George Herbert, 5th Earl of Carnarvon
George Edward Stanhope Molyneux Herbert, 5th Earl of Carnarvon (born June 26, 1866 in Highclere Castle , Hampshire , † April 5, 1923 in Cairo ), usually referred to simply as Lord Carnarvon , was a British aristocrat who was primarily a financier became known for the excavation of the ancient Egyptian tomb of Pharaoh Tutankhamun in the Valley of the Kings .
Childhood and school
George Herbert belonged to the Anglo-Welsh dynasty Herbert and could trace his ancestry to King Edward III. and Henry VII . As the only son and heir of his father Henry Herbert, 4th Earl of Carnarvon (see also Earl of Carnarvon ) in addition to three sisters, he carried the courtesy title of Lord Porchester and was called "Porchy" in the family. His mother, Lady Evelyn Stanhope, daughter of George Stanhope, 6th Earl of Chesterfield, died on January 25, 1875, when he was eight years old. His father married Elizabeth Catherine Howard on December 26, 1878. From this marriage two other sons were born. His aunts now helped raise Porchy and his Devonian cousins introduced him to his first passion, horses.
His private tutors called him lazy and he was seen as “retarded”, which is remarkable for a boy who was already 10 years old and conversed in French with his mother and his tutors and also mastered German, Latin grammar and the basics of the Greek language .
During his school days in Eton there broke a measles - epidemic and the boys survived by showering each other with water from cans, in order to reduce the fever. He criticized both the food and the standard of teaching at Eton, but not his classmates. Porchester, however, loathed the classics taught at Eton. So he received private lessons for some time. He spent a few months in Embleton with Dr. Creighton, later Bishop of London. This was followed by work with teachers in England and Hanover with the aim of joining the army. However, he suddenly became interested in science and entered Trinity College at the University of Cambridge in 1885 . However, it is not entirely clear whether he actually received the academic degree here. In Cambridge he also began to collect French prints and drawings, especially by Félicien Rops .
The young adventurer
During the holidays he learned to sail at the family villa Altachiara (Italian for highclere), which was built in Portofino in 1874 by his father Henry Herbert, 4th Earl of Carnarvon . He was so fond of sailing that in 1887, after leaving Cambridge, he took his first voyage on his sailing ship "Aphrodite" with a captain and a full crew. He was planning a circumnavigation. From Vigo it went via Cape Verde , West Indies to Pernambuco and then in 42 days to Rio de Janeiro . On this long trip he discovered the pleasure of reading. In Buenos Aires , Admiral Kennedy convinced him to give up the circumnavigation of Cape Horn as suicidal at this time of year.
In 1890 he toured South Africa, Australia and Japan. On his return to England he was confronted with the death of his father on June 28, 1890, so that at the age of 23 he inherited the title of Earl of Carnarvon .
Even after that, he continued his travels, indulging in his passions, sports and the study of history. In 1894 he chartered the yacht "Catarina" and made a second trip to South America with his friend Prince Victor Duleep Singh.
The legacy of "Bretby Hall"
Since his uncle had died in 1871 and his mother in 1875, Lord Porchester inherited the Chesterfield family seat, Bretby Hall, in Derbyshire, as the only male descendant after the death of his grandmother, Anne Elizabeth, Dowager Countess of Chesterfield, in 1885. His grandfather, the 6th Earl of Chesterfield, had set up a stud farm for racehorses here in 1840, as well as a small two-mile racecourse for training purposes.
Carnarvon had the old stables and the brewery next to the house demolished and new ones built opposite the garden wall. He had a siding laid from the Burton-Leicester railway line to the pit of Stanhope Bretby and built a platform. Guests traveled here by train and on to Bretby Hall by horse and carriage. The huge park was full of game, so that every year hunting was invited. Lord and Lady Carnarvon came regularly for the hunting season, but lived in Highclere.
During the First World War , the 5th Earl Carnarvon began to disband Bretby. In 1916 the game that was needed for food was shot down and many of the valuable trees in the park were felled. In 1918 he had furnishings auctioned at Christie's auction under "Bretby Heirlooms".
