Æthelwold (Wessex)

from Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
England around 878

Æthelwold (/ ˈæθəlwoʊld /) or Æthelwald († 902 or 903) was the younger of two known sons of Æthelred , King of Wessex from 865 to 871. Æthelwold tried after the death of Alfred the Great , whose son Eduard the Elder was in dispute for the throne do. For this he managed to win the support of the Danish Vikings from the kingdoms of Northumbria and East Anglia . However, this attempt to usurp the throne by force ultimately failed with Æthelwold's death in battle 902 or 903.

The conflict over the crown goes back to the time when Æthelwold and his brother Æthelhelm were still toddlers and their father died fighting the invasion of the Danish Vikings. The crown then went to the king's younger brother, Æthelwold's uncle, Alfred the Great. Alfred continued the war against the Vikings and scored a decisive victory at the Battle of Edington in 878. After Alfred's death in 899, Æthelwold tried to claim the throne of Wessex. As the elder prince of the royal dynasty (Anglo-Saxon: ætheling ), Æthelwold, like Alfred's son Eduard, had a strong claim to the throne. To assert his claim to the throne, Æthelwold tried to raise an army, but could not gather enough support to face Eduard in Wessex in battle. He fled to Northumbria, which was ruled by the Vikings, where he was recognized as king by them.

The following year, Æthelwold convinced the Danish Vikings in East Anglia to attack Edward's realm in Wessex and Mercia . Eduard struck back with a raid on East Anglia. When he withdrew, the men from the allied Kingdom of Kent stayed behind and met the Danes at the Battle of Holme. The Danes triumphed but suffered heavy losses, including the death of Æthelwold, which ended the threat to Edward's claim to the throne. If Æthelwold had been successful - according to today's historians - he might have been able to unite the Anglo-Saxon and Danish kingdoms in southern Britain into one kingdom of England more quickly and more peacefully than Eduard .

Historical background

In the early Middle Ages, there were a large number of partly competing Anglo-Saxon kingdoms on the territory of what is now England. Traditional historiography speaks somewhat simplistically of seven kingdoms , of which individual kingdoms occasionally achieved supremacy over their neighbors. In the 8th century Mercia was the most powerful kingdom in southern England, but in the early 9th century Wessex took control. In the 820s, Egbert von Wessex conquered the southeast of England (Kent, Surrey , Sussex and Essex ). Under Egbert's reign the Danish Vikings began to invade England, but Egbert and his son Æthelwulf , who succeeded him to the throne in 839, were able to repel them. Æthelwulf died in 858, and four of his sons succeeded him as kings of Wessex: Æthelbald died in 860, Æthelberht in 865, whereupon Æthelred , Æthelwold's father, ascended the throne. In 871 the youngest of Æthelwulf's sons, Alfred, was to follow.

The supremacy of Wessex over the area of ​​what is now England did not remain unrestricted, but was threatened by Danish Vikings from the middle of the 9th century: in 865 the Great Viking Army invaded England. Within five years, the Vikings had conquered Northumbria and East Anglia, forcing Mercia to buy themselves out of their threat. At the end of 870 the Vikings invaded Wessex. At the beginning of 871 they fought in four battles in quick succession against armies under Æthelred and Alfred, the last two battles of Wessex being lost. Æthelred died shortly after Easter in 871, leaving behind two young sons. A right of the firstborn ( primogeniture ) did not yet exist at this time, and there was also the belief that kings should be adults, which is why Æthelred's younger brother, later Alfred the Great, succeeded folgthelred on the throne.

By 878, the Danish Vikings had usurped east Mercias and almost conquered Wessex. However, Alfred finally achieved a turning point when he won the Battle of Edington; the Vikings withdrew to areas outside Wessex in the north and east of what is now England. The sphere of influence of Wessex and its dependent kingdoms essentially comprised the south and west of England. In the late 880s, Alfred signed a treaty with Guthrum , the Danish king of East Anglia. The treaty laid the boundary between Wessex and the English-ruled Mercia on the one hand and the Danish-ruled Danelag on the other. Another Viking attack in the mid-890s failed. Alfred's rule ensured a relative period of peace, in which he not only took care of military tasks, but also promoted culture.

