Eight democratic parties and groups

from Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

Eight democratic parties and groups ( Chinese  八个 民主党派 , Pinyin bā gè mínzhǔ dǎngpài ) denotes political parties that are permitted in the People's Republic of China alongside the leading Communist Party of China , while all other parties are banned. There are only deviations in Hong Kong and Macau , whose status tolerates a variety of parties under the slogan One Country, Two Systems . They are mentioned in the preamble to the Constitution of the People's Republic of China . This was confirmed by an addition in 2018: "The system of bipartisan cooperation and political consultation led by the Chinese Communist Party will continue to exist and develop for a long time". There are no other legal bases for the existence of the eight parties and groups and their room for maneuver.

The individual parties

German name Chinese name Establishment date Place of foundation Members Current chairman Official website
Revolutionary Committee of the Kuomintang 中国 国民党 革命 委员会 January 1, 1948 Hong Kong 127.930 Wan Exiang www.minge.gov.cn
China Democratic League 中国 民主 同盟 March 19, 1941 Chongqing , China 282,000 Ding Zhongli www.dem-league.org.cn
Democratic State-Building Society of China 中国 民主建国会 December 16, 1945 Chongqing , China 170,000 Hao Mingjin www.cdnca.org.cn
Chinese Association for the Promotion of Democracy 中国民主促进会 December 30, 1945 Shanghai , China 156.808 Cai Dafeng www.mj.org.cn
Democratic Party of Peasants and Workers of China 中国农工民主党 August 9, 1930 Shanghai , China 145,000 Chen Zhu www.ngd.org.cn
Zhi Gong Party of China 中国致公党 （致公党） October 10, 1925 Los Angeles , United States 48,000 Wan Gang www.zg.org.cn
Society of September 3rd 九三学社 September 3, 1945 Chongqing , China 183.710 Wu Weihua www.93.gov.cn
Taiwan's Democratic Self-Determination League 台湾 民主 自治 同盟 November 12, 1947 Hong Kong 3,000 Su Hui www.taimeng.org.cn

history

All "Eight Democratic Parties and Groups" came into being during the Republic of China . While the Communist Party of China was in conflict with the ruling Kuomintang party , the Democratic League of China , the Democratic Party of Peasants and Workers of China , the Zhi Gong Party of China and the left wing of the Kuomintang, later known as the " Kuomintang Revolutionary Committee " claimed responsibility. , first of all, a policy of the third way. The increasing polarization between the two opponents, coupled with an infiltration of the small parties, led to a rapprochement with the communists. KP functionaries even took on board positions in those organizations. In addition, new parties and groups were founded under the leadership of Communist Party leader Zhou Enlai , such as the Democratic State-Building Society of China , the Chinese Association for the Promotion of Democracy , the Society of September 3rd and the Taiwanese Democratic Self-Determination League . With the outbreak of the civil war in 1946, the groups were allies of the Communist Party of China and were banned by the central government of the Republic of China. Towards the end of the civil war, they prepared the founding of the People's Republic of China with Communist Party Chairman Mao Zedong . After the new state was proclaimed by Mao, several functionaries of the "eight democratic parties and groups" were given high offices in the government, in the judiciary and in the " Political Consultative Conference of the Chinese People ", which was initially regarded as a quasi-parliamentary state organ has been. Soon after the founding of the People's Republic of China, state repression did not stop at the “eight democratic parties and groups”. A high percentage of its members have been prosecuted as “deviants”. In 1958, the party leaders of the eight associations declared their full allegiance to the leading Chinese Communist Party at a joint rally in front of the Tiananmen Gate . Thanks to this gesture of submission, the eight organizations remained relatively unmolested between 1958 and 1966. With the outbreak of the Cultural Revolution , all of their party work came to a standstill. From 1978 their functionaries were rehabilitated, were able to resume their political work and were given functions in state organs.

Relationship with the Communist Party

Since the founding of the People's Republic of China in 1949, the eight parties and groups have recognized the Chinese Communist Party in its leadership role. Institutionally, the CP and the minority parties belong to the “ united front ”, which in turn represents the core of the state organ “ Political Consultative Conference of the Chinese People ”. The small parties were only granted consultative status. The parties dependent on the CP are also controlled by it.

Organization and goals

Democratic centralism as a structural requirement and the orientation towards the current ideology are recurring confessions of all minority parties. The renouncement of competition among the “eight democratic parties and groups” also brings with it the phenomenon that multiple memberships with each other and with the Communist Party are possible. Likewise, the organizations renounce the role of the opposition . Nonetheless, membership growth since 1983 has been significant. The “Eight Democratic Parties and Groups” are financed by membership fees and state subsidies.

