Rhipidistia: Difference between revisions

Rhipidistians; Temporal range: ; Early Devonian - Present, 416–0 Ma PreꞒ Ꞓ O S D C P T J K Pg N
	Diversity of Rhipidistia
Scientific classification
Domain:	Eukaryota
Kingdom:	Animalia
Phylum:	Chordata
Clade:	Sarcopterygii
Clade:	Rhipidistia
Subgroups
	Dipnomorpha †Porolepiformes; Dipnoi (lungfish); ; Tetrapodomorpha;

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Rhipidistia, also known as Dipnotetrapodomorpha,^[1] is a clade of lobe-finned fishes which includes the tetrapods and lungfishes. Rhipidistia formerly referred to a subgroup of Sarcopterygii consisting of the Porolepiformes and Osteolepiformes, a definition that is now obsolete.^[2] However, as cladistic understanding of the vertebrates has improved over the last few decades, a monophyletic Rhipidistia is now understood to include the whole of Tetrapoda and the lungfishes.

Rhipidistia includes Porolepiformes and Dipnoi. Extensive fossilization of lungfishes has contributed to many evolutionary studies of this group. Evolution of autostylic jaw suspension, in which the palatoquadrate bone fuses to the cranium, and the lymph pumping "lymph heart" (later lost in mammals and flying birds), are unique to this group. Another feature shared by lungfish and tetrapods is the divided atrium.^[3]

The precise time at which the choana of tetrapods evolved is debated, with some considering early rhipidistians as the first choanates. The feature is also present in modern lungfish but is probably a case of convergent evolution. The basal stem-lungfish Diabolepis did not possess it. Instead, it had four nostrils (two anterior and two posterior) like most fish. However, its posterior nares are very close to the lip, meaning a ventral 'displacement' of the posterior nostril can be considered a synapomorphy of the lungfish-tetrapod clade. The complete choana then seems to have developed independently in the two surviving clades.^[4]

Etymology[edit]

The word "Rhipidistia" is from Ancient Greek: ῥιπίδιον, romanized: rhipídion, lit. 'small bellows'.

The word "Dipnotetrapodomorpha" is from Greek: δίπνοος, romanized: dipnoos, lit. 'with two breathing structures' (from δι- meaning "twice", and πνοή meaning "breathing, breath"); from Ancient Greek: τετρα-, romanized: tetra-, lit. 'four', the combining form of the numeral τέτταρες (tettares); from Ancient Greek: -ποδ-, romanized: -pod-, the combining form of πούς (pous) meaning "foot"; and from Ancient Greek: -μορϕος, romanized: -morphos, the combining form of μορϕή (morph) meaning "physical shape".

Relationships[edit]

The cladogram presented below is based on studies compiled by Philippe Janvier and others for the Tree of Life Web Project,^[5] and Swartz 2012.^[6]

Sarcopterygii

†Onychodontidae

Actinistia (coelacanths)

Rhipidistia

†Styloichthys

Dipnomorpha

	†Porolepiformes

	Dipnoi (lungfishes)

Tetrapodomorpha

?†Tungsenia

†Kenichthys

?†Thysanolepidae

†Tinirau

†Platycephalichthys

†Panderichthys

	†Metaxygnathus

	†Ventastega

Tetrapoda

References[edit]

^ Joseph S., Nelson (19 May 2006). Fishes of the World. John Wiley & Sons. p. 461. ISBN 978-0-471-75644-6. Retrieved 9 May 2015.
^ "Encyclopædia Britannica". Retrieved 3 April 2014.
^ Pough, F. Harvey (2018). Vertebrate Life. Christine M. Janis, Sergi López-Torres (10th ed.). New York: Oxford University Press. p. 123. ISBN 978-1-60535-607-5. OCLC 1022979490.
^ Zhu, Min; Ahlberg, Per E. (2004). "The origin of the internal nostril of tetrapods". Nature. 432 (7013): 94–97. Bibcode:2004Natur.432...94Z. doi:10.1038/nature02843. ISSN 0028-0836. PMID 15525987. S2CID 4422813.
^ Janvier, Philippe. 1997. Vertebrata. Animals with backbones. Version 01 January 1997 (under construction). http://tolweb.org/Vertebrata/14829/1997.01.01 in The Tree of Life Web Project, http://tolweb.org/
^ Swartz, B. (2012). "A marine stem-tetrapod from the Devonian of Western North America". PLOS ONE. 7 (3): e33683. Bibcode:2012PLoSO...733683S. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0033683. PMC 3308997. PMID 22448265.

External links[edit]

This article about a prehistoric lobe-finned fish is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.

[Nelson2006-1] Joseph S., Nelson (19 May 2006). Fishes of the World. John Wiley & Sons. p. 461. ISBN 978-0-471-75644-6. Retrieved 9 May 2015.

[Age_Rhipidistia_lived_in-2] "Encyclopædia Britannica". Retrieved 3 April 2014.

