Mimulus alatus: Difference between revisions
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{{Short description|Species of flowering plant}} |
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{{Speciesbox |
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{{taxobox |
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|name = |
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|image = Mimulus alatus 2.jpg |
|image = Mimulus alatus 2.jpg |
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|image_caption = |
|image_caption = |
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|regnum = [[Plant]]ae |
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|unranked_divisio = [[Angiosperms]] |
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|unranked_classis = [[Eudicots]] |
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|ordo = [[Lamiales]] |
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|familia = [[Phrymaceae]] |
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| ⚫ | |||
|species = '''''M. alatus''''' |
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| binomial = ''Mimulus alatus |
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| binomial_authority = [[Ait.]] |
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|status = G5 |
|status = G5 |
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|status_system = TNC |
|status_system = TNC |
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|status_ref = <ref name=natureserve>{{cite web |title=''Mimulus alatus'' |author=NatureServe |website=NatureServe Network Biodiversity Location Data accessed through NatureServe Explorer [web application] |url=https://explorer.natureserve.org/Taxon/ELEMENT_GLOBAL.2.141759/Mimulus_alatus |location=Arlington, Virginia |year=2022 |access-date=22 July 2022}}</ref> |
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|status_ref = <ref name=natureserve>{{Citation |
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| publisher =NatureServe |
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|species = alatus |
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|authority = [[William Aiton|Aiton]] |
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| work = NatureServe Explorer |
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|range_map = Mimulus alatus distribution map.png |
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| url = http://www.natureserve.org/explorer/servlet/NatureServe?sourceTemplate=tabular_report.wmt&loadTemplate=species_RptComprehensive.wmt&selectedReport=RptComprehensive.wmt&summaryView=tabular_report.wmt&elKey=141759&paging=home&save=true&startIndex=1&nextStartIndex=1&reset=false&offPageSelectedElKey=141759&offPageSelectedElType=species&offPageYesNo=true&post_processes=&radiobutton=radiobutton&selectedIndexes=141759 |
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| accessdate = 2012-06-26}}</ref> |
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}} |
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| ⚫ | '''''Mimulus alatus''''', the '''sharpwing monkeyflower''', is an [[herbaceous]]<ref name="Mimulus alatus Aiton">{{cite web|last=Tenaglia|first=Dan|title=Mimulus alatus Ait.|url=http://www.missouriplants.com/Blueopp/Mimulus_alatus_page.html|work=Missouri Plants|accessdate=14 June 2012|archive-date=29 June 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120629021234/http://www.missouriplants.com/Blueopp/Mimulus_alatus_page.html|url-status=dead}}</ref> [[eudicot]] [[perennial]]<ref name=USDA>{{cite web|title=Mimulus alatas Aiton|url=http://plants.usda.gov/java/profile?symbol=MIAL2|work=United States Department of Agriculture|accessdate=14 June 2012}}</ref> that has no floral scent.<ref name=Illinois>{{cite web|last=Hilty|first=John|title=Winged Monkeyflower|url=http://www.illinoiswildflowers.info/wetland/plants/winged_monkey.htm|work=Illinois Wildflowers|accessdate=14 June 2012}}</ref> It is native to North America <ref name=USDA /> and its blooming season is from June to September. The flowering plant has green foliage and blue to violet flowers.<ref name=Michigan>{{cite web|title=Mimulus alatus|url=http://mnfi.anr.msu.edu/abstracts/botany/Mimulus_alatus.pdf|work=Michigan Natural Features Inventory|publisher=Michigan State University Board of Trustees|accessdate=14 June 2012}}</ref> It has a short life span compared to most other plants and a rapid growth rate.