Pope John XXIII and Howard Carter: Difference between pages

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{{otherpeople2|Howard Carter}}
{{for|the 15th century antipope|Antipope John XXIII}}
{{Infobox Scientist
{{see also|Pope John (numbering)}}
|name =Howard carter
{{Infobox pope
|box_width =
|English name=John XXIII
|image =Howard_carter.jpg
|image=[[Image:Ioannes XXIII.jpg|240px]]
|image_width =150px
|birth_name=Angelo Giuseppe Roncalli
|caption = Howard Carter
|term_start=28 October 1958
|birth_date = {{birth date|1874|5|9}}
|term_end=3 June 1963
|birth_place = [[Kensington]]
|predecessor=[[Pope Pius XII|Pius XII]]
|death_date = {{death date and age|1939|3|2|1874|5|9}}
|successor=[[Pope Paul VI|Paul VI]]
|death_place = [[London]]
|birth_date={{birth date|df=yes|1881|11|25}}
|residence =
|birthplace=[[Sotto il Monte]], [[Italy]]
|citizenship =
|dead=dead
|nationality = [[England|English]]
|death_date={{death date and age|df=yes|1963|6|3|1881|11|25}}
|ethnicity =
|deathplace=[[Vatican City]]
|field = [[archaeologist]] and [[Egyptology|Egyptologist]]
|other=John}}
|work_institutions =
<!--A discussion on Wikipedia produced an overwhelming consensus to end the 'style wars' by replacing styles at the start by a style infobox later in the text. It is now installed below.-->Blessed '''Pope John XXIII''' ({{lang-la|Ioannes PP. XXIII}}; {{lang-it|Giovanni XXIII}}), born '''Angelo Giuseppe Roncalli''' (25 November 1881 &ndash; 3 June 1963), known as '''Blessed John XXIII''' since his [[beatification]], was elected as the 261st [[Pope]] of the [[Roman Catholic Church]] and [[monarch|Sovereign]] of [[Vatican City]] on 28 October 1958. He called the [[Second Vatican Council]] (1962&ndash;1965) but did not live to see it to completion, dying on 3 June 1963, two months after the completion of his final encyclical, {{lang|la|''[[Pacem in Terris]]''}}. He was [[beatification|beatified]] on 3 September 2000, along with [[Pope Pius IX]], the first popes since [[Pope Pius X]] to receive this honour. His feast day is 11 October in the Catholic Church, the day that Vatican II’s first session opened. He is also commemorated on 3 June by the [[Evangelical Lutheran Church in America]] and on 4 June by the [[Anglican Church of Canada]]. In [[Italy]] he is remembered with the affectionate appellative of "Il Papa Buono" ("The Good [[Pope]]").
|alma_mater =
==Life==
|doctoral_advisor =
Angelo Giuseppe Roncalli was born in [[Sotto il Monte]], a small country village in the [[Province of Bergamo]], [[Italy]]. He was the firstborn son of Giovanni Battista Roncalli (1854-1935) and his wife Marianna Giulia Mazzolla (1854-1939), and fourth in a family of 14, including: Angelo Giuseppe, Alfredo, Maria Caterina, Teresa, Ancilla, Francesco Zaverio, Maria Elisa, Assunta Casilda, Giovanni Francesco, Enrica, Giuseppe Luigi and Luigi.<ref>[http://www.vatican.va/news_services/liturgy/saints/ns_lit_doc_20000903_john-xxiii_en.html Pope John XXIII]</ref> His family worked as [[sharecropper]]s like the largest part of Sotto il Monte peoples, a striking contrast to his predecessor, [[Pope Pius XII|Eugenio Pacelli]], who came from an ancient [[aristocrat]]ic family, long connected to the [[Papacy]]. However, he was still a descendant of an Italian noble family, from a secondary and impoverished branch.<ref>''Armas e Troféus'', Instituto Português de Heráldica, 1990s</ref>
|doctoral_students =
|known_for = Discovery of the tomb of [[Tutankhamun]]
|author_abbrev_bot =
|author_abbrev_zoo =
|influences =
|influenced =
|prizes =
|religion =
|footnotes =
|signature =
}}
'''Howard Carter''' ([[May 9]] [[1874]]{{ndash}}[[March 2]] [[1939]]) was an [[England|English]] [[archaeologist]] and [[Egyptology|Egyptologist]], noted as a primary discoverer of the tomb of [[Tutankhamun]].


In 1891, at the age of 17, Carter began studying inscriptions and paintings in [[Egypt]]. He worked on the excavation of [[Beni Hasan]], the grave site of the princes of [[Middle Kingdom of Egypt|Middle Egypt]], c. 2000 BC. Later he came under the tutelage of [[William Flinders Petrie]].
In 1904, Roncalli was [[ordination|ordained]] a [[priest]] in the [[Roman Catholic Church|Catholic]] [[Church (building)|Church]] of Santa Maria in Monte Santo in [[Rome]]. He was trained as an historian.


