supported in other languages.
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
(Difference between pages)
Content deleted Content added
VisualWikitext
Informing of speedy delete tagging (criterion A7) of Guy Taylor Simpson III
 
m Undid revision 244229323 by J.delanoy (talk)
 
Line 1: Line 1:
{{Infobox Scientist
When can you answer the question to the meaning of life?
| name = Dr Akhtar Hameed Khan
| image = Akhtar Hameed Khan.jpg
| caption =
| birth_date = {{birth date|1914|7|15|df=y}}
| birth_place = [[Agra]], [[British India]]
| jg


Im here frred
[[User:Steampod?|Steampod?]] ([[User talk:Steampod?#top|talk]]) 20:52, 5 October 2008 (UTC) Andrew


Im here fred
==Notability of [[:Guy Taylor Simpson III]]==
Im here fred
[[Image:Ambox warning pn.svg|left|48px|]]<!-- use [[Image:Ambox warning yellow.svg|left|48px|]] for YELLOW flag --> A tag has been placed on [[:Guy Taylor Simpson III]] requesting that it be [[Wikipedia:Criteria for speedy deletion|speedily deleted]] from Wikipedia. This has been done because the article, which appears to be about a real person, organization (band, club, company, etc.), or web content, does not indicate how or why the subject is notable: that is, why an article about that subject should be included in an encyclopedia. Under the [[WP:CSD#Articles|criteria for speedy deletion]], articles that do not indicate the subject's importance or significance may be deleted at any time. Please [[Wikipedia:Notability|see the guidelines for what is generally accepted as notable]]. If this is the first page that you have created, then you should read the [[WP:Your first article|guide to writing your first article]].
Im here fred
Im here fred
Im here fred
Im here fred


If you think that you can assert the notability of the subject, you may contest the deletion by adding <code>{{tl|hangon}}</code> to the top of the article ('''just below''' the existing speedy deletion or "db" tag), coupled with adding a note on '''[[Talk:Guy Taylor Simpson III|the article's talk page]]''' explaining your position, but be aware that once tagged for ''speedy'' deletion, if the article meets the criterion it may be deleted without delay. Please do not remove the speedy deletion tag yourself, but don't hesitate to add information to the article that would confirm the subject's notability under Wikipedia guidelines.


participatory [[rural development]] in [[Pakistan]], [[Bangladesh]] and other developing countries, and widely advocated community participation in development. His particular contribution was the establishment of a comprehensive project for rural development, the [[Comilla Model]] (1959). It earned him the [[Ramon Magsaysay Award]] from the [[Philippines]] and an honorary [[Doctorate of law|Doctorate of Law]] from [[Michigan State University]].
For guidelines on specific types of articles, you may want to check out our criteria [[Wikipedia:Notability (people)|for biographies]], [[WP:WEB|for web sites]], [[WP:BAND|for bands]], or [[WP:CORP|for companies]]. Feel free to leave a note on my talk page if you have any questions about this.<!-- Template:Nn-warn --> [[User:Guest9999|Guest9999]] ([[User talk:Guest9999|talk]]) 23:03, 5 October 2008 (UTC)

In the 1980s he started a [[Bottom Up|bottom up]] [[community development]] initiative of [[Orangi Pilot Project]], based in the outskirts of [[Karachi]], which became a model of participatory development initiatives. He also directed many programmes, from microcredit to self-finance and from housing provision to [[family planning]], for rural communities and urban slums. It earned him international recognition and [[Civil decorations of Pakistan|high honours]] in Pakistan. Khan was fluent in at least seven languages and dialects. Apart from many scholarly books and articles, he also published a collection of poems and [[Travel literature|travelogues]] in [[Urdu]].

==Early life==
Khan was born on 15 July 1914 in [[Agra, Uttar Pradesh|Agra]]. He was among the four sons and three daughters of Anis Ahmed Khan and Mehmoodah Begum.<ref>Yousaf (2003), p. 338.</ref> His father, a [[police inspector]], was inspired by the reformist thinking of [[Syed Ahmed Khan]]. In his early age, Khan's mother introduced him to the poetry of [[Maulana Hali]] and [[Muhammad Iqbal]], the [[sermon]]s of [[Abul Kalam Azad]], and the [[Sufi]]st philosophy of [[Rumi]]. This upbringing influenced his Im here fredRahmat Ali]].<ref>Yousaf (2003), p. 346.</ref>

Khan married Hameedah Begum (the eldest daughter of [[Allama Mashriqi]]) in 1940. Together, they had three daughters (Mariam, Amina, and Rasheeda) and a son (Akbar). After Hameedah Begum's death in 1966, he married Shafiq Khan and had one daughter, Ayesha.<ref>Yousaf (2003), pp. 342–43.</ref> During his ICS career, Khan worked as [[District collector|collector]] of [[revenue]], a position that brought him into regular contact with living conditions in rural areas of [[East Bengal]].<ref>Yousaf (2003), p. 347.</ref> The [[Bengal famine of 1943]] and subsequent inadequate handling of the situation by the colonial rulers led him to resign from the Indian Civil Service in 1945. He wrote, "I realised that if I did not escape while I was young and vigorous, I will forever remain in the trap, and terminate as a bureaucratic big wig."<ref>BARD (1983), p. xii.</ref> During this period, he was influenced by the philosophy of [[Friedrich Nietzsche|Nietzche]] and [[Allama Mashriqi|Mashriqi]], and joined the [[Khaksars|Khaksar Movement]]. This attachment was brief. He quit the movement and turned to [[Sufism]].<ref>Hussain, I (2006). ''[http://www.dawn.com/weekly/dmag/archive/061224/dmag14.htm A cause worth serving]''. ''DAWN Magazine''. 24 December. Retrieved on 25 April 2008.</ref> According to Khan, "I had a profound personal concern; I wanted to live a life free from fear and anxiety, a calm and serene life, without turmoil and conflict.&nbsp;[...]&nbsp;when I followed the advice of old Sufis and sages, and tried to curb my greed, my pride and aggression, fears, anxieties and conflict diminished."<ref>Khan (1996), p. 23.</ref>