Despite this relative peacetime, the area of ​​England was de facto divided into two parts between Anglo-Saxons and Danish Vikings, and the Danes and the Kingdom of Wessex were always in competition with each other, including hostile attacks.

family

Little is known about Æthelwold's immediate family. Æthelwold's mother was probably a Wulfthryth, who appears as a witness in a certificate from 868. Wulfthryth and Æthelred had at least two sons, Æthelwold and Æthelhelm, with historians assuming that Æthelhelm was the older brother. This is also supported by the fact that Æthelhelm was listed before Æthelwold in Alfred the great's will. Æthelred was born in 848 and died in 871, so his sons must have been too young to take the throne at the time of his death, which is why Æthelred's brother Alfred became King of Wessex.

The first written mention of Æthelwold and his brother Æthelhelm is in King Alfred's will, which Alfred promulgated in the 880s. The only other mention of Æthelwold before Alfred's death is a document that probably dates from the 890s and in which Æthelwold appears as a witness, but Æthelhelm no longer. The historian Barbara Yorke therefore assumes that Æthelhelm probably died in the 890s.

Dispute over the inheritance

In 878, when Alfred almost lost his life in the battle with the Danish Vikings, Æthelhelm and Æthelwold, meanwhile grown up, would probably have been the next contenders for the throne of Wessex, even before Alfred's son Eduard, who was about ten years younger than Æthelhelm. However, this position was weakened by the will of her grandfather, Æthelwulf, by agreements between Æthelred and Alfred, and ultimately by Alfred's own will. Alfred's son, who later became Edward the Elder, benefited from this, for whom Alfred sought to pave the way to the throne.

Æthelwulf's will and its consequences

The starting point of the conflict over the inheritance and the throne of Wessex was Æthelwulf's will. After King Æthelred's death in 871 and the succession to the throne by his younger brother Alfred, the supporters of Æthelred's sons complained that Alfred had withheld property that had actually been granted to Æthelhelm and Æthelwold. The dispute concerned possessions that were inherited by the will of Alfred's father, Æthelwulf. This will has not survived , but some details can be found in Aser's biography of King Alfred. Alfred himself also described some of the provisions of Æthelwulf's will in the preamble of his own will.

Historians have assessed Æthelwulf's will differently. Historians Simon Keynes and Michael Lapidge suggest that Æthelwulf wanted to divide his kingdom: Æthelwulf's other surviving son, Æthelberht, was already provided for separately in the eastern kingdom (the recently conquered south-east England), which he ruled as king in 855 and 856, and which he did presumably should pass on to his descendants. The western part of Wessex was to go together to the remaining three brothers on the assumption that eventually everything would be bequeathed to the brother who would live the longest. However, this ultimately did not happen because ,thelbald died in 860 and the eastern and western parts of the kingdom were reunited under Æthelberht. When Æthelred succeeded Æthelberht to the throne in 865, Alfred von Æthelred also demanded his share of the father's inheritance. Æthelred refused, but he presumably recognized Alfred as heir to the throne .

Given the renewed threat of Viking invasions and the risk that one of the brothers could fall in battle, Æthelred and Alfred later reached a further agreement to care for Æthelred and Alfred's children. According to this agreement in late 870 or early 871, the survivor of the two brothers should still keep the property that was inherited by the three brothers together. But he was to give his nephews all the lands that he had received from his father, regardless of the common inheritance, and all the possessions that he otherwise had.

The historian Ann Williams notes about this agreement between Æthelred and Alfred that thelred practically disinherits his children if he dies before Alfred. He takes away the lion's share of the inheritance and with it the chance of the throne. When exactly this actually happened, Æthelred's sons were not pleased. In his biography of Alfred from 893, Asser wrote three times that Alfred was Æthelreds secundarius (heir to the throne), an emphasis which, in Ryan Lavelle's opinion, reflects how delicate the succession to the throne was.

Page from Alfred the Great's will, from folio 30v of the Liber Vitae of New Minster in Winchester , in the British Library , London , Stowe MS 944. The upper part above the "I" is the end of the preamble in which the assistance of his advisors against his nephew in Langandene . The will itself begins under the "I".

Alfred justified his behavior towards his nephews in a preamble to his own will, in which he invoked the approval of the Witan , the meeting of the king's advisors, which was held in Langadene and which advocated the division of property between him and his nephews. The historian Alfred Smyth does not believe that the approval of the Witans von Langadene counts for Alfred's approach, because the members of the Witans were dependent on Alfred as patron and certainly willing to reject the claims of the nephews against Alfred. Smyth even calls it significant that the dispute over the inheritance came before the Witan. For him, this indicates that Æthelwold and Æthelhelm could count on some support among the nobles in Wessex. Alfred's land distribution probably served to promote the succession of Alfred's own son Edward.