<ref name=garden>{{cite web|title=Sharpwing Monkeyflower (Alatus)|url=http://www.gardenguides.com/taxonomy/sharpwing-monkeyflower-mimulus-alatus/|work=Garden guides|accessdate=25 June 2012}}</ref> Like other monkey-flowers of the genus ''[[Mimulus]]'', ''M. alatus'' grows best in wet to moist conditions and has a [[wikt:bilabiate|bilabiate]] corolla, meaning it is two-lipped. The arrangement of the upper and lower lip petals suggests a monkey’s face. The winged stems together with the monkey face give the plant its common name.<ref name=Wherry>{{cite book|last=Wherry|first=Edgar T.|title=Wild Flower Guide|url=https://archive.org/details/wildflowerguiden00wher|url-access=registration|year=1948|publisher=Doubleday & Company, Inc.|location=USA|pages=[https://archive.org/details/wildflowerguiden00wher/page/n206 119]}}</ref> |
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==Taxonomy== |
==Taxonomy== |
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The genus ''Mimulus'' has been removed from [[Scrophulariaceae]] and placed |
The genus ''Mimulus'' has been removed from [[Scrophulariaceae]] and placed in the family [[Phrymaceae]]. In the 1990s, DNA sequences from chloroplast and nuclear genomes showed that ''Mimulus'' is not monophyletic; ''Glossostigma'', ''Peplidium'', ''[[Phryma]]'', ''Leucocarpus'', ''Hemichaena'', and ''Berendtiella'' are all derived from ''Mimulus''. As a result, ''Mimulus'' and its derived genera have been placed into the subfamily Phrymoideae and the family Phrymaceae.<ref name=journal>{{cite journal|last=Beardsley|first=Paul M.|author2=Olmstead, Richard G.|title=Redefining Phrymaceae: the placement of Mimulus, trible Mimuleae, and Phryma|journal=American Journal of Botany|date=July 2002|volume=89|issue=7|pages=1093–1102|doi=10.3732/ajb.89.7.1093|pmid=21665709}}</ref> |
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==Distribution== |
==Distribution== |
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| ⚫ | ''Mimulus alatus'' is a native species to eastern North America; its range stretches from Connecticut, down south to Florida and extends as far west as Nebraska and Texas. It is most commonly found in central and lower Mississippi valley, and considered rare in [[Connecticut]], [[Iowa]], [[Massachusetts]], [[Nebraska]], New Jersey, New York and Ontario.<ref name=Michigan /> |
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| ⚫ | |||
| ⚫ | ''Mimulus alatus'' is a native species to eastern North America; its range stretches from Connecticut, down south to Florida and extends as far west as Nebraska and Texas. It is most commonly found in central and lower Mississippi valley, and considered rare in Connecticut, Iowa, Massachusetts, Nebraska, New Jersey, New York and Ontario.<ref name=Michigan /> |
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==Habitat== |
==Habitat== |
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The sharp wing monkey-flower is a perennial that grows best under partial sun exposure and wet to moist conditions. It has been found in a variety of wetland types such as edges of small rivers,<ref name=Illinois /> swamps, shady stream banks, wet woods, marshes,<ref name=Michigan /> wet meadows, ditches, springs, etc.<ref name="Mimulus alatus |
The sharp wing monkey-flower is a perennial that grows best under partial sun exposure and wet to moist conditions. It has been found in a variety of wetland types such as edges of small rivers,<ref name=Illinois /> swamps, shady stream banks, wet woods, marshes,<ref name=Michigan /> wet meadows, ditches, springs, etc.<ref name="Mimulus alatus Aiton" /> Full sun is tolerable but when it is grown in habitats that are too dry and sunny, the sharp wing monkey-flower remains small in size and becomes yellowish green. During its season it can endure occasional flooding and foliar disease is infrequent.<ref name=Illinois /> It prefers a slightly acidic to neutral [[soil pH]] of 5.6-7.5 that contains plenty of organic matter.<ref name=Illinois /> Temperatures below -23 °F are not survivable.<ref name=garden /> |
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==Morphology== |
==Morphology== |
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Individuals of this species can range from 15 |