For the next two years, Khan worked in Mamoola village near [[Aligarh]] as a labourer and [[locksmith]], an experience that provided him with firsthand knowledge of the problems and issues of rural communities. In 1947, he took up a teaching position at the [[Jamia Millia Islamia|Jamia Millia, Delhi]], where he worked for three years. In 1950, Khan migrated from [[Union of India|India]] to [[West Pakistan]] to teach at [[Islamia Science College (Karachi)|Islamia College, Karachi]]. In the same year, he was invited by the [[Government of Pakistan]] to take charge as [[Principal (university)|Principal]] of [[Comilla Victoria College]] in [[East Pakistan]], a position he held until 1958. During this time (1950–58) he also served as President of the East Pakistan Non-Government Teachers' Association.<ref>Yousaf (2003), p. 348.</ref>

==Rural development initiatives==
During his tenure as principal of Comilla Victoria College, Khan developed a special interest in [[grassroots]] actions. Between 1954 and 1955, he took a break to work as director of the Village Agricultural and Industrial Development (V-AID) Programme.<ref>V-AID was a government level attempt to promote citizens participation in the sphere of rural development in East and WestIm here fredof lectures at [[Woodrow Wilson School]], [[Princeton University]], based on his experience with rural cooperatives. During the visit, he established collaborative links with [[Arthur Lewis (economist)|Arthur Lewis]].<ref>Yousaf (2003), pp. 350–51.</ref>

On his return to East Pakistan, Khan remained attached to the Comilla Project until the [[Bangladesh War of Independence|Partition of Pakistan]], when East Pakistan became Bangladesh. Eventually, Khan moved to West Pakistan. PARD was renamed as [[Bangladesh Academy for Rural Development]] (BARD).<ref>Khan spent a significant part of his life in Comilla. His residence was located in the Ranir Dighir Par area of the town, adjacent to Victoria College where he taught for a long time. As a gesture of respect for his contributions to the community, the Comilla-Kotbari road in Bangladesh was named after him.</ref>

==Advisory roles==
Following his move to Pakistan, Khan was asked to implement the Comilla Model in rural settlements of [[NWFP]], [[Punjab (Pakistan)|Punjab]], and [[Sindh]]. He declined the offer on the grounds that the proposals were predominantly motivated by political interests rather than the common well-being. However, he continued to advise the authorities on various aspects of rural development, such as participatory irrigation management.<ref name="nrsp">NRSP (2000), pp. 4–6.</ref> He worked as a research fellow at the [[University of Agriculture, Faisalabad]] from 1971 to 1972, and as Director of Rural Economics Research Project at [[Karachi University]] from 1972 to 1973. Khan went to Michigan State University as a [[visiting professor]] in 1973 and remained there until 1979. During this time, he carried on advising the Rural Development Academy at [[Bogra]] in northern Bangladesh, and the Pakistan Academy for Rural Development, [[Peshawar]], on the Daudzai Integrated Rural Development Programme. He also travelled extensively during this period in the capacities of speaker, advisor, or consultant on rural development programmes across the world.<ref>Yousaf (2003), p. 352.</ref> In 1974, he was appointed as a [[World Bank]] consultant to survey rural development situations in [[Java]], [[Indonesia]]. He also briefly worked as a visiting professor at [[Lund University]], [[Harvard University]], and [[Oxford University]].<ref>Yousaf (2003), pp. 352–53.</ref>

In 1980, Khan moved to Karachi and started working on the improvement of sanitary conditions in Karachi suburbs. He laid the foundations of the [[Orangi Pilot Project]] for the largest [[squatter]] community of [[Orangi]] in the city. He remained associated with this project until his death in 1999. Meanwhile, he maintained his support for rural communities around Karachi, and also helped to develop the [[Aga Khan Development Network|Aga Khan Rural Support programme]].<ref name="nrsp" /> OPP became a model for participatory bottom-up development initiatives.<ref>Uphoff, Norman (2001) ''Dr Akhtar Hameed Khan: An Appreciation''. Published in Yousaf (2003), pp. 409–13.</ref>

==Major developmentIm here fred the [[Ford Foundation]], and [[USAID]].<ref>Yousaf (2003), pp. 370–71.</ref> Practical help was also sought from [[Japan]] to improve the local farming techniques.<ref>This helped to raise the annual yield of rice crops from 20 [[maunds]] (about 750 kilograms) per acre to 60 maunds (2,240 kilos) per acre (Yousaf 2003, p. 371)</ref>

Comilla Model simultaneously addressed the problems that were caused by the inadequacy of both local infrastructure and institutions through a range of integrated programmes.<ref>Khan, A.R. (1979). [http://econpapers.repec.org/article/eeewdevel/v_3A7_3Ay_3A1979_3Ai_3A4-5_3Ap_3A397-422.htm The Comilla model and the integrated rural development programme of Bangladesh: An experiment in `cooperative capitalism']. ''World Development''. Vol. 7, No. 4–5. pp. 397–422. Retrieved on 6 May 2008.</ref> The initiatives included the establishment of: a training and development centre; a road-drainage embankment works programme; a decentralised, small scale irrigation programme; and, a two-tiered cooperative system with primary cooperatives operating in the villages, and federations operating at [[sub-district]] level.<ref>BARD (1983), Vol. II, p. 190.</ref>

After Khan's departure from Comilla, the cooperative's model failed in independent Bangladesh<ref>Karim, M.B. (1985). Rural development projects — Comilla, Puebla, and Chilalo: A comparative assessment. ''Studies in Comparative International Development''. Vol. 20, No. 4. pp. 3–41.</ref> because only a few occupational groups managed to achieve the desired success.<ref>Ahmed, S.H. (1995). Development Programs in Bangladesh: Hardware versus Software. ''Governance'', Vol. 8, No. 2. pp. 281–92.</ref> By 1979, only 61 of the 400 cooperatives were functioning. The model actually fell prey to the ineffective internal and external controls, stagnation, and diversion of funds.<ref>Chowdhury (1990), p. 54.</ref> This prompted the subsequent scholars and practitioners in microfinance, such as [[Muhammad Yunus]] of [[Grameen Bank]] and [[Fazle Hasan Abed]] of [[BRAC]], to abandon the cooperative approach in favour of more centralised control and service delivery structures. The new strategy targeted the poorest villagers, while excluding the 'less poor'. <ref>Dowla and Barua (2006), p. 18.</ref> However, Khan's leadership skills during the course of his association with the project remained a source of inspiration for these leaders.<ref>Valsan (2005), p. 49.</ref>