[3] Pough, F. Harvey (2018). Vertebrate Life. Christine M. Janis, Sergi López-Torres (10th ed.). New York: Oxford University Press. p. 123. ISBN 978-1-60535-607-5. OCLC 1022979490.

[4] Zhu, Min; Ahlberg, Per E. (2004). "The origin of the internal nostril of tetrapods". Nature. 432 (7013): 94–97. Bibcode:2004Natur.432...94Z. doi:10.1038/nature02843. ISSN 0028-0836. PMID 15525987. S2CID 4422813.

[tol-5] Janvier, Philippe. 1997. Vertebrata. Animals with backbones. Version 01 January 1997 (under construction). http://tolweb.org/Vertebrata/14829/1997.01.01 in The Tree of Life Web Project, http://tolweb.org/

[SB12-6] Swartz, B. (2012). "A marine stem-tetrapod from the Devonian of Western North America". PLOS ONE. 7 (3): e33683. Bibcode:2012PLoSO...733683S. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0033683. PMC 3308997. PMID 22448265.

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@@ Line 1: / Line 1: @@
-{{short description|Clade of fishes}}
+{{short description|Clade of vertebrates}}
 {{automatic taxobox
 | name = Rhipidistians
-| image= Rhipidistia.jpg
+| image = <imagemap>
+File:Rhipidistia.png|220px
-| image_caption =
+rect   0   0 500  330 [[Lungfish]]
-| fossil_range = <br>[[Early Devonian]] - [[Holocene|Present]], {{fossilrange|416|0}}
+rect   0  330 500 660 [[Mammal]]
+rect   0 660 500 990 [[Reptile]]
+rect   500 0 1000 330 [[Tiktaalik]]
+rect   500 330 1000 660 [[Amphibian]]
+rect   500 660 1000 990 [[Bird]]
+</imagemap>
+| image_caption = Diversity of Rhipidistia
+| fossil_range = <br />[[Early Devonian]] - [[Holocene|Present]], {{fossilrange|416|0}}
 | taxon = Rhipidistia
 | authority =
 | subdivision_ranks = Subgroups
-| subdivision =
+| subdivision = * Dipnomorpha
+**{{extinct}}[[Porolepiformes]]
-*[[Dipnomorpha]]
+**[[Dipnoi]] (lungfish)
-*[[Tetrapodomorpha]]
+* [[Tetrapodomorpha]]
 }}
-'''Rhipidistia''', also known as Dipnotetrapodomorpha,<ref name="Nelson2006">{{cite book|last=Joseph S.|first=Nelson|authorlink=Joseph S. Nelson|title=Fishes of the World|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=exTV-GLnCB4C&pg=PA461|accessdate=9 May 2015|date=19 May 2006|publisher=John Wiley & Sons|isbn=978-0-471-75644-6|page=461}}</ref> is a clade of [[lobe-finned fish]]es which includes the [[tetrapods]] and [[lungfishes]]. Rhipidistia formerly referred to a subgroup of [[Sarcopterygii]] consisting of the [[Porolepiformes]] and [[Osteolepiformes]], a definition that is now obsolete.<ref name="Age Rhipidistia lived in">{{cite web|title=Encyclopædia Britannica|url=http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/501438/Rhipidistia|accessdate=3 April 2014}}</ref> However as cladistic understanding of the vertebrates has improved over the last few decades a monophyletic Rhipidistia is now understood to include the whole of [[Tetrapoda]] and the [[lungfishes]].
+'''Rhipidistia''', also known as '''Dipnotetrapodomorpha''',<ref name="Nelson2006">{{cite book|last=Joseph S.|first=Nelson|author-link=Joseph S. Nelson|title=Fishes of the World|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=exTV-GLnCB4C&pg=PA461|access-date=9 May 2015|date=19 May 2006|publisher=John Wiley & Sons|isbn=978-0-471-75644-6|page=461}}</ref> is a clade of [[lobe-finned fish]]es which includes the [[tetrapods]] and [[lungfishes]]. Rhipidistia formerly referred to a subgroup of [[Sarcopterygii]] consisting of the [[Porolepiformes]] and [[Osteolepiformes]], a definition that is now obsolete.<ref name="Age Rhipidistia lived in">{{cite web|title=Encyclopædia Britannica|url=http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/501438/Rhipidistia|access-date=3 April 2014}}</ref> However, as cladistic understanding of the vertebrates has improved over the last few decades, a monophyletic Rhipidistia is now understood to include the whole of [[Tetrapoda]] and the [[lungfishes]].
-Rhipidistia includes Porolepiformes and Dipnoi. Extensive fossilization of lungfishes has contributed to many evolutionary studies of this group. Evolution of autostylic jaw suspension, in which the palatoquadrate bone fuses to the cranium, is unique to this group.