Alfred's will

In his own will, Alfred bequeathed most of his property to his son Eduard, while Æthelhelm was left with eight estates, and Æthelwold only three (in Godalming and Guildford in Surrey and Steyning in Sussex ), all in the less important eastern part of the kingdom. The largest of these was Steyning, Æthelwulf's original grave. However, Æthelwulf's body had been transferred from Steyning to Winchester while Alfred was still alive. In Patrick Wormald's view, Alfred might have done so because he was obliged to bequeath the land to Æthelwold under his agreement with Æthelred, but Alfred did not want his nephew to receive his grandfather's prestigious grave. Keynes and Lapidge note: “If only to judge from the relatively small number of estates he received, Æthelwold in particular would have had cause to be aggrieved by this allocation of property, and his resentment is shown by his rebellion against Edward soon after Alfred's death . ” (German: "Judging by the small number of lands he received, Æthelwold in particular had reason to feel that he was being treated unfairly by the distribution of the property, and his resentment was shown by his rebellion against Eduard soon after Alfred's death.")

Alfred also assisted his own son Eduard by promoting men who would depend on him to support him and by giving him opportunities to take on leadership roles in combat when he was old enough. In Barbara Yorke's view, the compilation of the Anglo-Saxon Chronicle , which emerged in Alfred's day and built on Alfred's achievements, was in part motivated by a positive influence on the succession of his own descendants. Yorke also argues, however, that Æthelwold's position was not completely undermined by Alfred's will. His mother had attested a charter as regina , while Alfred followed the West Saxon tradition of refusing his wife ordination as queen, and Æthelwold's status as the son of a queen may have given him an advantage over Eduard. Æthelwold was still the elder ætheling (heir to the throne), and the only surviving document that he attested to mentions both him and Eduard as filius regis (son of a king). The document lists Æthelwold before Eduard, which implies that Æthelwold was in rank above Eduard.

Nevertheless, historians think it is conceivable that the support that Æthelhelm and Æthelwold enjoyed in the 870s waned in the later years of Alfred's reign. As an indication, Barbara Yorke and Ryan Lavelle name the extensive absence of Æthelhelm and Æthelwold as witnesses in Alfred's documents. While Æthelhelm does not appear in any document and Æthelwold in only one, Eduard attests to six documents from Alfred (which is quite a noteworthy number given the small number of documents handed down from Alfred's time). On the other hand, Æthelwold cannot have been completely without support. Barbara Yorke refers to Wulfhere, the Earldorman of Wiltshire, who lost his lands around 900 for "treason", presumably as a consequence of supporting Æthelwold. Lavelle compares Alfred with Carolingian rulers of his time who banished unpleasant competitors for the throne in monasteries, which would have been possible for Alfred, but he did not, probably because thelwold was too important a family member.

Æthelwold's revolt

After Alfred's death in 899, Æthelwold claimed the throne of Wessex for himself. It is noticeable that his older brother Æthelhelm did not do this, from which Ryan Lavelle concludes that Æthelhelm died before Alfred. It is not clear whether Æthelwold inherited Æthelhelm's lands. Lavelle speculates that this could hardly have been in Alfred and Edward's mind and that the lands could therefore possibly have gone to possible descendants of Æthelhelm or an entirely different party - in any case a disgrace for Æthelwold, who thus lacked a further power base.

The historian Janet Nelson says, however, that in the eyes of many Anglo-Saxons as well as many Danish Vikings, Æthelwold had a greater claim to the throne of Wessex than Eduard, Alfred's son. To enforce this claim, Æthelwold occupied the royal estates at Wimborne in Essex and Twynham (now Christchurch ) in Dorset . He also kidnapped a nun from her convent, presumably to marry her. According to Version A of the Anglo-Saxon Chronicle, the kidnapping took place without the permission of King Edward and against the instructions of the bishop.

The identity of the nun is not clear. John of Worcester , the 12th century historian, claimed she was a nun from Wimborne. Historian Alex Woolf suggests that she could have been Alfred's daughter Æthelgifu, the abbess of Shaftesbury Abbey, but Ryan Lavelle believes it is unlikely that Æthelwold's itinerary took him through Shaftesbury. Although it is unclear who this woman was, some historians assume that she was able to improve Æthelwold's claim to the throne either through royal descent or through noble support. According to historian Pauline Stafford, the depiction in the Anglo-Saxon Chronicle as the unauthorized kidnapping of a nun is biased in favor of Eduard and should thus delegitimize a politically important marriage.