===Orangi Pilot Project===
{{Main|Orangi Pilot Project}}

The Orangi poverty alleviation project (known as the [[Orangi Pilot Project]], or OPP) was initiated by Khan as an [[NGO]] in 1980.<ref>NGO Profile (1995), [http://eau.sagepub.com/cgi/content/abstract/7/2/227 Orangi Pilot Project], ''Environment and Urbanization'', Im here fredof the area.<ref>Axinn, G.H. (1997). [http://www.ingentaconnect.com/content/klu/ahum/1997/00000014/00000002 Book Review of Khan (1996)]. ''Agriculture and Human Values'', Vol. 14, No. 2. p. 193.</ref> As the project director, Khan proved to be a dynamic and innovative leader.<ref name="serendip">A Vision Unveiled (2006) ''[http://www.irm.edu.pk/web%20Publications/Report%20AHKRC/2.pdf A posthumous tribute to the man who silently brought about a social revolution in Pakistan.]''. NRSP — Institute of Rural Management. pp. 28–29. Retrieved on 3 May 2008.</ref> The project initially focused on creating a system of underground sewers, using local materials and labour, and succeeded in laying hundreds of kilometres of drainage pipes along with auxiliary facilities.<ref name="tte">TTE (2002). ''[http://www.tve.org/ho/doc.cfm?aid=854 Return Of The Drain Gang - Pakistan]''. Television Trust for the Environment. Hands On, Series 3. Retrieved on 1 May 2008.</ref> Within a decade of the initiative, local residents had established schools, health clinics, women’s work centres, cooperative stores and a credit organisation to finance enterprise projects.<ref>Barmazel (2005), p. 191.</ref> By 1993, OPP had managed to provide low-cost sewers to more than 72,000&nbsp;houses.<ref>Sir-Cam (2002) ''[http://www.dailytimes.com.pk/default.asp?page=story_23-10-2002_pg3_5 Cam Diary: The common man’s friend]''. ''[[Daily Times (Pakistan)|Daily Times]]''. 23 October 2002. Retrieved on 13 April 2008.</ref> The project subsequently diversified into a number of programmes, including a people's financed and managed low-cost [[sanitation]] programme;<ref name="tte" /> a housing programme; a [[List of basic health topics|basic health]] and [[family planning]] programme; a programme of [[Microcredit|supervised credit]] for small family enterprise units; an education programme; and a rural development programme in the nearby villages.<ref>Hasan (1996), p. xxii.</ref>

Comparing the OPP with Comilla project, Akhtar Hameed Khan once commented:

<blockquote>The Orangi Pilot Project was very different from the Comilla Academy. OPP was a private body, dependent for its small fixed budget on another NGO. The vast resources and support of the government, Harvard advisors, MSU, and Ford Foundation was missing. OPP possessed no authority, no sanctions. It may observe and investigate but it could only advise, not enforce.<ref name="intro">''[http://www.pakistan.gov.pk/divisions/lgrd-division/media/ncrd/intro.html Introduction about Late Dr Akhtar Hameed Khan]'' at [[Government of Pakistan]] website. Retrieved on 15 February 2007.</ref></blockquote>

The successful OPP model became an inspiration for other [[Municipality|municipalities]] around the country. In 1999, Khan helped to create [[Lodhran]] Pilot Project (LPP) to collaborate with Lodhran municipal committee. Learning from past experiences, the project extended its scope to the whole town instead of concentrating on low-income settlements only. The municipal partnership was itself a new initiative that ensured wider [[Civic engagement|civic]] cooperation.<ref>Hasan (2002), pp. 199–216.</ref>

==Death and legacy==
In 1999, Khan was visiting his family in the United States when he suffered from [[Renal failure|kidney failure]]. He died of [[myocardial infarction]] on 9 October in [[Indianapolis]] at the age of 85. His body was flown to Karachi on 15 October, where he was buried on the grounds of the OPP office compound.<ref>Yousaf (2003), p. 386.</ref>
Im here fredIm here fredIm here fredIm here fredIm here fredIm here fredIm here fredIm here fredIm here fredIm here fredIm here fredIm here fredIm here fredIm here fredIm here fredIm here fredIm here fredIm here fredIm here fredIm here fredIm here fredIm here fredIm here fredIm here fredIm here fredIm here fredIm here fredIm here fredIm here fredIm here fredIm here fredIm here fredIm here fredIm here fredIm here fredIm here fredIm here fredIm here fredIm here fredIm here fredIm here fredIm here fredIm here fredIm here fredIm here fredIm here fredIm here fredIm here fredIm here fredIm here fredIm here fredIm here fredIm here fredIm here fredIm here fredIm here fredIm here fredIm here fredIm here fredIm here fredIm here fredIm here fredIm here fredIm here fredIm here fredIm here fredIm here fredIm here fredIm here fredIm here fredIm here fredIm here fredIm here fredIm here fredIm here fredIm here fredIm here fredIm here fredIm here fredIm here fredIm here fredIm here fredIm here fredIm here fredIm here fredIm here fredIm here fredIm here fredIm here fredIm here fredIm here fredIm here fredIm here fredIm here fredIm here fredIm here fredIm here fredIm here fredIm here fredIm here fredIm here fredIm here fredIm here fredIm here fredIm here fredIm here fredIm here fredIm here fredIm here fredIm here fredIm here fredIm here fredIm here fredIm here fredIm here fredIm here fredIm here fredIm here fredIm here fredIm here fredIm here fredIm here fredIm here fredIm here fredIm here fredIm here fredIm here fredIm here fredIm here fred</ref> was jointly dedicated to Khan and Owens.<ref>Yousaf (2003), pp. 409–10.</ref>

