Ulmus szechuanica: Difference between revisions

Ulmus szechuanica
	Ulmus szechuanica, Sir Harold Hillier Gardens
Scientific classification
Kingdom:	Plantae
Division:	Magnoliophyta
Class:	Magnoliopsida
Order:	Rosales
Family:	Ulmaceae
Genus:	Ulmus
Species:	U. szechuanica
Binomial name
	Ulmus szechuanica; Fang
Synonyms
	Sichuan Elm Morton Arboretum; Ulmus erythrocarpa W. C. Cheng;

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Ulmus szechuanica Fang, known as the Szechuan (Sichuan), or Red-fruited, Elm, is a small to medium deciduous Chinese tree found along the Yangtze river through the provinces of Sichuan, Jiangxi, Anhui, and Jiangsu.

Description

The tree can reach a height of 18 m, but is usually less than 10 m, with a spreading umbrella-like crown. The leaves, distinguished by their emergent red colour, are generally obovate < 9 cm long by 5 cm broad, borne on branchlets with an irregular corky layer. The wind-pollinated apetalous flowers are produced on second-year shoots in February, followed by suborbicular samarae < 16 mm by 13 mm in March.^[1]^[2]

Pests and diseases

U. szechuanica was evaluated with other Chinese elms at the Morton Arboretum, Illinois, where it exhibited a resistance to Dutch elm disease. The species is eschewed by the Elm Leaf Beetle Xanthogaleruca luteola ^[3] [3].

Cultivation

Growing best on well-drained soils,U. szechuanica is also cold hardy; in artificial freezing tests at the Morton Arboretum ^[4] the LT50 (temp. at which 50% of tissues die) was found to be - 30 °C. However, it was also found to be comparatively weak-wooded, making it susceptible to storm damage in winter.^[5] There are no known cultivars of this taxon, nor is it known to be in commerce beyond the USA.

Hybrid cultivars

U. szechuanica is believed to have been used in recent (post 2000) hybridization experiments at the Morton Arboretum ^[6] but results have yet (2008) to be published.

Accessions

North America

Brenton Arboretum, Dallas Center, Iowa. No accession details available.
Chicago Botanic Garden, Glencoe, Illinois. 2 trees, no other details available.
Denver Botanic Gardens. No details available
Holden Arboretum. Acc. nos. 96-179 (unknown provenance), 97-30 wild collected in China.
U S National Arboretum [4], Washington, D.C., USA. Acc. nos. 68987, 68991, 76235, 76236, 76250, 68992.

Europe

Brighton & Hove City Council, UK. NCCPG elm collection [5],
Grange Farm Arboretum, Sutton St. James, Spalding, Lincolnshire, UK. Acc. no. 523
Sir Harold Hillier Gardens, UK. Acc. no. 1994.0329, one tree, 4.4 m tall in 2008, from seed from the Shanghai Botanic Garden [6].

Nurseries

North America

Sun Valley Garden Centre [7], Eden Prairie, Minnesota
Sunshine Nursery [8], Clinton, Oklahoma.

References

^ Fu, L. & Jin J. (eds). (1992). China Red Data Book. Rare and endangered plants. Vol. 1. Science Press, Beijing.
^ Fu, L., Xin, Y. & Whittemore, A. (2002). Ulmaceae, in Wu, Z. & Raven, P. (eds) Flora of China, Vol. 5 (Ulmaceae through Basellaceae). Science Press, Beijing, and Missouri Botanical Garden Press, St. Louis, USA. [1]
^ Miller, F. & Ware, G. (1884). Preference for and Suitability of Selected Elms Ulmus spp. and their Hybrids for the Elm Leaf Beetle, (Pyrrhalta luteola Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae). Journal of Environmental Horticulture. 12(4):231 - 235. December 1994.
^ Shirazi, A. M. & Ware, G. H. (2004). Evaluation of New Elms from China for Cold Hardiness in Northern Latitudes. International Symposium on Asian Plant Diversity & Systematics 2004, Sakura, Japan.
^ Ware, G. (1995). Little-known elms from China: landscape tree possibilities. Journal of Arboriculture, (Nov. 1995). International Society of Arboriculture, Champaign, Illinois, USA. [2]
^ Mittempergher, L. & Santini, A. (2004). Elm breeding history. Invest Agrar: Sist Recur For, (2004), 13 (1), 161-177.

[Fu,a-1] Fu, L. & Jin J. (eds). (1992). China Red Data Book. Rare and endangered plants. Vol. 1. Science Press, Beijing.

[Fu,b-2] Fu, L., Xin, Y. & Whittemore, A. (2002). Ulmaceae, in Wu, Z. & Raven, P. (eds) Flora of China, Vol. 5 (Ulmaceae through Basellaceae). Science Press, Beijing, and Missouri Botanical Garden Press, St. Louis, USA. [1]

[Miller-3] Miller, F. & Ware, G. (1884). Preference for and Suitability of Selected Elms Ulmus spp. and their Hybrids for the Elm Leaf Beetle, (Pyrrhalta luteola Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae). Journal of Environmental Horticulture. 12(4):231 - 235. December 1994.