Æthelwold took the woman to the Twynham Royal Estate in Dorset and then to Wimborne Minster , symbolically important as his father's burial site. Wimborne was also strategically located with its proximity to Roman roads and the Allen and Stour rivers . However, when Edward's army approached and camped at Badbury Rings, a British Iron Age hill fort four miles west of Wimborne, Æthelwold was unable to raise sufficient support to face the army in battle. He left his wife behind and fled to the Danes in Northumbria. The Anglo-Saxon Chronicle reports that they recognized him as king.

Coin of "Alwaldus" attributed to Æthelwold; British Museum , London

Whether the Danes in Northumbria actually recognized Æthelwold as their king is disputed in research. A coin find is considered an indication of Æthelwold's rule over Northumbria: Around 900 coins were minted in Northumbria in the name of a king named "Alwaldus" who, according to some researchers, could have been Æthelwold. Frank Stenton, on the other hand, regards Æthelwold's recognition as king by the Danes in Northumbria as unlikely, and the equation of Alwaldus on the coins from Northumbria with Æthelwold as uncertain. Alfred Smyth suggests as an alternative interpretation that the northern Humbrian Danes accepted iertenthelwold's claim as King of Wessex rather than making him their own king. This thesis is also followed by other accounts of Anglo-Saxon history, which further speculate that the Danes supported Æthelwold because they promised rich booty from it during campaigns or land gains.

901 Æthelwold appeared with a fleet in Essex . In 902 he moved the Danes in East Anglia to raid Mercia in England and north of Wessex. Eduard struck back by devastating the Danish East Anglia, but he withdrew without engaging Æthelwold in a fight. The Kent men did not join the retreat, whereupon the Danish army caught up with the Kent men and fought with them at the Battle of Holme. The Danes were victorious in the battle but suffered great losses. Fallen leaders on the Danish side included Æthelwold himself, Eohric, the Danish king of East Anglia, and Beorhtsige, son of Beornoth ætheling, probably a landless descendant of the royal family of Mercia.

Sources

Historical sources on Æthelwold are extremely sparse. The most important contemporary source, especially on Æthelwold's revolt, is the Anglo-Saxon Chronicle , a collection of early medieval annals that go from the turn of the ages to the 12th century. Historical research assumes that the Anglo-Saxon Chronicle goes back to a chronicle that was written at the court of Alfred the Great and is also known as the Common Stock or Alfredian Chronicle . The Anglo-Saxon Chronicle is one of the most important historical sources for the Anglo-Saxon period in England; many other historical sources are based on the Anglo-Saxon Chronicle, including the so-called Annals of St Neots , which was probably compiled in Bury St Edmunds in the second quarter of the twelfth century . Further conclusions about the legacy of Æthelwulf can be found in Aser's biography of Alfred the Great and Alfred's will, but both only reflect Alfred's perspective.

The surviving manuscripts of the Anglo-Saxon Chronicle reproduce Æthelwold's revolt in different ways : In version B of the chronicle, Æthelwold is referred to as ætheling , an Anglo-Saxon name for a descendant of a royal line who has a possible right to the throne. This description as ætheling is missing in Version A of the Anglo-Saxon Chronicle. Version A says that Æthelwold took possession of Wimborne and Twinham without the permission of King Edward and his advisors, Version B only speaks of "against their will". Version B reports that Æthelwold rode away from Wimborne at night, while Version A speaks of "stealing away". Only version B of the Anglo-Saxon Chronicle mentions that the Danes in Northumbria accept Æthelwold as their king. The historian Cyril Hart notes that version B is probably the older, authoritative account of the events, while the account of Æthelwold's revolt in version A is a later revision that should justify Edward's actions and support his authority.

In addition to written sources, an archaeological find is relevant for Æthelwold's biography, the hoard treasure of Silverdale , in which coins with the inscription Alwaldus were found. Since the coins can be dated around the year 900, some researchers argue that these coins can be assigned to Æthelwold as the king of Northumbria, with Alwaldus actually being a possible spelling variant of Æthelwold .

reception

Assessment by today's historians

Historian Martin Ryan says:

“What is striking about Æthelwold's“ rebellion ”is the level and range of support he was able to draw on: he could call on allies from Wessex, Northumbria, East Anglia and, probably, Mercia and Essex. For a time Æthelwold had a claim to be the most powerful ruler in England. Edward's apparent reluctance to engage him in battle may have been well founded. ”