He is also famous for finding the remains of Queen [[Hatshepsut]]'s tomb in [[Deir el-Bahri]]. In 1899, Carter was offered a job working for the [[Egyptian Antiquities Service]] (EAS), from which he resigned as a result of a dispute between Egyptian site guards and a group of French tourists in 1905.
In 1905, [[Giacomo Radini-Tedeschi]], the new [[bishop of Bergamo]], appointed Roncalli as his secretary. Roncalli worked for Radini-Tedeschi until the bishop's death in 1914. During this period Roncalli was also a teacher in the diocesan seminary.


===Tutankhamun's tomb===
During [[World War I]], Roncalli was drafted into the Royal Italian Army as a [[sergeant]], serving in the medical corps as a stretcher-bearer and as a [[chaplain]].
[[Image:Egypt.KV62.01.jpg|thumb|left||Tomb of [[Tutankhamun]]]]
In 1907, after several hard years, Carter was introduced to [[George Herbert, 5th Earl of Carnarvon|Lord Carnarvon]]. Soon, Carter was supervising all of Carnarvon's [[excavation]]s.


Carnarvon financed Carter's search for the tomb of a previously unknown [[Pharaoh]], [[Tutankhamun]], whose existence Carter had discovered. After a few months of fruitless searching, Carnarvon was becoming dissatisfied with the lack of return from his investment and, in 1922, he gave Carter one more season of funding to find the tomb.
In 1921, [[Pope Benedict XV]] appointed him as the Italian president of the [[Society for the Propagation of the Faith]]. In 1925 [[Pope Pius XI]] appointed him as [[nuncio|Apostolic Visitor]] to [[Bulgaria]], also naming him for [[consecration]] as [[titular bishop]] of [[Areopoli]]s. He chose as his episcopal [[motto]] {{lang|la|''Obedientia et Pax''}} ("Obedience and Peace"), which became his guiding motto.
[[Image:Luxor, West Bank, Stoppelaere House, Egypt, Oct 2004.jpg|right|thumb|225px|Carter's house in the [[Theban Necropolis]]]]
On [[4 November]] [[1922]], Carter found the steps leading to Tutankhamun's tomb (subsequently [[KV (Egypt)|designated]] [[KV62]]), by far the best preserved and most intact pharaonic tomb ever found in the [[Valley of the Kings]]. He wired Carnarvon to come, and on [[26 November]] [[1922]], with Carnarvon, Carnarvon's daughter, and others in attendance, Carter made the famous "tiny breach in the top left hand corner" of the doorway, and was able to peer in by the light of a candle and see that many of the gold and ebony treasures were still in place. He did not yet know at that point whether it was "a tomb or merely a cache", but he did see a promising sealed doorway between two sentinel statues. When Carnarvon asked him if he saw anything, Carter replied: "Yes, wonderful things".<ref>[http://www.crystalinks.com/tutstomb.html King Tutankhamen's Tomb - Crystalinks<!-- Bot generated title -->]</ref>


[[Image:Luxor, Tal der Könige (1995, 860x605).jpg|right|thumb|300px|[[KV62]] in the [[Valley of the Kings]]]]
In 1935 he was made [[Nuncio|Apostolic Delegate]] to [[Turkey]] and [[Greece]]. Roncalli used this office to help the [[Jew]]ish underground in saving thousands of refugees in [[Europe]], leading some to consider him to be a [[Righteous Among the Nations|Righteous Gentile]]. In 1944, during [[World War II]], [[Pope Pius XII]] named him [[Apostolic Nuncio]] to [[Paris]], [[France]]. In this capacity he had to negotiate the retirement of bishops who had collaborated with the occupying power.
The next several weeks were spent carefully cataloging the contents of the antechamber. On [[February 16]], [[1923]], Carter opened the sealed doorway, and found that it did indeed lead to a burial chamber, and he got his first glimpse of the [[sarcophagus]] of Tutankhamun.


Carter's own papers suggest that he, Lord Carnarvon and Lady Evelyn Herbert entered the tomb shortly after its discovery – without waiting for the arrival of Egyptian officials (as stipulated in their excavation permit).{{Fact|date= January 2008}} Artifacts and jewelry from the tomb were found in Carter's home after his death, suggesting that he had violated his permit.{{Fact| date= January 2008}}
In 1953, he was appointed as the [[Patriarch of Venice]], and, accordingly, raised to the rank of [[Cardinal (Catholicism)|Cardinal-Priest]] of ''[[Santa Prisca]]'' by [[Pope Pius XII]]. As a sign of his esteem, President [[Vincent Auriol]] of [[France]] claimed the ancient privilege possessed by French [[monarch]]s and bestowed the [[Red hat (Catholic)|red hat]] on the now-Cardinal Roncalli at a ceremony in the [[Elysee Palace]].