Finally, in 1920, he sold the property to J. D. Wragg, a local industrialist. It has been suggested that the Lord wanted to finance Howard Carter's excavations by selling Bretby Hall.
marriage
.jpg)
When he returned from this second trip to South America, he married Almina Victoria Maria Alexandra Wombwell on June 26, 1895 - on his 29th birthday - in Margaret's Church in Westminster . Almina was the illegitimate daughter of Alfred de Rothschild (1842-1918), a son of Lionel de Rothschild . The dowry was the sum of half a million pounds and enabled Carnarvon to lead a lavish lifestyle. Almina gave birth to Herbert on November 7, 1898, the desired heir, Henry, as well as a daughter Evelyn, born on August 15, 1901, who later became her father's travel companion and, when he was sick, his carer. After Alfred Rothschild's death in 1918, Lady Carnarvon became his sole heir.
For the next eight to ten years they led the carefree life of the upper class . So they spent the hunting season in Brenton Hall and the opera season in London. He loved his children and was a good father to them. But there were always sudden trips to Paris, Istanbul, Sweden, Italy and Berlin. He was an art collector and had a collection of rare (illuminated) books.
The 1901 car accident and its consequences
The third car registered in England belonged to Herbert. The lord already owned a car in France, where it could be bought earlier than in England. He liked to drive himself and he liked to drive fast. This was also the case in 1901 on the Bäderstraße above Heimbach near Langenschwalbach in Hesse , where his wife was waiting for him. When an ox cart crossed his path behind a hilltop, Herbert dodged to the side and rolled over. He was so badly injured that Trotman, his driver in the passenger seat who was thrown out of the car, had to resuscitate him. He had a severe concussion , his legs were burned, his wrist was broken, he was temporarily blind, and his palate and jaw were injured. His wife immediately provided the best medical care, but for the rest of his life he suffered from repetitive operations and dangerous illnesses.
He tried not to let his complaints show. When excruciating headaches prevented him from shooting, he switched to golf , where he became a scratch player . When the strength for golf was no longer sufficient, he turned to photography , where he quickly became a master. In 1916 he was elected President of the Camera Club.
In 1902 Herbert set up a stud at Highclere to breed racehorses. In 1905 he was appointed one of the "stewards" at the new Newbury racecourse . The family has been linked to Newbury ever since, and his grandson, Henry Herbert, 7th Earl of Carnarvon , was Queen Elizabeth II's race director in 1969 .
During the First World War - Herbert was unfit - he was called to the Royal Headquarters Flying Corps to brief them on aerial photography in three days . His severe mouth and jaw injury spoke in his eyes against going into politics and speaking in public like his father, as did his common illnesses. He had always been interested in mechanical inventions, so it is not surprising that Captain Geoffrey de Havilland designed the first aircraft on Herbert's property in Beacon Hill , which then evolved into the DH 9 and became one of the main combat aircraft during the war .
Collaboration Carnarvon and Howard Carter
Because of his poor health, Lord Carnarvon liked to spend the winter months in Egypt. Here he soon found interest in archeology . Since he lacked the necessary specialist knowledge, he was looking for an excavation manager. The director of the Egyptian Antiquities Administration in Cairo, Gaston Maspero , recommended Howard Carter for this task . Their collaboration began in 1907.
In the necropolis of the valley of Deir el-Bahari lie the nineteen sites that were jointly investigated by both in 1909 and 1910. It was of special concern to them and worth many attempts to discover a hidden grave there. Carnarvon writes: "My attention was drawn to the part of the necropolis that was between the Dromos that leads to Der el Bahari and the great gorge that leads to the Valley of the Kings." These three places were:
- a point a few meters north of the village mosque where - according to the locals - there is a hidden grave
- the Birabi (burial vault), near the desert, between the hills of Drah abu el Nagga and the cultivated fields and adjacent to the dromos of Hatshepsut's famous terrace temples and
- the part of the cemetery of the XI. Dynasty that is located along the slope on the northern side of the Der el Bahari Valley.
For example, they discovered a grave complex in the grave field of Dra Abu el-Naga and others during three other winter excavation periods in West Thebes . In the years that followed, Carter and Herbert made some important discoveries. These included two so-called "disappeared" temples, those of Hatshepsut and Ramses IV (approx. 1154–1148 BC), as well as a number of graves of important nobles from the years 2000–1500 BC. They published this in 1912 in their joint book Five Years' Explorations at Thebes, a record of work done 1907–1911 . In 1912 they moved to Sakha in the Delta and the following year to Tell el-Balamun . Here, however, their excavations had little success.