“What is striking about Æthelwold's rebellion is the level and scope of support he could draw on: he could count on allies from Wessex, Northumbria, East Anglia and probably Mercia and Essex. At times Æthelwold had a claim to be the most powerful ruler in England. Eduard's obvious reluctance to engage him in a fight may have been well founded. "

- Martin J. Ryan : The Anglo-Saxon World

James Campbell also sees Æthelwold's rebellion as an important event in Anglo-Saxon history. In Campbell's view, however, the bias in contemporary sources in favor of Alfred and Eduard has led many historians to view Æthelwold's rebellion as “a somewhat odd episode” rather than Æthelwold's presumably legitimate and almost to recognize successful claim to the throne. If Æthelwold had not been killed in the battle of Holme, he could have united England with considerably less warfare than it finally turned out to be necessary for Eduard and his successors: “Had it not been for the chances of battle and war Æthelwold might very much well have been regarded as one of the greatest figures in our island's story ”. (German: "Had it not been thwarted by fate in battle and war, Æthelwold could very well have been considered one of the greatest figures in the history of our island.") Campbell also refers to the annals of St. Neots from the 12th century who even call Æthelwold “King of the Gentiles” and “King of the Danes”.

Ryan Lavelle believes that it is important to acknowledge the audacity of Æthelwold's actions, and that Æthelwold truly deserves to be ranked among the Nearly Men of early medieval Europe.

It is unclear whether Æthelwold had offspring, but the chronicler Æthelweard was a great-great-grandson of King Æthelred, and this lineage may have been over Æthelwold. Æthelweard was Ealdorman in the western provinces in the late tenth century, which shows that Æthelred's descendants clung to land and power a century after his death. Æthelweard's grandson Æthelnoth was Archbishop of Canterbury in the 11th century .

Pop Culture

Æthelwold is a character in Bernard Cornwell's novel series The Saxon Chronicles , which traces the development of the (rather fictional) character Uhtred von Bebbanburg, who lived in the time of Alfred the Great. Æthelwold is also a character in the TV adaptation of this series of novels, the TV series The Last Kingdom . Æthelwold's revolt is represented in the main points in the novel and television series as in the sources, but details are purely fictional, such as the portrayal of Æthelwold as alcoholic and argumentative. It is also fiction that wirdthelwold is stabbed to death by Uhtred in battle.

swell

  • Charter 356 , The Electronic Sawyer: Online catalog of Anglo-Saxon charters . King's College, London.
  • David Dumville, Michael Lapidge (Eds.): The Annals of St Neots with Vita Prima Sancti Neoti . The Anglo-Saxon Chronicle: A Collaborative Edition, Volume 17. Cambridge 1984.
  • Simon Keynes, Michael Lapidge (Eds.): Alfred the Great: Asser's Life of King Alfred and Other Contemporary Sources . Penguin Classics, London 1983, ISBN 978-0-14-044409-4 . [Collection of the most important sources on Alfred in English translation, including Aser's biography and Alfred's testament]
  • Michael Swanton (Ed. And translation): The Anglo-Saxon Chronicles . Revised edition. Routledge, London 2000.
  • Dorothy Whitelock (Ed.): English Historical Documents. Volume 1. London 1955 (2nd edition 1979). [Anglo-Saxon Chronicle]

literature

  • James Campbell: What is Not Known about the reign of Edward the Elder. In: Nicholas J. Higham, David H. Hill (Eds.): Edward the Elder 899-924. Routledge, Abingdon 2001, ISBN 0-415-21497-1 , pp. 12-24.
  • Simon Keynes, Michael Lapidge (Eds.): Alfred the Great. Asser's Life of King Alfred and Other Contemporary Sources. Penguin Classics, London 1983, ISBN 0-14-044409-2 .
  • Ryan Lavelle: The Politics of Rebellion: The Ætheling Æthelwold and West Saxon Royal Succession, 899–902. In: Patricia Skinner (Ed.): Challenging the Boundaries of Medieval History. The Legacy of Timothy Reuter. Brepols, Turnhout 2009, ISBN 978-2-503-52359-0 , pp. 51-80.
  • Frank Stenton: Anglo-Saxon England. 3rd edition, new edition. Oxford University Press, Oxford 2001, ISBN 0-19-280139-2 .
  • Ann Williams: Æthelwold Ætheling d. 903. In: Ann Williams, Alfred P. Smyth, David P. Kirby (Eds.): A Biographical Dictionary of Dark Age Britain. Seaby, London 1991, ISBN 1-85264-047-2 , p. 33.
  • Barbara Yorke: Edward as Ætheling. In: Nicholas J. Higham, David H. Hill (Eds.): Edward the Elder 899-924. Routledge, Abingdon 2001, ISBN 0-415-21497-1 , pp. 25-39.