When he discovered the tomb, it was said he also found 150 gold amulets and even a death mask weighing 11 kilograms, with which the pharaoh was buried. Carter was thought to have used an axe to retrieve the gold charms and the mummy was broken into 18 pieces.{{Fact| date= January 2008}} Due to the poor archaeological knowledge at the time, Carter left the mummy for hours without protection under the sun (in November, more than 35 degrees Celsius).{{Fact| date= January 2008}}
==Election as pope==
[[Image:Johnxxiii-color-tiara-sm.jpg|thumb|Pope John XXIII's coronation in 1958.<br /> He was crowned wearing the 1877 [[Palatine Tiara]].]]


===Later work and death===
<i>See also [[Papal conclave, 1958]]</i>
Following his extensive finds, Howard Carter retired from archeology and became a collector. He visited the [[United States]] (USA) in 1924, and gave a series of illustrated lectures in [[City of New York|New York City]] which were attended by very large and enthusiastic audiences, sparking [[egyptomania]] in the United States. He died of [[lymphoma]], a type of cancer, in [[England]] on [[March 2]], [[1939]]<ref>[http://www.nytimes.com/learning/general/onthisday/bday/0509.html Howard Carter, 66, Egyptologist, Dies<!-- Bot generated title -->]</ref> at the age of 64. The archaeologist's death, so long after the opening of the tomb despite being the leader of the expedition, is the most common piece of evidence put forward by skeptics to refute the idea of a curse (the "[[Curse of the Pharaohs]]") plaguing the party that violated Tutankhamen's tomb. His living descendants include Valerie Darroch, née Carter, and her family.


Howard Carter is buried in [[Putney Vale Cemetery]] in West London. On his gravestone is written: "May your spirit live, May you spend millions of years, You who love Thebes, Sitting with your face to the north wind, Your eyes beholding happiness"<ref>from the Wishing Cup of [[Tutankhamun]]</ref> and "O night, spread thy wings over me as the imperishable stars".<ref>C.f the prayer to the Goddess Nut found on the lids of New Kingdom coffins: "O my mother [[Nut (goddess)|Nut]], spread yourself over me, so that I may be placed among the imperishable stars and may never die." (http://www.swan.ac.uk/egypt/events/womentext.htm)</ref>
===Choice of name===
Upon his election, Cardinal Roncalli chose [[Pope John|John]] as his [[regnal name]]. This was the first time in over 500 years that this name had been chosen - previous Popes had avoided using this name as the last [[Antipope John XXIII|man]] to use this name came to be considered an [[Antipope]] following the [[Western Schism]].


==In popular culture==
On the choice of his name Pope John said that
===Film and Television===
Carter has been portrayed by the following actors in film and television productions;<ref name="imdb">{{cite web | url = http://www.imdb.com/character/ch0034196/ | title = Howard Carter (Character)| accessdate = May 8 | accessdaymonth = | accessmonthday = | accessyear = 2008 | author = | last = | first = | authorlink = | coauthors = | date = | year = | month = | format = | work = | publisher = [[IMDb.com]] | pages = | doi = | archiveurl = | archivedate = | quote = }}</ref>
*[[John Cleese]] in the [[1970 in television|1970]] TV sketch comedy ''[[Monty Python's Flying Circus]]'': ''Archaeology Today''.
* [[Robin Ellis]] in the [[1980 in television|1980]] [[Columbia Pictures Television]] production ''[[The Curse of King Tut's Tomb (1980 film)|The Curse of King Tut's Tomb]]''
* [[Pip Torrens]] in [[1992 in television|1992]] [[Lucasfilm]] TV movie ''[[The Young Indiana Jones Chronicles|Young Indiana Jones and the Curse of the Jackal]]''.
* [[Pip Torrens]] in the [[1995 in television|1995]] [[Lucasfilm]] TV movie ''[[The Young Indiana Jones Chronicles|Young Indiana Jones and the Treasure of the Peacock's Eye]]''
* [[Timothy Davies]] in the [[1998 in film|1998]] [[IMAX]] documentary ''[[Mysteries of Egypt]]''
* [[Stuart Graham(actor)|Stuart Graham]] in the [[2005 in television|2005]] [[BBC]] docudrama ''[[Egypt (TV series)|Egypt]]''.


===Literature===
<blockquote>
He appears as a character throughout most of the ''[[Amelia Peabody]]'' series of books by '[[Elizabeth Peters]]' (a pseudonym of Egyptologist Dr Barbara Mertz).
I choose John ... a name sweet to us because it is the name of our father, dear to me because it is the name of the humble parish church where I was baptised, the solemn name of numberless cathedrals scattered throughout the world, including our own basilica [St. John Lateran]. [[Pope John|Twenty-two Johns]] of [[Antipope|indisputable legitimacy]] have [been Pope], and almost all had a brief pontificate. We have preferred to hide the smallness of our name behind this magnificent succession of Roman Popes. <ref>[http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,938062-3,00.html "I Choose John . . ."] from [[Time Magazine]]</ref></blockquote>


===Numbering===
===Music===
''In Search of the Pharaohs'' - a 30-minute [[cantata]] for narrator, junior choir and piano by composer [[Robert Steadman]], commissioned by the [[City of London Freemen's School]] which uses extracts from Carter's diaries as its text.{{Fact|date=February 2007}}
Upon choosing the name, there was some confusion as to whether the new Pope would be known as ''John XXIII'' or ''John XXIV''. In response, John declared that he was ''John XXIII'', thus affirming the antipapal status of [[Antipope John XXIII]].