Individuals of this species can range from 15 cm to 91 cm in height, depending on growth conditions. Its root system consists of taproot and thick rhizomes.<ref name=Illinois /> The flowers are bisexual and bilaterally symmetrical,<ref name="name that">{{cite web|title=Mimulus alatus|url=http://namethatplant.net/plantdetail.shtml?plant=2390|work=Native & naturalized plants of the Carolinas & Georgia|accessdate=25 June 2012}}</ref> and most commonly blue to violet.<ref name=Michigan /> It has erect, hollow, smooth, square (4-angled) stems that sometimes branch off.<ref name="Mimulus alatus Aiton" /> There are also thin wings along the angles of the stem.<ref name=Michigan /> |
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The glabrous [[opposite leaves]] in a decussate arrangement<ref name="Mimulus alatus |
The glabrous [[opposite leaves]] in a decussate arrangement<ref name="Mimulus alatus Aiton" /> are noticeably toothed (dentate to serrate) and are up to 12 cm long and 5 cm wide. They are ovate, lanceolate-ovate, or lanceolate, gradually narrowing to a sharp point at the apex. At the base are narrowly winged petioles about 1.2 cm long.<ref name=Illinois /> |
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==Flowers== |
==Flowers== |
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Flowers occur individually and are 2. |
Flowers occur individually and are 2.5 cm long. Only a few flowers on the same plant are in bloom during the June to September season.<ref name=Illinois /> The two-lipped corolla is borne from 5 mm pedicels from the upper leaf axils.<ref name="Mimulus alatus Aiton" /> At the center, or throat, of the corolla is a yellow region surrounded by a band of white; the yellow beard guides pollinators towards the flower. The upper lip consists of a pair of lobes that fold backwards to the side and the lower lip has three rounded lobes that spread outward and serve as a welcoming platform for pollinating insects. Unlike the stems and leaves, the flowers are not glabrous as they have fine white hairs on the surface of the corolla.<ref name=Illinois /> The 1.7 cm long,<ref name="Mimulus alatus Aiton" /> tubular five-parted calyx has five teeth alongside its outer rim. When the corolla falls off, the calyx surrounds a 1 cm capsule that contains<ref name=Illinois /> many conspicuous black seeds.<ref name=garden /> Collected seeds have successfully germinated indoors.<ref name=hudson>{{cite web|last=Sharma|first=Valerie|title=Habitats of the Monkeyflowers|url=http://www.hudsonriver.org/ls/reports/Polgar_Sharma_TP_05_92_final.pdf|work=Hudson River Foundation|accessdate=23 June 2012|author2=Fellow, Polgar|location=New York|page=V-31}}</ref> At the base of the 1.5 cm corolla tube are four stamens – one short and one long pair. There is a 6 mm long, bilocular, light green, oval shaped ovary. White filaments are 6–7 mm long, with brownish 1.3 mm anthers. There is a white glabrous style of 7 mm long and two flattened stigmas.<ref name="Mimulus alatus Aiton" /> |
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==Pollination== |
==Pollination== |
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Bumblebees (such as the ''[[Bombus pensylvanicus]]'') are attracted to the nectar of the flowers and are the primary pollinators. Leaves of the plant are eaten by the caterpillars of the moth ''Elaphria chalcedonia''.<ref name=Illinois /> Butterflies and birds are also visitors to the sharp wing monkey-flower but there has been very little data collected for its floral-faunal relationships. |
Bumblebees (such as the ''[[Bombus pensylvanicus]]'') are attracted to the nectar of the flowers and are the primary pollinators. Leaves of the plant are eaten by the caterpillars of the moth ''Elaphria chalcedonia''.<ref name=Illinois /> Butterflies and birds are also visitors to the sharp wing monkey-flower but there has been very little data collected for its floral-faunal relationships. |
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==Similar species== |
==Similar species== |
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At first glance ''Mimulus alatus'' is often confused with ''[[Mimulus ringens]]'', or the square-stemmed monkey-flower, because ''M. alatus'' occurs in several of the same habitats that ''M. ringens'' does. However, close examination of the two monkey-flowers can help differentiate them. ''M. ringens'' has sessile leaves (no petiole) and pedicels that are greater than 1.2 |