Soon after Khan's death, on 10 April 2000, the Government of Pakistan renamed the National Centre for Rural Development the Akhtar Hameed Khan National Centre for Rural Development and Municipal Administration.<ref name="intro" /> In the same year, the Akhtar Hameed Khan Resource Centre was established in [[Islamabad]], under the auspices of the Institute of Rural Management, as a repository of published and digital resources on rural development.<ref>''[http://www.irm.edu.pk/ahkrc-new/default.asp AHK Resource Centre]''. [http://www.irm.edu.pk/ NRSP - Institute of Rural Management]. Retrieved on 13 April 2008.</ref> Later in 2005, the Council of Social Sciences, Pakistan, in collaboration with the National Rural Support Programme and other institutions, announced the Akhtar Hameed Khan Memorial Award.<ref>''[http://www.cosspak.org/ahk.php Akhtar Hameed Khan Memorial Award]'' on COSS website. Retrieved on 13 April 2008.</ref> The annual cash award is given on Khan's birthday to a [[Demography of Pakistan|Pakistani]] author for a book on issues related to rural and urban development, peace, [[poverty alleviation]], or [[gender discrimination]]. At the occasion of the award ceremony in 2006, a documentary film about the life and times of Akhtar Hameed Khan was premiered.<ref>''[http://www.serendip.tv/akhter.htm A Vision Unveiled]'', Premiere of a documentary film on Akhtar Hameed Khan by Serendip Production. Retrieved on 3 May 2008.</ref> The film includes archival footage and interviews with family members, colleagues, and contributors and beneficiaries of the Comilla and OPP projects.<ref name="serendip" />

==Awards and honours==
Khan received the following civil awards:
*[[Jinnah]] [[Award]] ([[Posthumous recognition|Posthumous]], 2004) for services to people as founder of the Orangi Pilot Project.<ref>DAWN (2006). ''[http://www.dawn.com/2006/05/01/local8.htm Ishrat Hussain, late Akhtar Hameed honoured].'' 1 May. Retrieved on 25 April 2008.</ref>
*[[Nishan-e-Imtiaz]] (Posthumous, 2001) for services to the community.<ref name="shoaib">Khan, S.S. (2006). ''[http://www.irm.edu.pk/web%20Publications/Report%20AHKRC/1.pdf Dr. Akhter Hameed Khan Memorial Lecture]'' (PDF). pp. 15–27. Retrieved on 1 May 2008.</ref>
*[[Ramon Magsaysay Award]] (31 August 1963, [[Manila]], [[Philippines]]) for services to rural development.<ref>Ramon Magsaysay Award (1963) ''[http://www.rmaf.org.ph/Awardees/Citation/CitationKhanAkh.htm Citation for Akhter Hameed Khan]''. 31 August 1963, Manila, Philippines. Retrieved on 1 May 2008.</ref>
*[[Sitara-e-Pakistan]] (1961) for pioneering work in rural development.<ref name="miah">Miah, S. ''[http://banglapedia.search.com.bd/HT/K_0182.htm Akhtar Hameed Khan],'' at [[Banglapedia]]. Retrieved on 15 February 2007.</ref>

==Publications==
Khan was fluent in [[Arabic language|Arabic]], [[Bengali language|Bengali]], [[English language|English]], [[Hindi]], [[Pali]], [[Persian language|Persian]], and [[Urdu]].<ref name="miah" /><ref>Hasan (1996), p. xii.</ref> He wrote several reports and monographs, mostly relating to rural development in general or his various successful and model initiatives in particular. He also published collections of poems and [[Travel literature|travelogues]] in [[Urdu]].

===In English===
*1965, ''Rural Development in East Pakistan, Speeches By Akhter Hameed Khan''. Asian Studies Center, Michigan State University.
*1974, ''Institutions for rural development in Indonesia'', Pakistan Academy for Rural Development. Karachi.
*1985, ''Rural development in Pakistan''. Vanguard Books. Lahore.
*1994, ''What I learnt in Comilla and Orangi''. Paper presented at the South Asian Association for Regional Cooperation ([[SAARC]]) seminar. [[Islamabad]].
*1996, ''Orangi Pilot Project: Reminiscences and Reflections''. The Oxford University Press: Karachi. (editions: 1996, 1999, 2005). ISBN 978-0195979862
*1997 ''[http://www.unicef.org/pon97/water1.htm The sanitation gap: Development's deadly menace]''. [http://www.unicef.org/pon97/mainmenu.htm The Progress of Nations]. [[UNICEF]].
*1998, Community-Based Schools and the Orangi Project. In Hoodbhoy, P (ed.), ''Education and the State: Fifty Years of Pakistan'', Chapter 7, Karachi: Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0195778250
*2000, ''Twenty Weeks in America: A Diary 3 September 1969–21 January 1970''. Translated from [[Urdu]] by Aqila Ismail. City Press. ISBN 9698380329