===Art===
Before this Antipope, the most recent Popes called John were [[Pope John XXII|John XXII]] (1316-1334) and [[Pope John XXI|John XXI]] (1276-1277). However, there was no [[Pope John XX]], due to confusion caused by medieval historians misreading the [[Liber Pontificalis]] to refer to another Pope John between [[Pope John XIV|John XIV]] and [[Pope John XV|John XV]].
A paraphrased extract from Howard Carter's diary of [[November 26]] [[1922]] is used as the [[plaintext]] for Part 3 of the encrypted [[Kryptos]] sculpture at [[CIA]] Headquarters in [[Langley, Virginia]].<ref>[http://www.cnn.com/2005/US/06/19/cracking.the.code/index.html CNN.com - Cracking the code - Jun 19, 2005<!-- Bot generated title -->]</ref>


==Papacy==
==References==
{{Reflist}}
Following the death of [[Pope Pius XII]] in 1958, Roncalli was elected [[Pope]], to his great surprise. He had even arrived in the Vatican with a return train ticket to Venice. Many had considered that [[Paul VI|Archbishop Montini]], [[Archbishop of Milan]], was a possible candidate, but, although he was Archbishop of one of the most ancient and prominent [[Episcopal see|Sees]] in Italy, he had not been appointed a cardinal.<ref>[http://www.vatican.va/holy_father/paul_vi/biography/documents/hf_p-vi_bio_16071997_biography_en.html ''Pope Paul VI : 1963 &ndash; 1978''], Retrieved 28 February 2006.</ref> As a result, he was not present at the 1958 conclave and most of the cardinals abided by the established precedent of voting only for a member of the College of Cardinals, in spite of the affirmation in [[Canon law (Catholic Church)|Canon Law]] that any Catholic male could be chosen. After the long pontificate of [[Pope Pius XII]], the cardinals chose a man who, it was presumed because of his advanced age, would be a short-term or "stop-gap" pope. In John XXIII's first [[consistory]], Montini was raised to the rank of cardinal; and in time he became John's successor, [[Pope Paul VI|Paul VI]].


==Further reading==
[[Image:John XXIII Sedia Gestatoria.jpg|thumb|left|Pope John XXIII being carried on the [[sedia gestatoria]] for a Solemn Papal High Mass, ca. 1959.]]
*James, T.G.H. ''Howard Carter: The Path to Tutankhamun''. London: Kegan Paul International, 1992 (hardcover, ISBN 0710304250); London: Tauris Parke, 2001 (paperback, ISBN 1-86064-615-8)
John XXIII's personal warmth, good humor and kindness captured the world's affections in a way his predecessor, for all his great learning and personal holiness, had failed to do. While Pius would look slightly away and up from the [[camera]] whenever his photograph was taken, John would look directly at the camera and smile.
*Reeves, Nicholas; Taylor, John H. ''Howard Carter: Before Tutankhamun'', London: British Museum Press, 1992 (hardcover, ISBN 0714109525); New York: H. N. Abrams, 1993 (hardcover, ISBN 0810931869)

*Vandenberg, Philipp. ''The Forgotten Pharaoh: The Discovery of Tutankhamun''. London: Hodder and Stoughton, 1980 (hardcover, ISBN 0340246642)
On 25 December 1958, he became the first pope to leave Vatican territory since 1870, when he visited children suffering from polio at the Bambin Gesù hospital and then visited Santo Spirito Hospital. The next day he visited Rome's Regina Coeli prison, where he told the prisoners: "You could not come to me, so I came to you." These acts created a sensation, and he wrote in his diary:
*[[H. V. F. Winstone|Winstone, H.V.F.]] ''Howard Carter and the Discovery of the Tomb of Tutankhamun''. Manchester: Barzan Publishing, 2006 (hardcover, ISBN 1905521049; paperback, ISBN 1905521057)
<blockquote>...great astonishment in the Roman, Italian and international press. I was hemmed in on all sides: authorities, photographers, prisoners, wardens...<ref> {{cite book|first=Peter |last=Hebblethwaite|title=Pope John XXIII: Shepherd of the Modern World|publisher=Image Books |year=1987|pages=p. 303}}</ref></blockquote>

Far from being a mere "stop gap" Pope, to great excitement John called an [[ecumenical council]] fewer than ninety years after the [[First Vatican Council|Vatican Council]]. [[Pope Paul VI|Cardinal Montini]] remarked to a friend that "this holy old boy doesn't realize what a hornet's nest he's stirring up".<ref>George Weigel, [http://www.firstthings.com/ftissues/ft0106/reviews/weigel.html "Thinking Through Vatican II"], ''First Things'', June/July, 2001.</ref> From the [[Second Vatican Council]] came changes that reshaped the face of Catholicism: a [[Mass of Paul VI|comprehensively revised liturgy]], a stronger emphasis on [[ecumenism]], and a new approach to the world.