At first glance ''Mimulus alatus'' is often confused with ''[[Mimulus ringens]]'', or the square-stemmed monkey-flower, because ''M. alatus'' occurs in several of the same habitats that ''M. ringens'' does. However, close examination of the two monkey-flowers can help differentiate them. ''M. ringens'' has sessile leaves (no petiole) and pedicels that are greater than 1.2 cm in length, whereas ''M. alatus'' have winged petioles and its pedicels are much shorter than 1.2 cm.<ref name=Illinois /> The flowers of ''M. ringens'' are borne on pedicels longer than its calyx and for ''M. alatus'', it is the opposite – its pedicels are shorter than its calyx. The leaves of ''M. ringens'' are weakly toothed<ref name=Michigan /> and stems unnoticeably winged.<ref name=ohio>{{cite book|last=Klein|first=Isabelle H.|title=Wildflowers of Ohio and adjacent states|year=1970|publisher=The Cleveland Museum of Natural History|location=Ohio}}</ref> Also, it is noted that ''M. ringens'' can tolerate wider ranges of habitat conditions whereas ''M. alatus'' is more conservative.<ref name=hudson /> |
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==References== |
==References== |
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{{ |
{{Reflist|2}} |
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{{Taxonbar|from=Q6862375}} |
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[[Category: |
[[Category:Mimulus|alatus]] |
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[[Category:Flora of the Eastern United States]] |
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[[Category:Flora of Eastern Canada]] |
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[[Category:Flora of the Southeastern United States]] |
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[[Category:Flora of the Appalachian Mountains]] |
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[[Category:Flora of the Great Lakes region (North America)]] |
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[[Category:Plants described in 1789]] |
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Latest revision as of 04:48, 3 January 2024
| Mimulus alatus | |
|---|---|
| |
Scientific classification 
| |
| Kingdom: | Plantae |
| Clade: | Tracheophytes |
| Clade: | Angiosperms |
| Clade: | Eudicots |
| Clade: | Asterids |
| Order: | Lamiales |
| Family: | Phrymaceae |
| Genus: | Mimulus |
| Species: | M. alatus
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| Binomial name | |
| Mimulus alatus | |
| |
| Distribution of Mimulus alatus in the United States | |
Mimulus alatus, the sharpwing monkeyflower, is an herbaceous[2] eudicot perennial[3] that has no floral scent.[4] It is native to North America [3] and its blooming season is from June to September. The flowering plant has green foliage and blue to violet flowers.[5] It has a short life span compared to most other plants and a rapid growth rate.[6] Like other monkey-flowers of the genus Mimulus, M. alatus grows best in wet to moist conditions and has a bilabiate corolla, meaning it is two-lipped. The arrangement of the upper and lower lip petals suggests a monkey’s face. The winged stems together with the monkey face give the plant its common name.[7]
Taxonomy[edit]
The genus Mimulus has been removed from Scrophulariaceae and placed in the family Phrymaceae. In the 1990s, DNA sequences from chloroplast and nuclear genomes showed that Mimulus is not monophyletic; Glossostigma, Peplidium, Phryma, Leucocarpus, Hemichaena, and Berendtiella are all derived from Mimulus. As a result, Mimulus and its derived genera have been placed into the subfamily Phrymoideae and the family Phrymaceae.[8]
Distribution[edit]
Mimulus alatus is a native species to eastern North America; its range stretches from Connecticut, down south to Florida and extends as far west as Nebraska and Texas. It is most commonly found in central and lower Mississippi valley, and considered rare in Connecticut, Iowa, Massachusetts, Nebraska, New Jersey, New York and Ontario.[5]
Habitat[edit]
The sharp wing monkey-flower is a perennial that grows best under partial sun exposure and wet to moist conditions. It has been found in a variety of wetland types such as edges of small rivers,[4] swamps, shady stream banks, wet woods, marshes,[5] wet meadows, ditches, springs, etc.[2] Full sun is tolerable but when it is grown in habitats that are too dry and sunny, the sharp wing monkey-flower remains small in size and becomes yellowish green. During its season it can endure occasional flooding and foliar disease is infrequent.[4] It prefers a slightly acidic to neutral soil pH of 5.6-7.5 that contains plenty of organic matter.[4] Temperatures below -23 °F are not survivable.[6]
Morphology[edit]