===In Urdu===
*1972, ''Safar-e-Amrika ki Diary'' (A Diary of Travels in America). The City Press: Karachi.
*1988, ''Chiragh Im here fredIm here fredIm here fredIm here fredIm here fredIm here fredIm here fredIm here fredIm here fredIm here fredIm here fredIm here fredIm here fredIm here fredIm here fredIm here fredIm here fredIm here fredIm here fredIm here fredIm here fredIm here fredIm here fredIm here fredIm here fredIm here fredIm here fredIm here fredIm here fredIm here fredIm here fredIm here fredIm here fredIm here fredIm here fredIm here fredIm here fredIm here fredIm here fredIm here fredIm here fredIm here fredIm here fredIm here fredIm here fredIm here fredIm here fred
==References==
{{refbegin}}
*Abadi, H. (2006). ''Dr. Akhtar Hameed Khan''. Karachi: [[Oxford University Press]]. ISBN 978-0-19-547205-9 (in Urdu)
*BARD (1983). ''The Works of Akhtar Hameed Khan''. Volumes I–III. Comilla: Bangladesh Academy for Rural Development.
*Barmazel, S. (2005). "Orangi Pilot Project: An NGO Helping to Build Community" in O.P. Richmond and H.F. Carey (eds.) ''Subcontracting Peace: The Challenges of NGO Peacebuilding''. Aldershot: Ashgate Publishing. pp. 191–98. ISBN 0754640582
*Chowdhury, A.N. (1990). ''Let Grassroots Speak: People’s Participation Self-Help Groups and NGO’s in Bangladesh''. Dhaka: South Asia Books. ISBN 978-8185054797
*Chaudhuri, M.A. (1969). ''Rural Government in East Pakistan''. Dhaka: Puthighar Ltd.
*Dowla, A. and Barua, D. (2006). ''[http://www.kpbooks.com/pdf/dowla06_FM.pdf The Poor Always Pay Back: The Grameen II Story]'' (PDF). Bloomfield, CT: Kumarian Press. ISBN 1565492315
*Hasan, A. (1994). "Replicating the Low-Cost Sanitation Programme Administered by the Orangi Pilot Project in Karachi, Pakistan" in I. Serageldin, M.A. Cohen, and K.C. Sivaramakrishnan (eds.) ''The Human Face of the Urban Environment, Proceedings of the Second Annual World Bank Conference on Environmentally Sustainable Development''. (19–21 September). Washington, D.C.: The World Bank. ISBN 0821333208
*Hasan, A. (1996). "Introduction" in A.H. Khan ''Orangi Pilot Project — Reminiscences and Reflections''. Karachi: Oxford University Press. pp. xi–xli. ISBN 0195979869
*Hasan, A. (1999). ''Akhtar Hameed Khan and the Orangi Pilot Project''. Karachi: City Press. ISBN 9698380205
*Hasan, A. (2002). [http://lequia.udg.es/lequianet/WatSciTech/04508/0199/045080199.pdf A model for government-community partnership in building sewage systems for urban areas. The experiences of the OPP-RTI] (PDF). ''Water Science and Technology'' Vol. 45, No. 8, pp. 199–216.
*Khan, A.H. (1996). ''Orangi Pilot Project: Reminiscences and Reflections''. Karachi: Oxford University Press. (editions: 1996, 1999, 2005). ISBN 978-0195979862
*Nigam, A. and Rasheed, S. (1998). "Financing of Fresh Water for All: A Rights Based Approach" in ''UNICEF Staff Working Papers''. Evaluation, Policy and Planning Series, No. EPP-EVL-98-003.
*NRSP (2000). ''In commemoration of The Life and Times of Akhter Hameed Khan: Talks of Akhter Hameed Khan at the National Rural Support Programme''. Islamabad: [http://www.nrsp.org.pk National Rural Support Programme (NRSP).
*Raper, A.F. (1970Im here fredIm here fredIm here fredIm here fredIm here fredIm here fredIm here fredIm here fredIm here fredIm here fredIm here fredIm here fredIm here fredIm here fredIm here fredIm here fredIm here fredIm here fredIm here fredIm here fredIm here fredIm here fredIm here fredIm here fredIm here fredIm here fredIm here fredIm here fredIm here fredIm here fredIm here fredIm here fredIm here fredIm here fredIm here fredIm here fredIm here fredIm here fredIm here fredIm here fredIm here fredIm here fredIm here fredIm here fredIm here fredIm here fredIm here fredIm here fredIm here fredIm here fred
==External links==
*[http://www.cosspak.org/ahk.php Akhtar Hameed Khan Memorial Award], at [http://www.cosspak.org Council of Social Sciences (COSS) website]
*[http://www.ahkrc.net.pk AHK Resource Centre and Digital Library]
*[http://www.irm.edu.pk/Akhter%20Hammed%20Khan/index.html AHK Photo Gallery] at [http://www.irm.edu.pk/ Institute of Rural Management (IRM) website]
*[http://www.irm.edu.pk/vedio.asp AHK Video Gallery] at IRM website
*[http://www.akhtar-hameed-khan.8m.com AHK general resources and archives]
*{{YouTube|izaKVkgzuuo|Talk given by Akhtar Hameed Khan}}

<!-- Metadata: see [[Wikipedia:Persondata]] -->
{{featured article}}
{{Persondata
|NAME=Khan, Akhtar Hameed
|ALTERNATIVE NAMES=
|SHORT DESCRIPTION=Development activist, social scientist
|DATE OF BIRTH=July 15, 1914
|PLACE OF BIRTH=[[Agra]], [[British India]]
|DATE OF DEATH=October 9, 1999
|PLACE OF DEATH=[[Karachi]], [[Pakistan]]
}}
{{BD|1914|1999|Khan, Akhtar Hameed}}
[[Category:Development specialists]]
[[Category:Muhajir]]
[[Category:Pakistani economists]]
[[Category:Pakistani scholars]]
[[Category:Muslim scholars]]
[[Category:Pakistani Muslims]]
[[Category:Nishan-e-Imtiaz]]
[[Category:Ramon Magsaysay Award winners]]
[[Category:Alumni of Magdalene College, Cambridge]]
[[Category:Michigan State University alumni]]
[[Category:People from Agra]]
[[Category:Deaths by myocardial infarction]]

[[sv:Akhtar Hameed Khan]]
[[ur:اختر حمید خان]]

Revision as of 21:46, 9 October 2008

{{Infobox Scientist | name = Dr Akhtar Hameed Khan | image = Akhtar Hameed Khan.jpg | caption = | birth_date = (1914-07-15)15 July 1914 | birth_place = Agra, British India | jg

Im here frred

Im here fred Im here fred Im here fred Im here fred Im here fred Im here fred


participatory rural development in Pakistan, Bangladesh and other developing countries, and widely advocated community participation in development. His particular contribution was the establishment of a comprehensive project for rural development, the Comilla Model (1959). It earned him the Ramon Magsaysay Award from the Philippines and an honorary Doctorate of Law from Michigan State University.

In the 1980s he started a bottom up community development initiative of Orangi Pilot Project, based in the outskirts of Karachi, which became a model of participatory development initiatives. He also directed many programmes, from microcredit to self-finance and from housing provision to family planning, for rural communities and urban slums. It earned him international recognition and high honours in Pakistan. Khan was fluent in at least seven languages and dialects. Apart from many scholarly books and articles, he also published a collection of poems and travelogues in Urdu.