Remarks

  1. ↑ Simon Keynes, Michael Lapidge (Eds.): Alfred the Great: Asser's Life of King Alfred and Other Contemporary Sources . Penguin Classics, London 1983, ISBN 978-0-14-044409-4 , p. 292.
  2. ↑ Ann Williams: Æthelwold Ætheling d. 903 . In: Ann Williams, Alfred P. Smyth, DP Kirby (Eds.): A Biographical Dictionary of Dark Age Britain . Seaby, London 1991, ISBN 978-1-85264-047-7 , p. 33.
  3. ↑ Sean Miller: Æthelred I [Ethelred I] (d. 871), King of the West Saxons . In: Oxford Dictionary of National Biography . Oxford University Press, Oxford 2004.
  4. ↑ Ann Williams: Some Notes and Considerations on Problems Connected with the English Royal Succession 860-1066 . In: R. Allen Brown (Ed.): Proceedings of the Battle Conference on Anglo-Norman Studies . The Boydell Press 1979, ISBN 0-85115-107-8 , pp. 145-146.
  5. ↑ Simon Keynes, Michael Lapidge (Eds.): Alfred the Great: Asser's Life of King Alfred and Other Contemporary Sources . Penguin Classics, London 1983, ISBN 978-0-14-044409-4 , pp. 18-43, 311.
  6. ^ Richard Abels : Alfred the Great. War, Culture and Kingship in Anglo-Saxon England (The Medieval World). London 1998.
  7. ↑ Barbara Yorke: Edward as Ætheling . In: NJ Higham, DH Hill (Ed.): Edward the Elder 899-924 . Routledge, Abingdon 2001, ISBN 0-415-21497-1 , p. 35.
    Ryan Lavelle: The Politics of Rebellion: The Ætheling Æthelwold and West Saxon Royal Succession, 899-902 . In: Patricia Skinner (Ed.): Challenging the Boundaries of Medieval History. The Legacy of Timothy Reuter . Brepols, Turnhout 2009, ISBN 978-2-503-52359-0 , p. 56.
  8. ↑ Simon Keynes, Michael Lapidge (Eds.): Alfred the Great: Asser's Life of King Alfred and Other Contemporary Sources . Penguin Classics, London 1983, ISBN 978-0-14-044409-4 , p. 177.
  9. ↑ Barbara Yorke: Edward as Ætheling . In: NJ Higham, DH Hill (Ed.): Edward the Elder 899-924 . Routledge, Abingdon 2001, ISBN 0-415-21497-1 , pp. 30-31.
    S 356 . In: The Electronic Sawyer: Online Catalog of Anglo-Saxon Charters . Last accessed April 11, 2020.
    Ryan Lavelle: The Politics of Rebellion: The Ætheling Æthelwold and the West Saxon Royal Succession, 899–902 . In: Patricia Skinner (Ed.): Challenging the Boundaries of Medieval History: The Legacy of Timothy Reuter . Brepols, Turnhout, 2009. ISBN 978-2-503-52359-0 , p. 56.
  10. ↑ Barbara Yorke: Edward as Ætheling . In: NJ Higham, DH Hill (Ed.): Edward the Elder 899-924 . Routledge, Abingdon 2001, ISBN 0-415-21497-1 , p. 30.
  11. ↑ Simon Keynes, Michael Lapidge (Eds.): Alfred the Great: Asser's Life of King Alfred and Other Contemporary Sources . Penguin Classics, London 1983, ISBN 978-0-14-044409-4 , p. 16.
  12. ↑ Simon Keynes, Michael Lapidge (Eds.): Alfred the Great: Asser's Life of King Alfred and Other Contemporary Sources . Penguin Classics, London 1983, ISBN 978-0-14-044409-4 , pp. 16-17, 314.
  13. ↑ a b Patrick Wormald: Kingship and Royal Property from Æthelwulf to Edward the Elder . In: NJ Higham, DH Hill (Ed.): Edward the Elder 899-924 . Routledge, Abingdon 2002, ISBN 0-415-21497-1 , pp. 268-270.
  14. ↑ Simon Keynes, Michael Lapidge (Eds.): Alfred the Great: Asser's Life of King Alfred and Other Contemporary Sources . Penguin Classics, London 1983, ISBN 978-0-14-044409-4 , pp. 173-175, 315-316.
