Pycnodontiformes

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Pycnodontiformes
From Ettling's plate limestone: A Turbomesodon relegans, B Proscinetes elegans under UV light, C Proscinetes bernardi

From the lithographing of Ettling : A Turbomesodon relegans , B Proscinetes elegans under UV light , C Proscinetes bernardi

Temporal occurrence
Upper Triassic to Eocene
216.5 to 37.2 million years
Locations
  • Worldwide
Systematics
Trunk : Chordates (chordata)
Sub-stem : Vertebrates (vertebrata)
Superclass : Jaw mouths (Gnathostomata)
Class : Ray fins (Actinopterygii)
Subclass : Neuflosser (Neopterygii)
Order : Pycnodontiformes
Scientific name
Pycnodontiformes
Berg , 1937
Life picture of Gyrodus hexagonus . Fossils of this plaster-toothed gyrodontid can be found in the Upper Jurassic plate limestone of Solnhofen

The Pycnodontiformes ( plaster tooth fish ) are an extinct order of the bony fish (Osteichthyes). They lived from the Upper Triassic to the Eocene . So far, about 650 species in 37 genera have been scientifically described .

description

The Pycnodontiformes mostly had a high back shape. The dorsal and anal fins were elongated like a seam; the caudal fin was homocerk . In advanced pycnodontiforms, only the front body was scaled . Their muzzle was somewhat elongated and covered with flat, rounded teeth . They likely fed on hard-shelled invertebrates such as clams , snails , echinoderms, and crustaceans . All Pycnodontiformes except the benthic Coccodus lived pelagic .

Way of life

The Pycnodontiformes were mainly inhabitants of the reefs and lagoons on the edge of the Tethys . After the opening of the Atlantic in the Jura , they also colonized the newly formed sea. Fossils of the Pycnodontiformes were found in the Italian fossil deposit Monte Bolca and in Solnhofen in Bavaria and in the Ouled Abdoun Basin in Morocco.

Fossil record and evolution

The Pycnodontiformes are mainly fossilized in the form of scales , bones and teeth, some genera were described exclusively on the basis of teeth. Based on such evidence, the tribal history of this fish group can be traced over a period of 175 million years. Their fossil record ranges from the Upper Triassic ( Norium ) of the northern edges of the Tethys (now in northern Italy and Austria) to the Eocene . Their heyday with the rapid development of new species lies in the Jurassic and Cretaceous . In the Mesozoic and Palaeogene they are an important part of fossil fish communities worldwide.

Systematics

The Pycnodontiformes are either regarded as a sister group of the real bony fish (Teleostei) or occupy a basal position within the Neopterygii .

Familys

  • Brembodus ridens (Brembodontidae)

  • Coccodus sp. (Coccodontidae)

  • Gibbodon cenensis (Gibbodontidae)

  • Gyrodus hexagonus (Gyrodontidae)

  • Mesturus verrucosus (Mesturidae)

  • Nursallia cf. gutturosum (Pycnodontidae)

  • Pine of Serrasalmimus

  • Trewavasia carinata (Trewavasiidae)

literature

  • Robert L. Carroll : Paleontology and Evolution of the Vertebrates. Thieme, Stuttgart et al. 1993, ISBN 3-13-774401-6 .
  • Karl Albert Frickhinger: Fossil Atlas of Fishes. Mergus, Verlag für Natur- und Heimtierkunde Baensch, Melle 1999, ISBN 3-88244-018-X .
  • Joseph S. Nelson : Fishes of the World. 4th edition. John Wiley & Sons, Hoboken NJ 2006, ISBN 0-471-25031-7 .
  • Martina Kölbl-Ebert: Bavaria's Hidden Treasures - Fresh fish from the Jurassic period preserved in sandstone for 150 million years. (= Bavarian State Ministry for Education and Culture, Science and Art [Hrsg.]: Aviso . Looted Art and Restitution, No. 3 ). Bonifatius, Paderborn 2015, p. 8–10 ( bayern.de [PDF; 3.8 MB ; accessed on August 2, 2017]).

Individual evidence

  1. ↑ a b Jürgen Kriwet: A new pycnodont fish genus (Neopterygii: Pycnodontiformes) from the Cenomanian (Upper Cretaceous) of Mount Lebanon. In: Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology. Vol. 24, No. 3, 2004, ISSN  0272-4634 , pp. 525-532.
  2. ↑ Joseph S. Nelson, Hans-Peter Schultze , Mark VH Wilson (eds.): Origin and Phylogenetic Interrelationships of Teleosts. Honoring Gloria Arratia. Dr. Friedrich Pfeil, Munich 2010, ISBN 978-3-89937-107-9 .
  3. ↑ Poyato-Ariza, FJ Studies on pycnodont fishes (I): evaluation of their phylogenetic position among actinopterygians. Rivista Italiana di Paleontologia e Stratigrafia 121 (3): 329-343 November 2015, DOI: 10.13130 ​​/ 2039-4942 / 6521
  4. ↑ Romain Vullo, Lionel Cavin, Bouziane Khallouf, Mbarek Amaghzaz, Nathalie Bardet, Nour-Eddine Jalil, Essaid Jourani, Fatima Khaldoune and Emmanuel Gheerbran: A unique Cretaceous – Paleogene lineage of piranha-jawed pycnodont fishes. Scientific Reports 7, 2017, p. 6802, doi: 10.1038 / s41598-017-06792-x
  5. ↑ Kölbl-Ebert et al., (2018): A Piranha-like Pycnodontiform Fish from the Late Jurassic. Current Biology 28, 1-6 November 5, 2018, Elsevier Ltd. doi: 10.1016 / j.cub.2018.09.013

Web links

Commons : Pycnodontiformes  - collection of images, videos and audio files