Early life

Khan was born on 15 July 1914 in Agra. He was among the four sons and three daughters of Anis Ahmed Khan and Mehmoodah Begum.[1] His father, a police inspector, was inspired by the reformist thinking of Syed Ahmed Khan. In his early age, Khan's mother introduced him to the poetry of Maulana Hali and Muhammad Iqbal, the sermons of Abul Kalam Azad, and the Sufist philosophy of Rumi. This upbringing influenced his Im here fredRahmat Ali]].[2]

Khan married Hameedah Begum (the eldest daughter of Allama Mashriqi) in 1940. Together, they had three daughters (Mariam, Amina, and Rasheeda) and a son (Akbar). After Hameedah Begum's death in 1966, he married Shafiq Khan and had one daughter, Ayesha.[3] During his ICS career, Khan worked as collector of revenue, a position that brought him into regular contact with living conditions in rural areas of East Bengal.[4] The Bengal famine of 1943 and subsequent inadequate handling of the situation by the colonial rulers led him to resign from the Indian Civil Service in 1945. He wrote, "I realised that if I did not escape while I was young and vigorous, I will forever remain in the trap, and terminate as a bureaucratic big wig."[5] During this period, he was influenced by the philosophy of Nietzche and Mashriqi, and joined the Khaksar Movement. This attachment was brief. He quit the movement and turned to Sufism.[6] According to Khan, "I had a profound personal concern; I wanted to live a life free from fear and anxiety, a calm and serene life, without turmoil and conflict. [...] when I followed the advice of old Sufis and sages, and tried to curb my greed, my pride and aggression, fears, anxieties and conflict diminished."[7]

For the next two years, Khan worked in Mamoola village near Aligarh as a labourer and locksmith, an experience that provided him with firsthand knowledge of the problems and issues of rural communities. In 1947, he took up a teaching position at the Jamia Millia, Delhi, where he worked for three years. In 1950, Khan migrated from India to West Pakistan to teach at Islamia College, Karachi. In the same year, he was invited by the Government of Pakistan to take charge as Principal of Comilla Victoria College in East Pakistan, a position he held until 1958. During this time (1950–58) he also served as President of the East Pakistan Non-Government Teachers' Association.[8]

Rural development initiatives

During his tenure as principal of Comilla Victoria College, Khan developed a special interest in grassroots actions. Between 1954 and 1955, he took a break to work as director of the Village Agricultural and Industrial Development (V-AID) Programme.Cite error: A <ref> tag is missing the closing </ref> (see the help page).

On his return to East Pakistan, Khan remained attached to the Comilla Project until the Partition of Pakistan, when East Pakistan became Bangladesh. Eventually, Khan moved to West Pakistan. PARD was renamed as Bangladesh Academy for Rural Development (BARD).[9]

Advisory roles

Following his move to Pakistan, Khan was asked to implement the Comilla Model in rural settlements of NWFP, Punjab, and Sindh. He declined the offer on the grounds that the proposals were predominantly motivated by political interests rather than the common well-being. However, he continued to advise the authorities on various aspects of rural development, such as participatory irrigation management.[10] He worked as a research fellow at the University of Agriculture, Faisalabad from 1971 to 1972, and as Director of Rural Economics Research Project at Karachi University from 1972 to 1973. Khan went to Michigan State University as a visiting professor in 1973 and remained there until 1979. During this time, he carried on advising the Rural Development Academy at Bogra in northern Bangladesh, and the Pakistan Academy for Rural Development, Peshawar, on the Daudzai Integrated Rural Development Programme. He also travelled extensively during this period in the capacities of speaker, advisor, or consultant on rural development programmes across the world.[11] In 1974, he was appointed as a World Bank consultant to survey rural development situations in Java, Indonesia. He also briefly worked as a visiting professor at Lund University, Harvard University, and Oxford University.[12]

In 1980, Khan moved to Karachi and started working on the improvement of sanitary conditions in Karachi suburbs. He laid the foundations of the Orangi Pilot Project for the largest squatter community of Orangi in the city. He remained associated with this project until his death in 1999. Meanwhile, he maintained his support for rural communities around Karachi, and also helped to develop the Aga Khan Rural Support programme.[10] OPP became a model for participatory bottom-up development initiatives.[13]

==Major developmentIm here fred the Ford Foundation, and USAID.[14] Practical help was also sought from Japan to improve the local farming techniques.[15]

Comilla Model simultaneously addressed the problems that were caused by the inadequacy of both local infrastructure and institutions through a range of integrated programmes.[16] The initiatives included the establishment of: a training and development centre; a road-drainage embankment works programme; a decentralised, small scale irrigation programme; and, a two-tiered cooperative system with primary cooperatives operating in the villages, and federations operating at sub-district level.[17]

After Khan's departure from Comilla, the cooperative's model failed in independent Bangladesh[18] because only a few occupational groups managed to achieve the desired success.[19] By 1979, only 61 of the 400 cooperatives were functioning. The model actually fell prey to the ineffective internal and external controls, stagnation, and diversion of funds.[20] This prompted the subsequent scholars and practitioners in microfinance, such as Muhammad Yunus of Grameen Bank and Fazle Hasan Abed of BRAC, to abandon the cooperative approach in favour of more centralised control and service delivery structures. The new strategy targeted the poorest villagers, while excluding the 'less poor'. [21] However, Khan's leadership skills during the course of his association with the project remained a source of inspiration for these leaders.[22]

Orangi Pilot Project

Main article: Orangi Pilot Project

The Orangi poverty alleviation project (known as the Orangi Pilot Project, or OPP) was initiated by Khan as an NGO in 1980.Cite error: A <ref> tag is missing the closing </ref> (see the help page). As the project director, Khan proved to be a dynamic and innovative leader.[23] The project initially focused on creating a system of underground sewers, using local materials and labour, and succeeded in laying hundreds of kilometres of drainage pipes along with auxiliary facilities.[24] Within a decade of the initiative, local residents had established schools, health clinics, women’s work centres, cooperative stores and a credit organisation to finance enterprise projects.[25] By 1993, OPP had managed to provide low-cost sewers to more than 72,000 houses.[26] The project subsequently diversified into a number of programmes, including a people's financed and managed low-cost sanitation programme;[24] a housing programme; a basic health and family planning programme; a programme of supervised credit for small family enterprise units; an education programme; and a rural development programme in the nearby villages.[27]

Comparing the OPP with Comilla project, Akhtar Hameed Khan once commented:

The Orangi Pilot Project was very different from the Comilla Academy. OPP was a private body, dependent for its small fixed budget on another NGO. The vast resources and support of the government, Harvard advisors, MSU, and Ford Foundation was missing. OPP possessed no authority, no sanctions. It may observe and investigate but it could only advise, not enforce.[28]

The successful OPP model became an inspiration for other municipalities around the country. In 1999, Khan helped to create Lodhran Pilot Project (LPP) to collaborate with Lodhran municipal committee. Learning from past experiences, the project extended its scope to the whole town instead of concentrating on low-income settlements only. The municipal partnership was itself a new initiative that ensured wider civic cooperation.[29]