  15. ↑ Ann Williams: Some Notes and Considerations on Problems Connected with the English Royal Succession 860-1066 . In: R. Allen Brown (Ed.): Proceedings of the Battle Conference on Anglo-Norman Studies . The Boydell Press 1979, ISBN 0-85115-107-8 , p. 147.
  16. ↑ Simon Keynes, Michael Lapidge (Eds.): Alfred the Great: Asser's Life of King Alfred and Other Contemporary Sources . Penguin Classics, London 1983, ISBN 978-0-14-044409-4 , p. 53.
    Ryan Lavelle: The Politics of Rebellion: The Ætheling Æthelwold and the West Saxon Royal Succession, 899-902 . In: Patricia Skinner (Ed.): Challenging the Boundaries of Medieval History: The Legacy of Timothy Reuter . Brepols, Turnhout, 2009. ISBN 978-2-503-52359-0 , p. 55.
  17. ^ Alfred P. Smyth: King Alfred the Great . Oxford University Press, Oxford 1995, ISBN 0-19-822989-5 , Figure 24 and p. Xiv.
  18. ^ Alfred P. Smyth: King Alfred the Great . Oxford University Press, Oxford 1995, ISBN 0-19-822989-5 , pp. 418-419.
  19. ↑ Patrick Wormald: Kingship and Royal Property from Æthelwulf to Edward the Elder . In: NJ Higham, DH Hill (Ed.): Edward the Elder 899-924 . Routledge, Abingdon 2002, ISBN 0-415-21497-1 , p. 270.
  20. ↑ Simon Keynes, Michael Lapidge (Eds.): Alfred the Great: Asser's Life of King Alfred and Other Contemporary Sources . Penguin Classics, London 1983, ISBN 978-0-14-044409-4 , p. 173.
  21. ↑ Barbara Yorke: Edward as Ætheling . In: NJ Higham, DH Hill (Ed.): Edward the Elder 899-924 . Routledge, Abingdon 2001, ISBN 0-415-21497-1 , pp. 31-35, 105.
  22. ↑ Barbara Yorke: Edward as Ætheling . In: NJ Higham, DH Hill (Ed.): Edward the Elder 899-924 . Routledge, Abingdon 2001, ISBN 0-415-21497-1 , pp. 31-36.
    Ryan Lavelle: The Politics of Rebellion: The Ætheling Æthelwold and the West Saxon Royal Succession, 899–902 . In: Patricia Skinner (Ed.): Challenging the Boundaries of Medieval History: The Legacy of Timothy Reuter . Brepols, Turnhout, 2009. ISBN 978-2-503-52359-0 , pp. 69-70.
  23. ^ Ryan Lavelle: The Politics of Rebellion: The Ætheling Æthelwold and the West Saxon Royal Succession, 899-902 . In: Patricia Skinner (Ed.): Challenging the Boundaries of Medieval History: The Legacy of Timothy Reuter . Brepols, Turnhout, 2009. ISBN 978-2-503-52359-0 , p. 60.
  24. ↑ Janet Nelson: The First Use of the Second Anglo-Saxon Ordo . In: Julia Barrow, Andrew Wareham (Eds.): Myth, Rulership, Church and Charters . Ashgate, Aldershot 2008, ISBN 978-0-7546-5120-8 , p. 122.
  25. ^ A b Ian W. Walker: Mercia and the Making of England . Sutton Publishing, Phoenix Mill 2000, ISBN 0-7509-2131-5 , p. 88.
  26. ↑ Alex Woolf: View from the West: An Irish Perspective . In: NJ Higham, DH Hill (Ed.): Edward the Elder 899-924 . Routledge, Abingdon 2001, ISBN 0-415-21497-1 , p. 99.
    Ryan Lavelle: The Politics of Rebellion: The Ætheling Æthelwold and the West Saxon Royal Succession, 899-902 . In: Patricia Skinner (Ed.): Challenging the Boundaries of Medieval History: The Legacy of Timothy Reuter . Brepols, Turnhout, 2009. ISBN 978-2-503-52359-0 , pp. 62-63.
  27. ^ Pauline Stafford: The Annals of Æthelflæd ': Annals, History and Politics in Early Tenth-Century England . In: Julia Barrow, Andrew Wareham (Eds.): Myth, Rulership, Church and Charters . Ashgate, Aldershot, UK, 2008, ISBN 978-0-7546-5120-8 , p. 110.