The valley of the kings
Actually, both were just waiting for their chance to dig in the Valley of the Kings . In 1914, Theodore M. Davis was forced to give up his excavation work there for health reasons and Lord Carnarvon took over his license for the Valley of the Kings. Excavations were not allowed in Egypt without a license. In professional circles, the Valley of the Kings was considered archaeologically exhausted, as 25 entrances to pharaohs tombs had already been uncovered. Howard Carter, however, remained undeterred.
Text of the Earl of Carnarvon's excavation license for the Valley of the Kings
"Ministry of Public Works, Antiquities Service
AUTHORIZATION TO EXCAVATE
I, the undersigned, Director-General of the Antiquities Service, acting in virtue of the powers delegated to me, hereby authorize the Right Honorable Earl of Carnarvon, residing at Highclere Castle, to carry out scientific excavations in the Valley of the Kings, on lands belonging to the State, free, unbuilt upon, uncultivated, not included within the Military Zone, nor comprising any cemeteries, quarries etc., and, in general, not devoted to any public use, and this on the following conditions: -
1. The work of excavation shall be carried out at the expense, risk and peril of the Earl of Carnarvon by Mr. Howard Cater; the latter should be constantly present during excavation.
2. Work shall be executed under the control of the Antiquities Service, who shall have the right not only to supervise the work, but also to alter the manner of the execution if they so deem proper for the success of the undertaking.
3. If a tomb, or any other monument, happens to be discovered, the Permission or his representative is bound to give notice at once to the Chief Inspector of Upper Egypt at Luxor.
4. To the Permission himself shall be reserved the privilege of opening the tomb or monument discovered and of being the first to enter therein.
5. At the moment of the opening the Chief Inspector of the Antiquities Service shall, if he considers necessary, place on the spot the number of guardians he shall deem to be required.
6. The Permission, or his representative, after examining the said tomb or monument, and having taken such notes as he may judge necessary, shall, if so desired, hand it over to the Inspector of Antiquities Service or to any other agent to be appointed by the said service.
8, Mummies of the Kings, of Princes and of High Priests, together with their coffins and sarcophagi, shall remain the property of the Antiquities Service.
9. Tombs which are discovered intact, together with all objects they may contain, shall be handed over to the museum whole and without division.
10. In the case of tombs which have already been searched, the Antiquities Service shall, over and above the mummies and sarcophagi intended in Article 8, reserve for themselves all objects of capital importance from the point of view of history and archeology, and shall share the remainder with the committee.
As it is probable that the majority of such tombs as may be discovered will fall within the category of the present article, it is agreed that the permission's share will sufficiently recompense him for the pains and labor of the undertaking.
11. Once the excavations are completed, the Permission is bound to leave the site of his operations in a satisfactory condition of leveling.
12. The Committee further engages: A. Not to take squeezes of colored monuments by means of wet paper. B. To deposit at the Museum and, if possible, at the Sultanian Library copies of such books, memoirs, pamphlets, or collections of engravings as may be published by him on the objects discovered in the course of his excavations. C. To deliver to the Antiquities Service, within two years from the day on which the works have been completed: (1) a sketch, or if necessary in the opinion of the Service, a plan of the field of excavations, ready for publication in the Annals of the Museum; (2) a summary list referring to the plan and showing the position of the objects forming a whole, such as sarcophagi, boats, funerary statues, glassware, or amulets, etc. Belonging to the same sarcophagus.
13. Any infraction, on the part of the Permission or his agents, of the conditions above stated shall entail the cancellation of the present authorization, without any notice being given or any formality being taken.
In such case the Antiquities Service, acting departmentally, shall at once stop all work and shall take such steps as it may deem necessary in its own interests and for the safe-guarding of the monuments or objects already discovered at the moment of the stoppage of the excavations, and this without the permission, or any agent of his, having any right to claim any indemnity of compensation whatsoever or for any reason.
The present authorization holds good for one year, to run from April 18th, 1915, subject to renewal at the discretion of the service.