Death and legacy

In 1999, Khan was visiting his family in the United States when he suffered from kidney failure. He died of myocardial infarction on 9 October in Indianapolis at the age of 85. His body was flown to Karachi on 15 October, where he was buried on the grounds of the OPP office compound.[30] Im here fredIm here fredIm here fredIm here fredIm here fredIm here fredIm here fredIm here fredIm here fredIm here fredIm here fredIm here fredIm here fredIm here fredIm here fredIm here fredIm here fredIm here fredIm here fredIm here fredIm here fredIm here fredIm here fredIm here fredIm here fredIm here fredIm here fredIm here fredIm here fredIm here fredIm here fredIm here fredIm here fredIm here fredIm here fredIm here fredIm here fredIm here fredIm here fredIm here fredIm here fredIm here fredIm here fredIm here fredIm here fredIm here fredIm here fredIm here fredIm here fredIm here fredIm here fredIm here fredIm here fredIm here fredIm here fredIm here fredIm here fredIm here fredIm here fredIm here fredIm here fredIm here fredIm here fredIm here fredIm here fredIm here fredIm here fredIm here fredIm here fredIm here fredIm here fredIm here fredIm here fredIm here fredIm here fredIm here fredIm here fredIm here fredIm here fredIm here fredIm here fredIm here fredIm here fredIm here fredIm here fredIm here fredIm here fredIm here fredIm here fredIm here fredIm here fredIm here fredIm here fredIm here fredIm here fredIm here fredIm here fredIm here fredIm here fredIm here fredIm here fredIm here fredIm here fredIm here fredIm here fredIm here fredIm here fredIm here fredIm here fredIm here fredIm here fredIm here fredIm here fredIm here fredIm here fredIm here fredIm here fredIm here fredIm here fredIm here fredIm here fredIm here fredIm here fredIm here fredIm here fredIm here fredIm here fredIm here fredIm here fred</ref> was jointly dedicated to Khan and Owens.[31]

Soon after Khan's death, on 10 April 2000, the Government of Pakistan renamed the National Centre for Rural Development the Akhtar Hameed Khan National Centre for Rural Development and Municipal Administration.[28] In the same year, the Akhtar Hameed Khan Resource Centre was established in Islamabad, under the auspices of the Institute of Rural Management, as a repository of published and digital resources on rural development.[32] Later in 2005, the Council of Social Sciences, Pakistan, in collaboration with the National Rural Support Programme and other institutions, announced the Akhtar Hameed Khan Memorial Award.[33] The annual cash award is given on Khan's birthday to a Pakistani author for a book on issues related to rural and urban development, peace, poverty alleviation, or gender discrimination. At the occasion of the award ceremony in 2006, a documentary film about the life and times of Akhtar Hameed Khan was premiered.[34] The film includes archival footage and interviews with family members, colleagues, and contributors and beneficiaries of the Comilla and OPP projects.[23]

Awards and honours

Khan received the following civil awards:

Publications

Khan was fluent in Arabic, Bengali, English, Hindi, Pali, Persian, and Urdu.[38][39] He wrote several reports and monographs, mostly relating to rural development in general or his various successful and model initiatives in particular. He also published collections of poems and travelogues in Urdu.

In English

  • 1965, Rural Development in East Pakistan, Speeches By Akhter Hameed Khan. Asian Studies Center, Michigan State University.
  • 1974, Institutions for rural development in Indonesia, Pakistan Academy for Rural Development. Karachi.
  • 1985, Rural development in Pakistan. Vanguard Books. Lahore.
  • 1994, What I learnt in Comilla and Orangi. Paper presented at the South Asian Association for Regional Cooperation (SAARC) seminar. Islamabad.
  • 1996, Orangi Pilot Project: Reminiscences and Reflections. The Oxford University Press: Karachi. (editions: 1996, 1999, 2005). ISBN 978-0195979862
  • 1997 The sanitation gap: Development's deadly menace. The Progress of Nations. UNICEF.
  • 1998, Community-Based Schools and the Orangi Project. In Hoodbhoy, P (ed.), Education and the State: Fifty Years of Pakistan, Chapter 7, Karachi: Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0195778250
  • 2000, Twenty Weeks in America: A Diary 3 September 1969–21 January 1970. Translated from Urdu by Aqila Ismail. City Press. ISBN 9698380329

In Urdu

  • 1972, Safar-e-Amrika ki Diary (A Diary of Travels in America). The City Press: Karachi.
  • 1988, Chiragh Im here fredIm here fredIm here fredIm here fredIm here fredIm here fredIm here fredIm here fredIm here fredIm here fredIm here fredIm here fredIm here fredIm here fredIm here fredIm here fredIm here fredIm here fredIm here fredIm here fredIm here fredIm here fredIm here fredIm here fredIm here fredIm here fredIm here fredIm here fredIm here fredIm here fredIm here fredIm here fredIm here fredIm here fredIm here fredIm here fredIm here fredIm here fredIm here fredIm here fredIm here fredIm here fredIm here fredIm here fredIm here fredIm here fredIm here fred

