Deir el-Bahari

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Temple of Hatshepsut (front) and Mentuhotep II (back)
Map of the temple complexes
of Deir el-Bahari
I) Temple of Mentuhotep II.
1) Bab el-Hosan
2) Vestibule
3) Terrace with colonnade
4) Tumulus
5) Hypostyle
6) Sanctuary
II) Temple of Thutmose III.
III) Temple of Hatshepsut
7) Courtyard
8) First portico
9) Brick temple Amenhotep I.
10) Second portico
11) Hathor chapel
12) Anubis chapel
13) Courtyard
14) Amun shrine
15) Sun temple
16) Shrine of Hatshepsut and des Thutmose III.

Deir el-Bahari ( Arabic الدير البحري, DMG ad-Dair al-baḥrī ) is an ancient necropolis in Egypt , which is north of Thebes on the west side of the Nile opposite the city of Luxor , in the governorate of al-Uqsur . In addition to numerous rock tombs , including the most spectacular find, the royal cachette , in which over 40 mummies were found, the necropolis is known for its three mortuary temples .

temple

Mortuary temple Mentuhotep

First here who let Pharaoh Mentuhotep II. ( 11th Dynasty ) built his temple with burial ground. An avenue leading to the grave monument was lined with painted sandstone statues depicting it. In and around the temple he had his queens, soldiers and high officials buried. This temple also stands out due to its unique architecture. Another special feature is the fact that this is the only monumental complex in Thebes-West from the time of the Middle Kingdom.

Hatshepsut mortuary temple

The mortuary temple of Hatshepsut ( Djeser-djeseru ) dates from the 18th dynasty and is the best preserved temple in Deir el-Bahari. Its idiosyncratic architecture is striking. In Christian times the monastery of St. Phoibammon was built on the temple of Hatshepsut . The Phoibammon Monastery was used until the 11th century and was visited by various bishops. In the 19th century, the ruins of the monastery were torn down by Auguste Mariette and Edouard Naville in order to get to the temple parts below. Naville documented his work in detail in seven volumes: The Temple of Deir el Bahari (= EEF, 12-14, 16, 19, 27, 29). 7 volumes, London, 1894–1898.

Mortuary temple Thutmose III.

In addition to his already existing temples Ach-menu ( Karnak ) and Henket-anch (north of the Ramesseum ) Thutmose III. towards the end of his reign build the funerary temple Djeser-achet ( Holy Horizon ) above the Hathor Chapel .

The complex, built in the middle behind Hatshepsuts and Mentuhoteps II. Mortuary temples, is the smallest of the three temples and the most destroyed. This temple was built a little higher because there would have been no space between the other two temples. The temple of Thutmose III. its axis is precisely aligned with the Karnak temple. The two temples of the New Kingdom were built as millions of years old.

Model of the entire system

Since October 2016, using the latest scientific findings, a walk-in model of the system has been created in Second Life, the main focus of which is on the overall architectural design and the interplay between buildings and gardens (see web links).

and display information about the image
360 degree panorama of Deir el-Bahari with the mortuary temple of Hatshepsut

Graves

The Deir el-Bahari cachette

The most spectacular find in Deir el-Bahari was probably the discovery of grave DB320 (also TT320) by Ahmed Abdelrassul around 1871. The Abdelrassul family kept silent about the discovery of the grave from the 21st dynasty , which contained rich grave goods and the mummies of over 40 people, including numerous royal mummies from the 17th to 21st dynasties. Pieces of the find were sold piece by piece until the then head of the antiquities authority , Gaston Maspero , became aware of it. On July 6th, 1881, his assistant Emil Brugsch was granted the opportunity to recover the finds of what is now known as the “Royal cachette of Deir el-Bahari”.

Some of the well-known tombs

Grave no .: Surname title Dynasty / ruler Finds / remarks
TT308 Kemsit Wife of the king 11th Dynasty (Mentuhotep II.) Wife of Mentuhotep II.
TT310 unknown Chancellor 11th dynasty
TT313 Henenu Head of House 11th dynasty
TT316 Neferhotep Arch support 12th or 13th dynasty
TT319 Neferu Wife of the king 11th Dynasty (Mentuhotep II.) Wife of Mentuhotep II.
TT320 Pinudjem II High priest of Amun 21st Dynasty ( Amenemope , Osochor , Siamun ) Grave, was used as a mummy depot from the 22nd Dynasty "Cachette von Deir el-Bahari"
TT353 Senility Steward, civil servant 18th Dynasty ( Hatshepsut )
TT386 Antef general 11th Dynasty (Mentuhotep II.)
Aschait Wife of the king 11th Dynasty (Mentuhotep II.) Wife of Mentuhotep II.
Kawit Wife of the king 11th Dynasty (Mentuhotep II.) Wife of Mentuhotep II.
Sadeh Wife of the king 11th Dynasty (Mentuhotep II.) Wife of Mentuhotep II.
Henhenet Wife of the king 11th Dynasty (Mentuhotep II.) Wife of Mentuhotep II.
(Naville 15) Tem (queen) Wife of the king 11th Dynasty (Mentuhotep II.) Wife of Mentuhotep II.
Mijt 11th Dynasty (Mentuhotep II.)