Done, in duplicate, at Cairo, April 18th, 1915. Acting Director-General Antiquities Service, Signed: Daressy
Seen and accepted the present authorization for the Earl of Carnarvon. Signed: Howard Carter "
However, the First World War thwarted all plans because Lord Carnarvon was indispensable in England. When the war broke out, Lord and Lady Carnarvon transformed Highclere Castle into an officers' hospital, later relocated to 38, Bryanston Square, London. Luckily, when the Lord suffered appendicitis in 1919, he was operated on there at the last minute. He loved his children and was glad that his son Henry survived the war unharmed.
Carter worked as an interpreter for the British military in Cairo. Serious excavation work only started in 1917. For five consecutive winters, an army of workers searched unsuccessfully between the entrances to the already opened graves. Lord Carnarvon now wanted to discontinue the project for reasons of cost, because by this point he had literally put the enormous sum of 45,000 British pounds in the sand. Today that would correspond to at least one million euros. However, Carter managed to persuade Carnarvon to start another digging season in the summer of 1922. With this economic hedge for a final season, Carter left England and reached Cairo on October 11th.
Tutankhamun's tomb
Directly below the entrance to the tomb of Ramses VI. ( KV9 ) there were remains of stone construction workers' huts that had been built around 3000 years ago. 50 workers started work here on November 1, 1922. They removed the huts to dig under their foundations. On November 4th, his workers had already found a staircase leading to the entrance to a grave. Carter recognized immediately from the official seal of the Theban necropolis that a high-ranking person had been buried behind it. He bored a hole in the walled-in passage, put a lamp through it, and saw a passage filled with stones and rubble. The next day he sent a telegram to Lord Carnarvon: “... I have finally made a wonderful discovery in the valley; a grand tomb with the seals undamaged; until you arrive everything covered again. Congratulations! ”Three weeks later the Lord and his daughter, Lady Evelyn, arrived in Luxor.
On November 24, 1922, Lord Carnarvon and his daughter were at the discovered grave. When they had exposed the filled-in steps again, they stood in front of the walled-up opening and discovered another seal on the lower edge of the door. It bore the throne name of King Tutankhamun : Neb-cheperu-Re . Only now was it certain that they had found the grave for which they had been looking for six years. One day later, the gate lock was dismantled and the workers cleared the 7.60 m long corridor from rubble.
On November 26th they stood in front of a door wall. Carter and Arthur R. Callender , whom he had visited in early November and won over to collaborate, pierced them with an iron bar. Hot air, which had not been able to escape for millennia, shot towards them. Carter held a candle flame in the draft to make sure it did not contain any toxic gases. He widened the hole and inserted a candle, which flickered because of the hot air escaping from the chamber. Strange animals, statues, and shimmering gold soon appeared before his eyes. When Lord Carnarvon could not stand the uncertainty any longer and asked, "Can you see anything?", All Carter could get out was, "Yes, wonderful things!" They looked into the so-called antechamber. In this antechamber alone they later registered between six and seven hundred objects and the adjoining side chamber ( annex ) resembled a warehouse. They had found an undamaged grave.
On Wednesday, November 29th, the "official opening of the grave" took place, to which around 20 people were invited. At 12.30 p.m. lunch was served near grave 15 . Then Lady Allenby and the Mudir of Kena opened the tomb with Lord Carnarvon and Carter. At about 3:00 p.m. a messenger was sent to Luxor with a special report for The Times . Now the news went around the world. In Germany, the public learned of the great discovery by Ludwig Borchardt , who had found the bust of Queen Nefertiti while uncovering the sculpture workshop of Thutmose in Amarna . His lecture to the Vorderasiatische Gesellschaft on December 6th appeared in the Vossische Zeitung the next day .
Specialist colleagues, media representatives and even King Fu'ad I were present. Lord Carnarvon maintained contacts and hurried from reception to reception. In order to ensure reliable coverage, he had signed an exclusive contract with the Times on January 23 for the duration of the excavation.
The agreement with the Times provided an initial payment of £ 5,000 and a 75% royalty on subsequent sales of the newspaper to other newspapers. At the moment it seemed like a good idea, both financially and practically, but the exclusive deal was quickly seen as an affront not only to the Egyptian press but also to the rest of the world. It should not be forgotten that the newspaper was the only medium through which news was spread at the time. Carnarvon was still able to deal diplomatically with the press. After Carter's death, with the start of the new excavation season in autumn 1923, he was exposed to a real "guerrilla war" in which the new Egyptian government was to play a role.