==Pope John and papal ceremonial==
{{main|Papal Coronation}}
[[Image:John 23 coa.svg|thumb|left|130px|John XXIII's Coat of Arms.]]
{{Social teachings of the popes}}
Pope John XXIII was the last pope to use full papal ceremony, much of which was abolished subsequently after [[Vatican II]]. His [[papal coronation]] ran for the traditional five hours ([[Pope Paul VI]], by contrast, opted for a shorter ceremony, while later popes declined to be crowned). However, as with his predecessor [[Pope Pius XII]], he chose to have the coronation itself take place on the balcony of St. Peter's Basilica, in view of the crowds assembled in St. Peter's Square.

John XXIII wore a number of tiaras from the papal collection. On formal occasions, such as giving the {{lang|la|''[[Urbi et Orbi]]''}} blessing, he wore the traditional 1877 Palatine tiara he had been crowned with. However, on other occasions he wore the lighter and more comfortable 1922 tiara of Pope Pius XI, which he used so often that it became strongly associated with him.

As with most other popes in the last two decades up to that point, he was given an expensive silver papal tiara by the people of Bergamo. The [[Tiara of Pope John XXIII]], the lightest in the papal collection at 2 [[pound (mass)|lb]] (900 [[gram|g]]), was given to him eventually in 1959. When asked about the tiara during its manufacture, John asked that the makers halve the number of [[Gemstone|jewel]]s with which they planned to decorate it and give the financial saving to the poor.

Traditional Pontifical High Masses and most papal ceremonial aspects&mdash;including use of the ''flabelli'' (ceremonial fans made of ostrich feathers) and the [[Palatine Guard]]&mdash;and the saluting of the pope on his arrival at Mass in St. Peter's Basilica by the playing of trumpets were abolished by [[Pope Paul VI]] in stages during his reign. None of the tiaras associated with Pope John have been worn by later popes.

While maintaining the traditional papal ceremonial, Pope John continued his predecessors' policy of a gradual reform to the [[Tridentine Mass| traditional Roman liturgy]], publishing changes that had accrued since 1920 in the 1962 Missal, before the [[Mass of Paul VI|major reform of the liturgy]] after Vatican II. The 1962 Missal published by Pope John XXIII was the last typical edition of the [[Council of Trent|Tridentine]] rite, which has now come to be formally recognized by Pope [[Benedict XVI]] as an extraordinary form of the Roman Rite.<ref>[http://www.usccb.org/liturgy/bclnewsletterjune07.pdf English translation of the motu proprio, with the Pope's covering letter],[http://www.vatican.va/holy_father/benedict_xvi/letters/2007/documents/hf_ben-xvi_let_20070707_lettera-vescovi_en.html English text of the letter (Vatican website)]</ref>

Pope John was also the last pope to date to have his Requiem Mass celebrated within St. Peter's Basilica, amid traditional papal pomp. His successor, Pope Paul VI, abolished the traditional papal funeral and had his funeral as a simple concelebrated Mass in St. Peter's Square.

==Final months and death==

On 23 September 1962, Pope John XXIII was first diagnosed with stomach cancer. The diagnosis, which was kept from the public, followed nearly eight months of occasional stomach hemorrhages, and reduced the pontiff's appearances. Looking pale and drawn during these events, he gave a hint to his ultimate fate in April 1963, when he said to visitors, "That which happens to all men perhaps will happen soon to the Pope who speaks to you today."

On 11 May 1963, the Italian president [[Antonio Segni]] awarded Pope John XXIII the [[Balzan Prize]] for his engagement for peace. It was the Pope's last public appearance.

On 25 May 1963, the Pope suffered another hemorrhage and required blood transfusions, but [[peritonitis]] soon set in. On 31 May it had become clear that the cancer had overcome the resistance of Pope John XXIII. At 11 A.M. [[Petrus Canisius Van Lierde]] as Papal Sacristan was at the bedside of the dying pope, ready to anoint him. The Pope begins to speak for a very last time: ''“I had the great grace to be born into a Christian family, modest and poor, but with the fear of the Lord. …My time on earth is drawing to a close. But Christ lives on and continues his work in the Church. Souls, souls, Ut omnes unum sint,'' <ref>(that all may be one). </ref> Van Lierde then anoints his eyes, ears, mouth, hands and feet. Overcome by emotion, he forgets the right order of anointing. Pope John gently helps him. Then the Pope bids him and all the other bystanders a last farewell. <ref>Peter Hebblethwaite, John XXIII, Pope of the Council, Revised edition, Harper Collins, Glasgow,1994 502</ref> The Pope died 7:49 p.m. (local time) on 3 June at the age of 81. He was buried on 6 June, ending a reign of four years, seven months and six days.