Luxor attack in 1997

On November 17, 1997, 68 people, including 64 foreign tourists and four Egyptians, were killed here in a terrorist attack by the Al-Jamāʿa al-islāmiyya group and others were injured, some seriously.

More pictures

  • Temple of Hatshepsut

  • Temple of Mentuhotep II from above

  • Arch of a sanctuary (Hatshepsut)

  • Wall representation in the Hatshepsut temple

See also

literature

  • Dieter Arnold : The temples of Egypt. Apartments for gods, places of worship, monuments Artemis & Winkler, Zurich 1992, ISBN 3-7608-1073-X .
  • Dieter Arnold: Lexicon of Egyptian architecture. Albatros, Düsseldorf 2000, ISBN 3-491-96001-0 .
  • Dieter Arnold: The temple of King Mentuhotep from Deir el-Bahari. Volumes 1-4, von Zabern, Mainz 1974-1993.
  • Howard Carter : Report on the Tomb of Mentuhotep Ist at Deir el-Bahari, Known as the Bab el-Hocan. In: Annales du service des antiquités de l'Égypte. (ASAE) No. 2, 1901, pp. 201-205.
  • AM Donadoni Roveri: The Valley of the Kings and the Royal Cachettes of Deir el-Bahari. In: F. Tiradritti, Matḥaf al-Miṣrī .: The Treasures of the Egyptian Museum. American University in Cairo Press, Cairo 1999, ISBN 978-977-424-504-6 .
  • Sergio Donadoni: Thebes. Holy City of the Pharaohs , Munich 2000.
  • Rolf Gundlach , Matthias Rochholz: Celebrations in the Temple - 4th Egyptological Temple Conference, Cologne, October 10-12, 1996 . Harrassowitz, Wiesbaden 1998, ISBN 3-447-04067-X .
  • Kazimierz Michalowski; Polska Akademia Nauk. Zakład Archeologii Śródziemnomorskiej: Deir el-Bahari. 5 volumes, Éditions scientifiques de Pologne, Warsaw 1974 -, ISBN 978-83-01-05648-3 .
  • Jadwiga Lipińska: Deir el-Bahari. Volume 2: The Temple of Thutmose III. Éditions scientifiques de Pologne, Warsaw 1984.
  • Gaston Maspero : Les momies royales de Déir el-Bahari. Leroux, Paris 1889.
  • Edouard Naville , Somers Clarke: The Temple of Deir el-Bahari. 7th volumes, Offices of the Egypt exploration fund, London 1894–1898.
  • Bertha Porter , Rosalind Louisa Beaufort Moss : Topographical bibliography of ancient Egyptian hieroglyphic texts, reliefs, and paintings / 2., Theban temples. Clarendon Press, Oxford 1994, ISBN 978-0-19-920026-9 .
  • Nicholas Reeves , Richard H. Wilkinson: The Valley of the Kings. Bechtermünz, Augsburg 2002, ISBN 3-8289-0739-3 .
  • Herbert E. Winlock : Excavations at Deir el Bahari, 1911-1931. Macmillan, New York 1942.
  • Barbara Mertz: Temples, Tombs and Hieroglyphs; the story of Egyptology. Coward-McCann, New York 1964, ISBN 0-87226-223-5 .

Individual evidence

  1. ↑ Rolf Gundlach, Matthias Rochholz: Feste im Tempel - 4th Egyptological Temple Conference, Cologne, October 10-12, 1996. Harrassowitz, Wiesbaden 1998, p. 75.
  2. ↑ Manuela Gander: In the valley basin of Deir el-Bahari - The mortuary temple Mentu-hoteps II. In: Kemet. Issue 2, 2006.
  3. ^ D. Arnold: Lexicon of Egyptian architecture. Düsseldorf 2000, p. 98.
  4. ^ Publications of the Egypt Exploration Fund .
  5. ↑ Spelling of the name after N. Reeves and RH Wilkinson, elsewhere also Abd el-Rassul.
  6. ^ Gaston Maspero: Les momies royales de Déir el-Bahari. Paris 1889.
  7. ^ Herbert E. Winlock: Excavations at Deir el Bahri: 1911-1931. New York 1942, pp. 71-72.
  8. ↑ Herbert E. Winlock: Excavations at Deir el Bahri: 1911-1931, New York 1942, pp. 101-104.
  9. ^ N. Reeves, RH Wilkinson: The Valley of the Kings. Augsburg 2002, pp. 194-197.
  10. ^ Peter F. Dormann: The Monuments of Senenmut: problems in historical methodology. Kegan Paul International, London / New York 1988, ISBN 978-0-7103-0317-2 .
  11. ^ Bertha Porter, Rosalind Louisa Beaufort Moss, Ethel W Burney: The Theban Necropolis. Volume 1, Part 1: Private tombs. Griffith Institute, Oxford 1964, pp. 437f.
  12. ↑ Dieter Arnold: The temple of King Mentuhotep from Deir el-Bahari. Volume I: Architecture and Interpretation. von Zabern, Mainz 1974.
  13. ↑ In: The time . Archive: 50/1997.

Web links

Commons : Deir el-Bahari  - album with pictures, videos and audio files


Coordinates: 25 ° 44 ′ 18 ″  N , 32 ° 36 ′ 28 ″  E