The daily life
Visitors came from the Nile with a donkey. To the left of the historical photo of the Valley of the Kings is the shelter where the animals waited. Howard Carter built this donkey shelter in 1901–1902. It was located directly above the forgotten entrance of grave KV5 .
Around 1911 Carter built his house ( Castle Carter ) in Qurna , which the architect Somers Clarke had designed for him. Clarke had come to Egypt in 1902 and built a mud-brick house of the type known here, 80 km south of Luxor and similar to Carter's.
It is known that Carter of Qurna or his associates who lived in Luxor reached the Valley of the Kings by mule. However, there is a photo of Lord Carnarvon's car outside Carter's house. We have survived a letter from Arthur Mace to his wife dated March 15, 1923 after Lord Carnarvon left for Cairo we have the use of the car again - rather a good thing now it is getting warmer as the road to the valley is a regular sun trap. ("We have the use of the car - a pretty good thing now that it's getting warmer and the road to the valley is a real sun trap.")
The necessary work material also had to be brought in from the bank of the Nile. A train went from Luxor to Cairo, where a lot had to be bought.
The work in the burial chamber
Immediately after the sensational find became known, offers of help were received from all parts of the world, which made it possible to set up an outpatient analysis laboratory and an extensive warehouse of pharmaceutical preparations and packaging material.
Carter had been a frequent guest at the Metropolitan House, where Herbert E. Winlock and his team stayed during the excavation season. He knew he needed help recovering the grave treasures. So he sent a telegram to London, where the head of the Egyptian department of the Metropolitan Museum of Art, Albert M. Lythgoe , was just staying. Lythgoe responded promptly and offered all assistance to his British colleagues. This gave Carter the two draftsmen Walter Hauser and Lindsley Foote Hall and Harry Burton an excellent photographer who specialized in archeology. Arthur C. Mace , an archaeologist who worked for the Metropolitan Museum of Art in el-Lisht , was posted to Thebes. With him, Carter received a knowledgeable conservator and assistant. The philologist Alan Gardiner took on the inscriptions and James H. Breasted of the University of Chicago provided his knowledge of the historical significance of the seal impressions. Percy E. Newberry , who had brought Carter to Egypt for the first time thirty years earlier, examined the flower additions as a botanist and Egyptologist. Alfred Lucas , former director of the chemistry department in the antiquities administration in Cairo, examined and preserved the organic materials, such as textiles, oils and fats in a makeshift laboratory in the burial chamber of King Sethos I with Mace . Never before in the history of archeology had there been such exemplary international cooperation.
It took until mid-February 1923 when the work in the antechamber was finished. Every inch of the ground had been sifted for the last pearl. The antechamber was now completely cleared and empty.
On Friday, February 17, 1923, at two o'clock in the afternoon, in the presence of around 20 selected eyewitnesses, Carter began to remove brick by brick from the wall between the antechamber and the coffin chamber. Then he stood in front of a wall made of solid gold, the gilded wooden shrine of Tutankhamun . Such a shrine had never been found in any other pharaoh's tomb. It took up almost the whole room, only a narrow passage remained free. From the coffin chamber, Carter and Lord Carnarvon could enter the adjoining treasury. This offered even bigger surprises than the antechamber, a gilded canopic shrine surrounded by four protective goddesses . These goddesses were of such grace and beauty that all the guests who could only enter in pairs because of the narrow space of the chamber were moved. For Lord Carnarvon this day was the highlight of his life.
The grave was given the number KV62 (King Valley).
death
The earl had been stabbed in the cheek by a mosquito . Shaving with a knife ignited the sting. On March 14th, he left the Valley of the Kings, accompanied by Richard Bethell, who had acted as a kind of secretary since February, to travel to Cairo. The doctor in Luxor advised him against the trip. Herbert did not listen to him, however, and went to Cairo to negotiate with Lacau about future work in the grave and the question of how the find would be divided. Lacau, however, was sick and unable to speak.
Lord Carnarvon invited Alan Gardiner to dinner and complained of tiredness and despondency and that his face ached. On March 18, Carter received a letter from Lady Evelyn asking her father to tell him that he had not yet been able to speak to Lacau. She then goes on to say that her father had a fever last night and that his glands were swollen.