On 6 December 1963, the US president [[Lyndon B. Johnson]] posthumously awarded him the [[Presidential Medal of Freedom]], the United States' highest civilian award, in recognition of the good relationship between Pope John and the [[United States]].{{-}}

==Criticism==
[[Sedevacantism|Sedevacantist]] and [[Sedevacantism#Conclavism|Conclavist]] groups have been some of Pope John's most outspoken critics. Some groups have even made unsubstantiated claims that John was a [[Freemason]].

Some also make the claim that John's choice of [[regnal name]] marked him as an antipope, as the name John had lain unused since [[Antipope John XXIII]] used it in the 15th century (other Popes have similarly used names taken by anti-popes, for example [[Benedict XIV]]).

Many who subscribe to the teachings of [[Our Lady of Fatima]] also believe that Pope John deliberately withheld secret prophetic information revealed by an apparition of the [[Marian apparitions|Virgin Mary]]. <ref>[http://www.crc-internet.org/dec97.htm The Catholic COUNTER-REFORMATION IN THE XXth CENTURY]</ref> This is perhaps the basis for Internet reports in the late 1990s about the supposed discovery of Pope John's diary where he received prophetic insight into the future, including the return of Jesus in New York in 2000. <ref>[http://www.v-j-enterprises.com/pope.html Pope John XXIII Predictions]</ref>

Although Pope John did have a diary, there is no evidence in it to suggest that he received apocalyptic visions of the future. <ref>[http://www.americancatholic.org/Messenger/Nov1996/feature1.asp ALMOST A SAINT: POPE JOHN XXIII]</ref>

==Legacy==
[[Image:Petersdom (203).JPG|thumb|left|The preserved body of John XXIII]]
Known affectionately as "Good Pope John" and "the most loved Pope in history" to many people, on 3 September 2000, John was declared "Blessed" by [[Pope John Paul II]], the penultimate step on the road to [[saint]]hood. Following his [[beatification]], his body was moved from its original burial place in the grottoes below [[St Peter's Basilica]] to the Altar of [[St. Jerome]] and displayed for the [[veneration]] of the faithful.

At the time, the body was observed to be extremely well-preserved&mdash;a condition which the Church ascribes to the lack of air flow in his sealed triple [[coffin]] rather than to any [[miracle|miraculous]] event. When John was moved, the original vault &mdash; which was above the floor &mdash; was removed. A new vault was built beneath the ground, and [[Pope John Paul II]] was later buried in this vault.

He is honored by many [[Protestant]] organizations as a Christian reformer. Both [[Anglican]] and [[Lutheran]] [[Christian denomination|denominations]] commemorate John XXIII as a "renewer of the church."

From his early teens, he maintained a diary of spiritual reflections that was subsequently published as ''[[Journal of a Soul]]''. The collection of writings charts Roncalli's efforts as a young man to "grow in holiness" and continue after his election to the Papacy. It remains widely read.

== See also ==
*[[Orthodox Church]]
*[[Eastern Catholic Church]]
*[[Byzantine Discalced Carmelites]]
*[[Desert Fathers]]
*[[List of Righteous Among the Nations by country]]
*[[List of encyclicals of Pope John XXIII]]

==References==
* Peter Hebblethwaite & Margaret Hebblethwaite, ''John XXIII: Pope of the Century'' Continuum International, 2000 ISBN 0-8264-4995-6
* Malachi Martin, ''Vatican: a novel'' (Hew York, NY: Harper & Row, 1986) ISBN 0-06015-478-0
* Malachi Martin, ''The Keys of this Blood'' (New York, NY: Simon and Schuster, 1990) ISBN 0-67169-174-0
* Pope John XXIII, ''Journal of a Soul'' ("Giovanni XXIII Il Giornale dell' Anima". trans. Dorothy White, 1965 Geoffrey Chapman ISBN 0-225-66895-5
* Paul L. Williams, ''The Vatican Exposed.'' Amherst, NY: Prometheus Books, 2003 ISBN 1-59102-065-4
<references/>