Individuals of this species can range from 15 cm to 91 cm in height, depending on growth conditions. Its root system consists of taproot and thick rhizomes.[4] The flowers are bisexual and bilaterally symmetrical,[9] and most commonly blue to violet.[5] It has erect, hollow, smooth, square (4-angled) stems that sometimes branch off.[2] There are also thin wings along the angles of the stem.[5]
The glabrous opposite leaves in a decussate arrangement[2] are noticeably toothed (dentate to serrate) and are up to 12 cm long and 5 cm wide. They are ovate, lanceolate-ovate, or lanceolate, gradually narrowing to a sharp point at the apex. At the base are narrowly winged petioles about 1.2 cm long.[4]
Flowers[edit]
Flowers occur individually and are 2.5 cm long. Only a few flowers on the same plant are in bloom during the June to September season.[4] The two-lipped corolla is borne from 5 mm pedicels from the upper leaf axils.[2] At the center, or throat, of the corolla is a yellow region surrounded by a band of white; the yellow beard guides pollinators towards the flower. The upper lip consists of a pair of lobes that fold backwards to the side and the lower lip has three rounded lobes that spread outward and serve as a welcoming platform for pollinating insects. Unlike the stems and leaves, the flowers are not glabrous as they have fine white hairs on the surface of the corolla.[4] The 1.7 cm long,[2] tubular five-parted calyx has five teeth alongside its outer rim. When the corolla falls off, the calyx surrounds a 1 cm capsule that contains[4] many conspicuous black seeds.[6] Collected seeds have successfully germinated indoors.[10] At the base of the 1.5 cm corolla tube are four stamens – one short and one long pair. There is a 6 mm long, bilocular, light green, oval shaped ovary. White filaments are 6–7 mm long, with brownish 1.3 mm anthers. There is a white glabrous style of 7 mm long and two flattened stigmas.[2]
Pollination[edit]
Bumblebees (such as the Bombus pensylvanicus) are attracted to the nectar of the flowers and are the primary pollinators. Leaves of the plant are eaten by the caterpillars of the moth Elaphria chalcedonia.[4] Butterflies and birds are also visitors to the sharp wing monkey-flower but there has been very little data collected for its floral-faunal relationships.
Similar species[edit]
At first glance Mimulus alatus is often confused with Mimulus ringens, or the square-stemmed monkey-flower, because M. alatus occurs in several of the same habitats that M. ringens does. However, close examination of the two monkey-flowers can help differentiate them. M. ringens has sessile leaves (no petiole) and pedicels that are greater than 1.2 cm in length, whereas M. alatus have winged petioles and its pedicels are much shorter than 1.2 cm.[4] The flowers of M. ringens are borne on pedicels longer than its calyx and for M. alatus, it is the opposite – its pedicels are shorter than its calyx. The leaves of M. ringens are weakly toothed[5] and stems unnoticeably winged.[11] Also, it is noted that M. ringens can tolerate wider ranges of habitat conditions whereas M. alatus is more conservative.[10]
References[edit]
- ^ NatureServe (2022). "Mimulus alatus". NatureServe Network Biodiversity Location Data accessed through NatureServe Explorer [web application]. Arlington, Virginia. Retrieved 22 July 2022.
- ^ a b c d e f g Tenaglia, Dan. "Mimulus alatus Ait". Missouri Plants. Archived from the original on 29 June 2012. Retrieved 14 June 2012.
- ^ a b "Mimulus alatas Aiton". United States Department of Agriculture. Retrieved 14 June 2012.
- ^ a b c d e f g h i j k Hilty, John. "Winged Monkeyflower". Illinois Wildflowers. Retrieved 14 June 2012.
- ^ a b c d e f "Mimulus alatus" (PDF). Michigan Natural Features Inventory. Michigan State University Board of Trustees. Retrieved 14 June 2012.
- ^ a b c "Sharpwing Monkeyflower (Alatus)". Garden guides. Retrieved 25 June 2012.
- ^ Wherry, Edgar T. (1948). Wild Flower Guide. USA: Doubleday & Company, Inc. pp. 119.
- ^ Beardsley, Paul M.; Olmstead, Richard G. (July 2002). "Redefining Phrymaceae: the placement of Mimulus, trible Mimuleae, and Phryma". American Journal of Botany. 89 (7): 1093–1102. doi:10.3732/ajb.89.7.1093. PMID 21665709.
- ^ "Mimulus alatus". Native & naturalized plants of the Carolinas & Georgia. Retrieved 25 June 2012.
- ^ a b Sharma, Valerie; Fellow, Polgar. "Habitats of the Monkeyflowers" (PDF). Hudson River Foundation. New York. p. V-31. Retrieved 23 June 2012.
- ^ Klein, Isabelle H. (1970). Wildflowers of Ohio and adjacent states. Ohio: The Cleveland Museum of Natural History.