It is known from Carter's diaries that he traveled to Cairo on March 20 to the bedside of Lord Carnarvon in the “Continental Savoy Hotel”. On March 21st he wrote in his diary: "Found Ld. C. very ill with an acute attack of erysipelas and blood poisoning."
His entry from March 26th reads:
"" Lord C. developed pneumonia. Lady Carnarvon arrived. “Lady Carnarvon had arrived by plane accompanied by the general practitioner Dr. Johnson. Lord Porchester, the son, also arrived in Cairo. And then on April 5th “Poor Ld. C. died during the early hours of the morning.” “
After Lady Carnarvon left Egypt with the coffin on the ship Malova on April 14th, Carter returned to Luxor on the 15th.
A memorial service for Lord Carnarvon was held on April 30th. Lord Carnarvon was buried on the family estate at Beacon Hill Hillfort in Highclere ( map ).
After Lord Carnarvon's death
The newspapers turned the death of the lords into the curse of Pharaoh . At some point, the speculation went too far for Carter and he stood up to the "ridiculous stories" with force. There have always been grave curses and death wishes on inscriptions, but these served to demand respect for the dead. They were also addressed to the servants in the necropolis, who were constantly tempted to steal the grave goods and thus disturb the peace of the dead. He, Carter, goes "to his work certainly with awe and holy seriousness" and the sterility of the grave has been scientifically proven.
In order for Carter's work to continue, Carnarvon's widow, Lady Almina, accepted the excavation concession.
Carnarvon's collection of antiques
In 1907, Carnarvon began collecting Egyptian antiquities. Only the best was good enough for him and money was not an issue when buying objects.
In the early 20th century, it was customary to share the finds between the head of the excavation (and his sponsor such as Carnarvon) and the Egyptian government. The objects that Herbert brought from Egypt are on display in Highclere Castle. However, there was nothing among them from Tutankhamun's tomb.
When Carter listed Lord Carnarvon's collection in November 1924, it counted 1,218 objects. According to Lord Carnarvon's will, if his wife were to sell the antiques, they should first be offered to the nation, the British Museum , for £ 20,000 - which was well below value. If the British Museum refused, it should be offered to the Metropolitan Museum of Art in New York at a price to be negotiated and set by Carter.
Lady Carnarvon was not keen on leaving the collection to the nation at a discount price, but followed her husband's will by offering it to the British Museum. She asked the director to pay the sum by 4 p.m. on the same day - knowing full well that a museum cannot meet such a “deadline”. The way was now clear to offer them to the Metropolitan Museum of Art in New York, which bought the collection for $ 145,000 in 1926.
Carter mentioned in his list that he had left "some insignificant parts" in Highclere. These were stored in cupboards and were discovered by the family in 1987. The British Museum and Newbury Museum loaned some pieces that were previously given to them by the Carnarvon family, so that an Egyptian collection can be seen in Highclere during the summer months.
Works
- Howard Carter and Earl of Carnarvon, George Edward Stanhope Molyneux Herbert: Five Years' Explorations at Thebes: a record of work done 1907-1911. Oxford University Press, Oxford 1912 ( digitized ).
- Howard Carter: Tutankhamen: The Politics of Discovery . Own print 1924; Reprint: Libri Publications, London 1998, ISBN 978-1-901965-00-1 .
literature
- Manfred-Guido Schmitz: Bad Schwalbach, Lord Carnarvon and the grave of Tut-ench-Amun. Schmitz, Kelkheim 1999, ISBN 3-922272-52-5 .
- Howard Carter, Arthur C. Mace: Tut-ench-Amun. An Egyptian royal tomb. Brockhaus, Leipzig 1924–1934. New edition 1950.
- Arnold C. Brackman : They found the golden god. The tomb of Tutankhamun and his discovery. Bechtermünz, Augsburg 1999, ISBN 3-8289-0333-9 .
- Fiona Carnarvon, 8th Countess of Carnarvon: Carnarvon & Carter: The Story of the Two Englishmen who Discovered the Tomb of Tutankhamun. Highclere Enterprises, Newbury GB 2007, no ISBN.
- Howard Carter , In: The Brockhaus, Archeology: High cultures, excavation sites, finds. Brockhaus, Mannheim / Leipzig 2009, ISBN 3-7653-3321-2 , p. 131.