[Shirazi-4] Shirazi, A. M. & Ware, G. H. (2004). Evaluation of New Elms from China for Cold Hardiness in Northern Latitudes. International Symposium on Asian Plant Diversity & Systematics 2004, Sakura, Japan.

[Ware-5] Ware, G. (1995). Little-known elms from China: landscape tree possibilities. Journal of Arboriculture, (Nov. 1995). International Society of Arboriculture, Champaign, Illinois, USA. [2]

[Mittempergher-6] Mittempergher, L. & Santini, A. (2004). Elm breeding history. Invest Agrar: Sist Recur For, (2004), 13 (1), 161-177.

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@@ Line 18: / Line 18: @@
 *''Ulmus erythrocarpa'' <small>[[Wan Chun Cheng|W. C. Cheng]]</small>
 }}
 '''''Ulmus szechuanica''''' <small>Fang</small>, known as the '''Szechuan (Sichuan)''', or '''Red-fruited, Elm''', is a small to medium [[deciduous]] Chinese tree found along the [[Yangtze]] river through the provinces of [[Sichuan]], [[Jiangxi]], [[Anhui]], and [[Jiangsu]].
 ==Description==
-[[Image: Szechuanica leaves.jpg|thumb|left|140px]]
+[[Image:Szechuanica leaves.jpg|thumb|left|140px]]
-The tree can reach a height of 18 m, but is usually less than 10 m, with a spreading umbrella-like crown. The leaves, distinguished by their emergent red colour, are generally [[leaf shape|obovate]] < 9 cm long by 5 cm broad, borne on branchlets with an irregular corky layer.  The wind-pollinated [[apetalous]] flowers are produced on second-year shoots in February, followed by suborbicular [[Samara (fruit)|samarae]] < 16 mm by 13 mm in March <ref name=Fu,a>Fu, L. & Jin J. (eds). (1992). ''China Red Data Book. Rare and endangered plants. Vol. 1''. Science Press, Beijing.</ref> <ref name=Fu,b>Fu, L., Xin, Y. & Whittemore, A. (2002). Ulmaceae, in Wu, Z. & Raven, P. (eds) ''Flora of China'', Vol. 5 (Ulmaceae through Basellaceae). Science Press, Beijing, and Missouri Botanical Garden Press, St. Louis, USA. [http://flora.huh.harvard.edu/china/PDF/PDF05/Ulmus.pdf]</ref>.
+The tree can reach a height of 18 m, but is usually less than 10 m, with a spreading umbrella-like crown. The leaves, distinguished by their emergent red colour, are generally [[leaf shape|obovate]] < 9&nbsp;cm long by 5&nbsp;cm broad, borne on branchlets with an irregular corky layer.  The wind-pollinated [[apetalous]] flowers are produced on second-year shoots in February, followed by suborbicular [[Samara (fruit)|samarae]] < 16&nbsp;mm by 13&nbsp;mm in March.<ref name=Fu,a>Fu, L. & Jin J. (eds). (1992). ''China Red Data Book. Rare and endangered plants. Vol. 1''. Science Press, Beijing.</ref><ref name=Fu,b>Fu, L., Xin, Y. & Whittemore, A. (2002). Ulmaceae, in Wu, Z. & Raven, P. (eds) ''Flora of China'', Vol. 5 (Ulmaceae through Basellaceae). Science Press, Beijing, and Missouri Botanical Garden Press, St. Louis, USA. [http://flora.huh.harvard.edu/china/PDF/PDF05/Ulmus.pdf]</ref>
 ==Pests and diseases==
 ''U. szechuanica'' was evaluated with other Chinese elms at the [[Morton Arboretum]], [[Illinois]], where it exhibited a resistance to [[Dutch elm disease]]. The species is eschewed by the Elm Leaf Beetle ''[[Xanthogaleruca luteola]]'' <ref name=Miller>Miller, F. & Ware, G. (1884). Preference for and Suitability of Selected Elms ''Ulmus spp.'' and their Hybrids for the Elm Leaf Beetle, ''(Pyrrhalta luteola Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae)''. ''Journal of Environmental Horticulture''. 12(4):231 - 235. December 1994.</ref> [http://www.sunshinenursery.com/survey.htm].
 ==Cultivation==