References

  • Abadi, H. (2006). Dr. Akhtar Hameed Khan. Karachi: Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-547205-9 (in Urdu)
  • BARD (1983). The Works of Akhtar Hameed Khan. Volumes I–III. Comilla: Bangladesh Academy for Rural Development.
  • Barmazel, S. (2005). "Orangi Pilot Project: An NGO Helping to Build Community" in O.P. Richmond and H.F. Carey (eds.) Subcontracting Peace: The Challenges of NGO Peacebuilding. Aldershot: Ashgate Publishing. pp. 191–98. ISBN 0754640582
  • Chowdhury, A.N. (1990). Let Grassroots Speak: People’s Participation Self-Help Groups and NGO’s in Bangladesh. Dhaka: South Asia Books. ISBN 978-8185054797
  • Chaudhuri, M.A. (1969). Rural Government in East Pakistan. Dhaka: Puthighar Ltd.
  • Dowla, A. and Barua, D. (2006). The Poor Always Pay Back: The Grameen II Story (PDF). Bloomfield, CT: Kumarian Press. ISBN 1565492315
  • Hasan, A. (1994). "Replicating the Low-Cost Sanitation Programme Administered by the Orangi Pilot Project in Karachi, Pakistan" in I. Serageldin, M.A. Cohen, and K.C. Sivaramakrishnan (eds.) The Human Face of the Urban Environment, Proceedings of the Second Annual World Bank Conference on Environmentally Sustainable Development. (19–21 September). Washington, D.C.: The World Bank. ISBN 0821333208
  • Hasan, A. (1996). "Introduction" in A.H. Khan Orangi Pilot Project — Reminiscences and Reflections. Karachi: Oxford University Press. pp. xi–xli. ISBN 0195979869
  • Hasan, A. (1999). Akhtar Hameed Khan and the Orangi Pilot Project. Karachi: City Press. ISBN 9698380205
  • Hasan, A. (2002). A model for government-community partnership in building sewage systems for urban areas. The experiences of the OPP-RTI (PDF). Water Science and Technology Vol. 45, No. 8, pp. 199–216.
  • Khan, A.H. (1996). Orangi Pilot Project: Reminiscences and Reflections. Karachi: Oxford University Press. (editions: 1996, 1999, 2005). ISBN 978-0195979862
  • Nigam, A. and Rasheed, S. (1998). "Financing of Fresh Water for All: A Rights Based Approach" in UNICEF Staff Working Papers. Evaluation, Policy and Planning Series, No. EPP-EVL-98-003.
  • NRSP (2000). In commemoration of The Life and Times of Akhter Hameed Khan: Talks of Akhter Hameed Khan at the National Rural Support Programme. Islamabad: [http://www.nrsp.org.pk National Rural Support Programme (NRSP).
  • Raper, A.F. (1970Im here fredIm here fredIm here fredIm here fredIm here fredIm here fredIm here fredIm here fredIm here fredIm here fredIm here fredIm here fredIm here fredIm here fredIm here fredIm here fredIm here fredIm here fredIm here fredIm here fredIm here fredIm here fredIm here fredIm here fredIm here fredIm here fredIm here fredIm here fredIm here fredIm here fredIm here fredIm here fredIm here fredIm here fredIm here fredIm here fredIm here fredIm here fredIm here fredIm here fredIm here fredIm here fredIm here fredIm here fredIm here fredIm here fredIm here fredIm here fredIm here fredIm here fred

External links

Template:Persondata Template:BD

  1. ^ Yousaf (2003), p. 338.
  2. ^ Yousaf (2003), p. 346.
  3. ^ Yousaf (2003), pp. 342–43.
  4. ^ Yousaf (2003), p. 347.
  5. ^ BARD (1983), p. xii.
  6. ^ Hussain, I (2006). A cause worth serving. DAWN Magazine. 24 December. Retrieved on 25 April 2008.
  7. ^ Khan (1996), p. 23.
  8. ^ Yousaf (2003), p. 348.
  9. ^ Khan spent a significant part of his life in Comilla. His residence was located in the Ranir Dighir Par area of the town, adjacent to Victoria College where he taught for a long time. As a gesture of respect for his contributions to the community, the Comilla-Kotbari road in Bangladesh was named after him.
  10. ^ a b NRSP (2000), pp. 4–6.
  11. ^ Yousaf (2003), p. 352.
  12. ^ Yousaf (2003), pp. 352–53.
  13. ^ Uphoff, Norman (2001) Dr Akhtar Hameed Khan: An Appreciation. Published in Yousaf (2003), pp. 409–13.
  14. ^ Yousaf (2003), pp. 370–71.
  15. ^ This helped to raise the annual yield of rice crops from 20 maunds (about 750 kilograms) per acre to 60 maunds (2,240 kilos) per acre (Yousaf 2003, p. 371)
  16. ^ Khan, A.R. (1979). The Comilla model and the integrated rural development programme of Bangladesh: An experiment in `cooperative capitalism'. World Development. Vol. 7, No. 4–5. pp. 397–422. Retrieved on 6 May 2008.
  17. ^ BARD (1983), Vol. II, p. 190.
  18. ^ Karim, M.B. (1985). Rural development projects — Comilla, Puebla, and Chilalo: A comparative assessment. Studies in Comparative International Development. Vol. 20, No. 4. pp. 3–41.
  19. ^ Ahmed, S.H. (1995). Development Programs in Bangladesh: Hardware versus Software. Governance, Vol. 8, No. 2. pp. 281–92.
  20. ^ Chowdhury (1990), p. 54.
  21. ^ Dowla and Barua (2006), p. 18.
  22. ^ Valsan (2005), p. 49.
  23. ^ a b A Vision Unveiled (2006) A posthumous tribute to the man who silently brought about a social revolution in Pakistan.. NRSP — Institute of Rural Management. pp. 28–29. Retrieved on 3 May 2008.
  24. ^ a b TTE (2002). Return Of The Drain Gang - Pakistan. Television Trust for the Environment. Hands On, Series 3. Retrieved on 1 May 2008.
  25. ^ Barmazel (2005), p. 191.
  26. ^ Sir-Cam (2002) Cam Diary: The common man’s friend. Daily Times. 23 October 2002. Retrieved on 13 April 2008.
  27. ^ Hasan (1996), p. xxii.
  28. ^ a b Introduction about Late Dr Akhtar Hameed Khan at Government of Pakistan website. Retrieved on 15 February 2007.
  29. ^ Hasan (2002), pp. 199–216.
  30. ^ Yousaf (2003), p. 386.
  31. ^ Yousaf (2003), pp. 409–10.
  32. ^ AHK Resource Centre. NRSP - Institute of Rural Management. Retrieved on 13 April 2008.
  33. ^ Akhtar Hameed Khan Memorial Award on COSS website. Retrieved on 13 April 2008.
  34. ^ A Vision Unveiled, Premiere of a documentary film on Akhtar Hameed Khan by Serendip Production. Retrieved on 3 May 2008.
  35. ^ DAWN (2006). Ishrat Hussain, late Akhtar Hameed honoured. 1 May. Retrieved on 25 April 2008.
  36. ^ Khan, S.S. (2006). Dr. Akhter Hameed Khan Memorial Lecture (PDF). pp. 15–27. Retrieved on 1 May 2008.
  37. ^ Ramon Magsaysay Award (1963) Citation for Akhter Hameed Khan. 31 August 1963, Manila, Philippines. Retrieved on 1 May 2008.
  38. ^ a b Miah, S. Akhtar Hameed Khan, at Banglapedia. Retrieved on 15 February 2007.
  39. ^ Hasan (1996), p. xii.
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=User_talk:Steampod%3F&oldid=244229743"