- Aidan Dodson : Carnavon, George Edward Stanhope Molyneux Herbert, Earl of. In: Kathryn A. Bard (Ed.): Encyclopedia of the Archeology of Ancient Egypt. Routledge, London 1999, ISBN 0-415-18589-0 , pp. 189-190.
- TGH James : Howard Carter: The Path to Tutankhamun. 2nd edition, Taurus Parke Paperbacks, London / New York 2006, ISBN 978-1-84511-258-5 (English).
- Gottfried Kirchner: The curse of the Pharaoh. The secret knowledge of the ancient Egyptians (= TERRA X riddle of ancient world cultures. Vol. 02353). 8th edition, Umschau Verlag, Frankfurt am Main 1986, ISBN 3-524-69060-2 .
- Nicholas Reeves : The Valley of the Kings. Weltbild, Augsburg 2002, ISBN 3-8289-0739-3 .
Web links
- List of books for KV 62
- Newspaper article about George Herbert, 5th Earl of Carnarvon in the 20th century press kit of the ZBW - Leibniz Information Center for Economics .
Individual evidence
- ^ Highclere Castle
- ↑ George Edward Stanhope Molyneux Herbert, 5th Earl of Carnarvon on thepeerage.com , accessed August 20, 2015.
- ↑ italia property forum
- ↑ a b Howard Carter, Arthur Cruttenden Mace: The discovery of the tomb of Tutankhamen . Cassell, London 1923, new edition Dover Pubn Inc. 1985, ISBN 978-0-486-23500-4 - Introduction by Winifred Anne Henrietta Christine Herbert Gardner Burghclere, a sister of the Lord
- ↑ Bretby ( Memento of the original from June 13, 2011 in the Internet Archive ) Info: The archive link was inserted automatically and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice. (PDF; 1.6 MB)
- ↑ Christie's with a reference to the 1918 auction
- ^ Alfred de Rothschild as collector and connoisseur. (PDF; 323 kB) Accessed September 1, 2019 (English).
- ↑ Almina Wombwell ( Memento from July 10, 2012 in the web archive archive.today ). Accessed November 23, 2015.
- ^ Report of the hessenschau from April 30, 2011
- ^ Obituary in the Independent
- ^ Carnarvon in Five Years' Explorations at Thebes, a record of work done 1907-1911 , introduction
- ↑ Carter, Howard In: Brockhaus: Archeology - Hochkulturen, Grabungsstätten, Funde , 2009, p. 131 ff
- ↑ This copy is in the Griffith Institute, Oxford, Carter Papers VI 13.
- ↑ Howard Carter's Diaries Part 1: October 28 to December 31, 1922
- ↑ Contract with the Times dated January 23, 1923
- ↑ Nicholas Reeves in the introduction to Tutankhamen: The Politics of Discovery
- ↑ Picture of Clarke's house (PDF; 10.3 MB)
- ↑ Picture of Carter's house (PDF; 4.8 MB)
- ^ TGH James: Howard Carter , p. 296
- ↑ The Pharaoh's Photographer: Harry Burton
- ↑ Overview - KV 62, Tomb of Tutankhamun (18th Dynasty) Theban Mapping Project
- ^ Howard Carter's diary in the Griffith Institute, Oxford
- ^ AC Mace Diary at the Griffith Institute
- ↑ CARNARVON IS DEAD OF AN INSECT'S BITE AT PHARAOH'S TOMB April 5, 1923, Thursday The New York Times
- ↑ Metmuseum collection Ägpt. art
- ^ The life of Lord Carnarvon
- ↑ Egyptian antiquities in Highclere ( Memento of the original from May 25, 2011 in the Internet Archive ) Info: The archive link was inserted automatically and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice.
| predecessor | Office | successor |
|---|---|---|
| Henry Herbert |
Earl of Carnarvon 1890-1923 |
Henry George Herbert |
| personal data | |
|---|---|
| SURNAME | Herbert, George, 5th Earl of Carnarvon |
| ALTERNATIVE NAMES | Lord Carnarvon; Herbert, George |
| BRIEF DESCRIPTION | British aristocrat, financier of the excavation of the Egyptian pharaoh Tutankhamun |
| DATE OF BIRTH | June 26, 1866 |
| PLACE OF BIRTH | Highclere Castle, Berkshire |
| DATE OF DEATH | April 5, 1923 |
| Place of death | Cairo |