-Growing best on well-drained soils,''U. szechuanica'' is also cold hardy; in artificial freezing tests at the Morton Arboretum <ref name=Shirazi>Shirazi, A. M. & Ware, G. H. (2004). ''Evaluation of New Elms from China for Cold Hardiness in Northern Latitudes''. International Symposium on Asian Plant Diversity & Systematics 2004, [[Sakura]], [[Japan]].</ref> the [[LT50]] (temp. at which 50% of tissues die) was found to be - 30 °[[Celsius|C]]. However, it was also found to be comparatively weak-wooded, making it susceptible to storm damage in winter <ref name=Ware>Ware, G. (1995). Little-known elms from China: landscape tree possibilities. ''Journal of Arboriculture'', (Nov. 1995). International Society of Arboriculture, Champaign, Illinois, USA. [http://www.ces.ncsu.edu/fletcher/programs/nursery/metria/metria8/m87.pdf]</ref>. There are no known [[cultivar]]s of this taxon, nor is it known to be in commerce beyond the [[USA]].
+Growing best on well-drained soils,''U. szechuanica'' is also cold hardy; in artificial freezing tests at the Morton Arboretum <ref name=Shirazi>Shirazi, A. M. & Ware, G. H. (2004). ''Evaluation of New Elms from China for Cold Hardiness in Northern Latitudes''. International Symposium on Asian Plant Diversity & Systematics 2004, [[Sakura]], [[Japan]].</ref> the [[LT50]] (temp. at which 50% of tissues die) was found to be - 30 °[[Celsius|C]]. However, it was also found to be comparatively weak-wooded, making it susceptible to storm damage in winter.<ref name=Ware>Ware, G. (1995). Little-known elms from China: landscape tree possibilities. ''Journal of Arboriculture'', (Nov. 1995). International Society of Arboriculture, Champaign, Illinois, USA. [http://www.ces.ncsu.edu/fletcher/programs/nursery/metria/metria8/m87.pdf]</ref> There are no known [[cultivar]]s of this taxon, nor is it known to be in commerce beyond the [[USA]].
 ==Hybrid cultivars==
-''U. szechuanica'' is believed to have been used in recent (post 2000) hybridization experiments at the Morton Arboretum <ref name=Mittempergher>Mittempergher, L. & Santini, A. (2004). Elm breeding history. ''Invest Agrar: Sist Recur For, (2004), 13 (1), 161-177. </ref> but results have yet (2008) to be published.
+''U. szechuanica'' is believed to have been used in recent (post 2000) hybridization experiments at the Morton Arboretum <ref name=Mittempergher>Mittempergher, L. & Santini, A. (2004). Elm breeding history. ''Invest Agrar: Sist Recur For, (2004), 13 (1), 161-177.</ref> but results have yet (2008) to be published.
 ==Accessions==
 ;North America
 *[[Brenton Arboretum]], [[Dallas Center]], [[Iowa]]. No accession details available.
 *[[Chicago Botanic Garden]], [[Glencoe, Illinois|Glencoe]], [[Illinois]]. 2 trees, no other details available.
 *[[Denver Botanic Gardens]]. No details available
 *[[Holden Arboretum]]. Acc. nos. 96-179 (unknown provenance), 97-30 wild collected in China.
 *[[United States National Arboretum|U S National Arboretum]] [http://www.usna.usda.gov/index.htm], [[Washington, D.C.]], [[USA]]. Acc. nos. 68987, 68991, 76235, 76236, 76250, 68992.
 ;Europe
 *[[Brighton & Hove]] City Council, [[UK]]. [[NCCPG]] elm collection [http://www.brighton-hove.gov.uk/index.cfm?request=c1108042],
 *[[Grange Farm Arboretum]], [[Sutton St. James]], [[Spalding, Lincolnshire|Spalding]], [[Lincolnshire]], [[UK]]. Acc. no. 523
 *[[Sir Harold Hillier Gardens]], [[UK]]. Acc. no. 1994.0329, one tree, 4.4 m tall in 2008, from seed from the [[Shanghai Botanic Garden]] [http://www.asiarooms.com/travel-guide/china/shanghai/shanghai--parks-&-gardens/shanghai-botanical-gardens.html].
 ==Nurseries==
 ;North America
 *Sun Valley Garden Centre [http://www.qscaping.com/NetPS-Engine.asp?CCID=20000011&page=results&Keyword=ulmus&Category=&Type=&Spread=Any&SpreadDim=feet&Growth=&Hardiness=7&Height=Any&HeightDim=feet&Canopy=&Application=&Texture=&Wildlife=&Form=&Density=&FlowerColor=&FlowerColorJS=&FoliageColor=&FoliageColorJS=&FallColor=&FallColorJS=&FruitPeriod=&BarkColor=&BarkColorJS=&FlowerPeriod=&Variegation=&VariegationJS=&FruitColor=&FruitColorJS=&Edible=&BarkTexture=&SunShade=&Moisture=&Pollution=&SoilType=&pH=&Submit=Search], [[Eden Prairie]], [[Minnesota]]
 *Sunshine Nursery [http://www.sunshinenursery.com/survey.htm], [[Clinton, Oklahoma|Clinton]], [[Oklahoma]].
 ==References==
 {{reflist}}
 [[Category:Ulmaceae]]
 [[Category:Flora of China]]