  28. ^ Ryan Lavelle: The Politics of Rebellion: The Ætheling Æthelwold and the West Saxon Royal Succession, 899-902 . In: Patricia Skinner (Ed.): Challenging the Boundaries of Medieval History: The Legacy of Timothy Reuter . Brepols, Turnhout, 2009. ISBN 978-2-503-52359-0 , p. 68.
  29. ↑ James Campbell: What is Not Known about the reign of Edward the Elder . In: NJ Higham, DH Hill (Ed.): Edward the Elder 899-924 . Routledge, Abingdon 2001, ISBN 0-415-21497-1 , p. 21.
  30. ↑ a b C.E. Blunt: Northumbrian Coins in the Name of Alwaldus (PDF). In: British Numismatic Journal , British Numismatic Society (55), year 1985, ISSN 0143-8956, pp. 192-194.
  31. ^ Frank Stenton: Anglo-Saxon England. 3. Edition. Oxford University Press, Oxford 1971, ISBN 978-0-19-280139-5 , p. 322.
  32. ^ Alfred P. Smyth: King Alfred the Great . Oxford University Press, Oxford 1995, ISBN 0-19-822989-5 , p. 436.
  33. ^ Ian W. Walker: Mercia and the Making of England . Sutton Publishing, Phoenix Mill 2000, ISBN 0-7509-2131-5 , p. 89.
  34. ^ Frank Stenton: Anglo-Saxon England. 3. Edition. Oxford University Press, Oxford 1971, ISBN 978-0-19-280139-5 , pp. 321-322.
  35. ^ Martin J. Ryan: The Anglo-Saxon Chronicle . In: Nicholas J. Higham, Martin J. Ryan: The Anglo-Saxon World . Yale University Press, New Haven 2013, ISBN 978-0-300-21613-4 , pp. 272-274.
  36. ↑ Simon Keynes, Michael Lapidge (Eds.): Alfred the Great: Asser's Life of King Alfred and Other Contemporary Sources . Penguin Classics, London 1983, ISBN 978-0-14-044409-4 , p. 277.
  37. ^ Cyril Hart: The Danelaw . The Hambledon Press, London 1992, ISBN 1-85285-044-2 , p. 512.
  38. ↑ Martin J. Ryan: Conquest, Reform and the Making of England . In: Nicholas J. Higham, Martin J. Ryan: The Anglo-Saxon World . Yale University Press, New Haven / London 2013, ISBN 978-0-300-21613-4 , p. 297.
  39. ↑ James Campbell: What is Not Known about the reign of Edward the Elder . In: NJ Higham, DH Hill (Ed.): Edward the Elder 899-924 . Routledge, Abingdon 2001, ISBN 0-415-21497-1 , pp. 21-22.
  40. ↑ James Campbell: What is Not Known about the reign of Edward the Elder . In: NJ Higham, DH Hill (Ed.): Edward the Elder 899-924 . Routledge, Abingdon 2001, ISBN 0-415-21497-1 , p. 21.
  41. ^ Ryan Lavelle: The Politics of Rebellion: The Ætheling Æthelwold and the West Saxon Royal Succession, 899-902 . In: Patricia Skinner (Ed.): Challenging the Boundaries of Medieval History: The Legacy of Timothy Reuter . Brepols, Turnhout 2009, ISBN 978-2-503-52359-0 , p. 79.
  42. ↑ Barbara Yorke: Edward as Ætheling . In: NJ Higham, DH Hill (Ed.): Edward the Elder 899-924 . Routledge, Abingdon 2001, ISBN 0-415-21497-1 , p. 31.
  43. ↑ Emma Mason: Æthelnoth (d. 1038), Archbishop of Canterbury . In: Oxford Dictionary of National Biography . Oxford University Press, Oxford 2004.
  44. ↑ Katie Palmer: Last Kingdom: What really happened to Aethelwold? Fate revealed . In: express.co.uk, Express: Home of the Daily and Sunday Express , June 30, 2020, last accessed August 14, 2020.
personal data
SURNAME Æthelwold
ALTERNATIVE NAMES Æthelwald; Æthelwold Ætheling; Æthelwold of Wessex
BRIEF DESCRIPTION Heir to the throne of Wessex, allegedly King of Northumbria
DATE OF BIRTH 9th century
DATE OF DEATH 902 or 903
This article was added to the list of articles worth reading on August 19, 2020 in this version .