==External links==
==External links==
{{Commons|Category: Howard Carter|Howard Carter(archaelogist)}}
{{Sisterlinks|Pope John XXIII|s=Author:Pope John XXIII}}
*[http://www.ashmolean.museum/gri/4search.html The Search for Tutankhamun]{{ndash}} from the [[Griffith Institute]] website, Howard Carter's records of the five seasons of excavations, financed by Lord Carnarvon, in the Valley of the Kings 1915&ndash;1922.
*[http://www.vatican.va/news_services/liturgy/saints/ns_lit_doc_20000903_john-xxiii_en.html Vatican biography]
*[http://www.ashmolean.museum/gri/4tut.html Tutankhamun{{ndash}} The Anatomy of an Excavation]
*[http://www.papagiovanni.com/ Official Homepage of the Birthplace House of the Blessed Pope John XXIII]
*[http://www.findagrave.com/cgi-bin/fg.cgi?page=gr&GRid=3665&pt= Grave of Howard Carter]
*[http://www.lewrockwell.com/orig/vennari2.html John XXIII was embalmed; Vatican denies he is subject of miracle of incorruptibility]
*[http://www.ashmolean.museum/gri/4sea1not.html Transcripts of Howard Carter's excavation diaries]
*[http://www.raoulwallenberg.net/?en/news/760.htm Advocating John XXIII as Righteous Among the Nations]
*[http://www.swaffhammuseum.co.uk/exhibitions.html Swaffham, Norfolk museum - Howard Carter exhibit]
*[http://www.stpetersbasilica.org/Monuments/JohnXXIII/JohnXXIII.htm Monument to John XXIII]
*[http://entertainment.timesonline.co.uk/tol/arts_and_entertainment/specials/tutankhamun/article2864354.ece Carter's ‘wonderful discovery’]
*[http://www.findagrave.com/cgi-bin/fg.cgi?page=gr&GRid=2380 Memorial Page for John XXIII]
*[http://www.vatican.va/holy_father/john_paul_ii/homilies/2000/documents/hf_jp-ii_hom_20000903_beatification_en.html Homily by Pope John Paul II from Pope John XXIII beatification mass]
* [http://www.intratext.com/Catalogo/Autori/AUT198.HTM Pope John XXIII]: text with concordances and frequency list
*[http://www.americancatholic.org/features/SaintofDay/#Audio]
* [http://www.documentacatholicaomnia.eu/01_01_1958-1963-_Ioannes_XXIII,_Beatus.html Pope John XXIII's Multilingual Opera Omnia]
;Video on YouTube &mdash; Italian Documentaries (English Subtitled)
*[http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=NNs-Z1Qrzkc Iohannes XXIII: the good Pope &mdash; part 1 of 2]
*[http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=kakdCdZBXwg Iohannes XXIII: the good Pope &mdash; part 2 of 2]
*[http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=_Wz8W96JrEM Pope Iohannes XXIII: pontificate and council &mdash; part 1]
*[http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=22CJ1YqUz0E Pope Iohannes XXIII: pontificate and death &mdash; part 2]


{{Ancient Egypt topics}}
{{s-start}}
{{s-rel|ca}}
{{s-bef|before=[[Carlo Cardinal Agostini]]}}
{{s-ttl|title=[[Patriarch of Venice]]|years=15 January 1953&ndash;28 October 1958}}
{{s-aft|after=[[Giovanni Cardinal Urbani]] }}
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{{s-ttl|title=[[Pope]]|years=28 October 1958 – 3 June 1963}}
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Revision as of 02:46, 11 October 2008

For other people named Howard Carter, see Howard Carter (disambiguation).
Howard carter
Howard Carter
Born(1874-05-09)May 9, 1874
Kensington
DiedMarch 2, 1939(1939-03-02) (aged 64)
London
NationalityEnglish
Known forDiscovery of the tomb of Tutankhamun
Scientific career
Fieldsarchaeologist and Egyptologist

Howard Carter (May 9 1874–March 2 1939) was an English archaeologist and Egyptologist, noted as a primary discoverer of the tomb of Tutankhamun.

In 1891, at the age of 17, Carter began studying inscriptions and paintings in Egypt. He worked on the excavation of Beni Hasan, the grave site of the princes of Middle Egypt, c. 2000 BC. Later he came under the tutelage of William Flinders Petrie.

He is also famous for finding the remains of Queen Hatshepsut's tomb in Deir el-Bahri. In 1899, Carter was offered a job working for the Egyptian Antiquities Service (EAS), from which he resigned as a result of a dispute between Egyptian site guards and a group of French tourists in 1905.

Tutankhamun's tomb

Tomb of Tutankhamun

In 1907, after several hard years, Carter was introduced to Lord Carnarvon. Soon, Carter was supervising all of Carnarvon's excavations.

Carnarvon financed Carter's search for the tomb of a previously unknown Pharaoh, Tutankhamun, whose existence Carter had discovered. After a few months of fruitless searching, Carnarvon was becoming dissatisfied with the lack of return from his investment and, in 1922, he gave Carter one more season of funding to find the tomb.