+Rhipidistia includes Porolepiformes and Dipnoi. Extensive fossilization of lungfishes has contributed to many evolutionary studies of this group. Evolution of autostylic jaw suspension, in which the palatoquadrate bone fuses to the cranium, and the [[lymph]] pumping "[[lymph heart]]" (later lost in [[mammals]] and flying [[birds]]), are unique to this group. Another feature shared by lungfish and tetrapods is the divided [[Atrium (heart)|atrium]].<ref>{{Cite book |last=Pough |first=F. Harvey |url=https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/1022979490 |title=Vertebrate Life |publisher=Oxford University Press |others=Christine M. Janis, Sergi López-Torres |year=2018 |isbn=978-1-60535-607-5 |edition=10th |location=New York |pages=123 |oclc=1022979490}}</ref>
-The precise time at which the [[choana]] evolved is debated, with some considering early rhipidistians as the first choanates.
+The precise time at which the [[choana]] of tetrapods evolved is debated, with some considering early rhipidistians as the first choanates. The feature is also present in modern lungfish but is probably a case of [[convergent evolution]]. The basal stem-lungfish ''[[Diabolepis]]'' did not possess it. Instead, it had four nostrils (two anterior and two posterior) like most fish. However, its posterior nares are very close to the lip, meaning a ventral 'displacement' of the posterior nostril can be considered a synapomorphy of the lungfish-tetrapod clade. The complete choana then seems to have developed independently in the two surviving clades.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Zhu |first1=Min |last2=Ahlberg |first2=Per E. |date=2004 |title=The origin of the internal nostril of tetrapods |url=http://www.nature.com/articles/nature02843 |journal=Nature |language=en |volume=432 |issue=7013 |pages=94–97 |doi=10.1038/nature02843 |pmid=15525987 |bibcode=2004Natur.432...94Z |s2cid=4422813 |issn=0028-0836}}</ref>
+==Etymology==
+The word "Rhipidistia" is from {{lang-grc|ῥιπίδιον|rhipídion|small [[bellows]]}}.
+The word "Dipnotetrapodomorpha" is from {{lang-el|δίπνοος|dipnoos|with two breathing structures}} (from {{lang|el|δι-}} meaning "twice", and {{lang|el|πνοή}} meaning "breathing, breath"); from {{lang-grc|τετρα-|tetra-|four|link=no}}, the [[combining form]] of the numeral {{lang|grc|τέτταρες}} (''tettares''); from {{lang-grc|-ποδ-|-pod-|link=no}}, the combining form of {{lang|grc|πούς}} (''pous'') meaning "foot"; and from {{lang-grc|-μορϕος|-morphos|link=no}}, the combining form of {{lang|grc|μορϕή}} (''morph'') meaning "physical shape".
 ==Relationships==
-The cladogram presented below is based on studies compiled by Philippe Janvier and others for the ''Tree of Life Web Project'',<ref name=tol>Janvier, Philippe. 1997. Vertebrata. Animals with backbones. Version 01 January 1997 (under construction). http://tolweb.org/Vertebrata/14829/1997.01.01 in The Tree of Life Web Project, http://tolweb.org/</ref> and Swartz 2012.<ref name=SB12>{{cite journal | last = Swartz | first = B. | year = 2012 | title = A marine stem-tetrapod from the Devonian of Western North America | journal = PLoS ONE | pmid = 22448265 | volume = 7 | issue = 3 | pmc = 3308997 | pages = e33683 | doi = 10.1371/journal.pone.0033683 | url = http://www.plosone.org/article/info%3Adoi%2F10.1371%2Fjournal.pone.0033683;jsessionid=E4E007B3FAC50B3B0C7C2B8B0CBE3F83 | format =  | accessdate = }}</ref>
+The cladogram presented below is based on studies compiled by Philippe Janvier and others for the ''Tree of Life Web Project'',<ref name=tol>Janvier, Philippe. 1997. Vertebrata. Animals with backbones. Version 01 January 1997 (under construction). http://tolweb.org/Vertebrata/14829/1997.01.01 in The Tree of Life Web Project, http://tolweb.org/</ref> and Swartz 2012.<ref name=SB12>{{cite journal | last = Swartz | first = B. | year = 2012 | title = A marine stem-tetrapod from the Devonian of Western North America | journal = PLOS ONE | pmid = 22448265 | volume = 7 | issue = 3 | pmc = 3308997 | pages = e33683 | doi = 10.1371/journal.pone.0033683 | bibcode = 2012PLoSO...733683S | doi-access = free }}</ref>
 {{clade| style=font-size:85%;line-height:80%
@@ Line 59: / Line 73: @@
                       |label2=[[Stegocephalia]]
                       |2={{clade
-                        |1=†[[Elginerpetonidae]]
+                        |1=†[[Elginerpetontidae]]
                         |2={{clade
                           |1={{clade
@@ Line 88: / Line 102: @@
 * [http://sn2000.taxonomy.nl/Taxonomicon/TaxonTree.aspx?id=42351&tree=0.1 Taxonomicon page]
+{{Evolution of fish|state=collapsed}}
 {{Chordata}}
-{{Sarcopterygian genera|R.|state=autocollapse}}
+{{Gnathostomata|state=collapsed}}
 {{Taxonbar|from=Q150598}}