Carter's house in the Theban Necropolis

On 4 November 1922, Carter found the steps leading to Tutankhamun's tomb (subsequently designated KV62), by far the best preserved and most intact pharaonic tomb ever found in the Valley of the Kings. He wired Carnarvon to come, and on 26 November 1922, with Carnarvon, Carnarvon's daughter, and others in attendance, Carter made the famous "tiny breach in the top left hand corner" of the doorway, and was able to peer in by the light of a candle and see that many of the gold and ebony treasures were still in place. He did not yet know at that point whether it was "a tomb or merely a cache", but he did see a promising sealed doorway between two sentinel statues. When Carnarvon asked him if he saw anything, Carter replied: "Yes, wonderful things".[1]

KV62 in the Valley of the Kings

The next several weeks were spent carefully cataloging the contents of the antechamber. On February 16, 1923, Carter opened the sealed doorway, and found that it did indeed lead to a burial chamber, and he got his first glimpse of the sarcophagus of Tutankhamun.

Carter's own papers suggest that he, Lord Carnarvon and Lady Evelyn Herbert entered the tomb shortly after its discovery – without waiting for the arrival of Egyptian officials (as stipulated in their excavation permit).[citation needed] Artifacts and jewelry from the tomb were found in Carter's home after his death, suggesting that he had violated his permit.[citation needed]

When he discovered the tomb, it was said he also found 150 gold amulets and even a death mask weighing 11 kilograms, with which the pharaoh was buried. Carter was thought to have used an axe to retrieve the gold charms and the mummy was broken into 18 pieces.[citation needed] Due to the poor archaeological knowledge at the time, Carter left the mummy for hours without protection under the sun (in November, more than 35 degrees Celsius).[citation needed]

Later work and death

Following his extensive finds, Howard Carter retired from archeology and became a collector. He visited the United States (USA) in 1924, and gave a series of illustrated lectures in New York City which were attended by very large and enthusiastic audiences, sparking egyptomania in the United States. He died of lymphoma, a type of cancer, in England on March 2, 1939[2] at the age of 64. The archaeologist's death, so long after the opening of the tomb despite being the leader of the expedition, is the most common piece of evidence put forward by skeptics to refute the idea of a curse (the "Curse of the Pharaohs") plaguing the party that violated Tutankhamen's tomb. His living descendants include Valerie Darroch, née Carter, and her family.

Howard Carter is buried in Putney Vale Cemetery in West London. On his gravestone is written: "May your spirit live, May you spend millions of years, You who love Thebes, Sitting with your face to the north wind, Your eyes beholding happiness"[3] and "O night, spread thy wings over me as the imperishable stars".[4]

In popular culture

Film and Television

Carter has been portrayed by the following actors in film and television productions;[5]

Literature

He appears as a character throughout most of the Amelia Peabody series of books by 'Elizabeth Peters' (a pseudonym of Egyptologist Dr Barbara Mertz).

Music

In Search of the Pharaohs - a 30-minute cantata for narrator, junior choir and piano by composer Robert Steadman, commissioned by the City of London Freemen's School which uses extracts from Carter's diaries as its text.[citation needed]

Art

A paraphrased extract from Howard Carter's diary of November 26 1922 is used as the plaintext for Part 3 of the encrypted Kryptos sculpture at CIA Headquarters in Langley, Virginia.[6]

References

  1. ^ King Tutankhamen's Tomb - Crystalinks
  2. ^ Howard Carter, 66, Egyptologist, Dies
  3. ^ from the Wishing Cup of Tutankhamun
  4. ^ C.f the prayer to the Goddess Nut found on the lids of New Kingdom coffins: "O my mother Nut, spread yourself over me, so that I may be placed among the imperishable stars and may never die." (http://www.swan.ac.uk/egypt/events/womentext.htm)
  5. ^ "Howard Carter (Character)". IMDb.com. Retrieved May 8. {{cite web}}: Check date values in: |accessdate= (help); Cite has empty unknown parameters: |accessdaymonth=, |month=, |accessmonthday=, and |coauthors= (help); Unknown parameter |accessyear= ignored (|access-date= suggested) (help)
  6. ^ CNN.com - Cracking the code - Jun 19, 2005

Further reading

  • James, T.G.H. Howard Carter: The Path to Tutankhamun. London: Kegan Paul International, 1992 (hardcover, ISBN 0710304250); London: Tauris Parke, 2001 (paperback, ISBN 1-86064-615-8)
  • Reeves, Nicholas; Taylor, John H. Howard Carter: Before Tutankhamun, London: British Museum Press, 1992 (hardcover, ISBN 0714109525); New York: H. N. Abrams, 1993 (hardcover, ISBN 0810931869)
  • Vandenberg, Philipp. The Forgotten Pharaoh: The Discovery of Tutankhamun. London: Hodder and Stoughton, 1980 (hardcover, ISBN 0340246642)
  • Winstone, H.V.F. Howard Carter and the Discovery of the Tomb of Tutankhamun. Manchester: Barzan Publishing, 2006 (hardcover, ISBN 1905521049; paperback, ISBN 1905521057)

External links

Wikimedia Commons has media related to Howard Carter(archaelogist).
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