Political importance

In contrast to the Political Consultative Conference of the Chinese People , the smaller parties in the People's Congresses are not assigned fixed contingents of delegates. The proportional representation of the parties in the National People's Congress fluctuates according to the election results. The smaller parties have a further task when it comes to contacts abroad, business circles and specialists in science and technology. Since the political leadership of the People's Republic of China calls their state a “democracy” and a “multi-party state”, the existence of the eight minority parties is to be seen as an image gain and legitimation, even if they only have little power. This is illustrated by the example of Wan Gang , party leader of the Zhi Gong party of China, whose position as research minister is seen by some foreign observers as evidence of growing pluralism in the People's Republic of China.

literature

  • Chen, Chi-Hua: Stability as Goal Orientation in the 1990s. The inclusion of intellectuals in the system of rule of the Communist Party of China using the example of the “Democratic Parties” . Bochum: Diss. Phil. 2003
  • Groot, Gerry: Managing Transitions: The Chinese Communist Party, United Front Work, Corporatism, and Hegemony . New York - London: Routledge 2004
  • Heilmann, Sebastian (Hrsg.): The political system of the People's Republic of China . Springer VS, Wiesbaden 2016, 3rd edition, ISBN 978-3-658-07228-5
  • Umbach, Heinrich-M .: The democratic parties of China in the shadow of the Communist Party . Hamburg: Institute for Asian Studies 1995
  • Weyrauch, Thomas: The party landscape of East Asia . Longtai, Heuchelheim 2018, ISBN 978-3-938946-27-5
  • Weyrauch, Thomas: Minority parties and groups of the People's Republic of China . Longtai, Heuchelheim 2020, ISBN 978-3-938946-30-5
  • Weyrauch, Thomas: Political Lexicon East Asia . Longtai, Heuchelheim 2019, ISBN 978-3-938946-28-2
  • Zhang Chunman: Good Friends of Communism: Democratic Parties and Authoritarian Resilience in China . Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University 2018, full text .

Remarks

  1. ↑ Sebastian Heilmann : '' The political system of the People's Republic of China ''. Springer, Wiesbaden 3rd edition 2016. ISBN 978-3-658-07228-5 , p. 117; Thomas Weyrauch: '' Minority parties and groups of the People's Republic of China ''. Longtai, Heuchelheim 2020, ISBN 978-3-938946-30-5 , pp. 89-299.
  2. ^ Heilmann, Sebastian (ed.): The political system of the People's Republic of China . Springer, Wiesbaden 3rd edition 2016. ISBN 978-3-658-07228-5 , pp. 77 - 82; Thomas Weyrauch: '' The party landscape of East Asia '', pp. 225-236, 246-272; Weyrauch, Thomas: '' Political Lexicon East Asia '', p. 12.
  3. ↑ Constitutions of the World of February 11, 2006, Constitution of the People's Republic of China, adopted at the 5th session of the 5th National People's Congress on December 4, 1982, Amendment to the Constitution of March 14, 2004, 18th and 19th Amendment, NPC Observer of March 11 2018: 2018 Amendment to the PRC Constitutio , [1]
  4. ↑ Revolutionary Committee of the Kuomintang, [2]
  5. ↑ Chinese Democratic League, [3]
  6. ↑ The Democratic State Building Society of China, [4]
  7. ↑ Chinese Association for the Promotion of Democracy, [5]
  8. ^ Democratic Party of Peasants and Workers of China, [6]
  9. ↑ Zhi Gong Party, [7]
  10. ↑ 九三学社 简介. In: 93.gov.cn. Retrieved May 16, 2020 (Chinese).
  11. ↑ Taiwan's Democratic Self-Determination League, [8]
  12. ↑ Gerry Groot: `` Managing Transitions: The Chinese Communist Party, United Front Work, Corporatism, and Hegemony ''. New York - London: Routledge 2004, p. 4 ff .; Thomas Weyrauch: '' Minority parties and groups of the People's Republic of China ''. Longtai, Heuchelheim 2020, p. 23 ff.
  13. ↑ Gerry Groot: `` Managing Transitions: The Chinese Communist Party, United Front Work, Corporatism, and Hegemony ''. New York - London: Routledge 2004, pp. 73 ff .; Heinrich-M. Umbach: '' The democratic parties of China in the shadow of the Communist Party ''. Hamburg: Institute for Asian Studies 1995, p. 37 ff., 91 ff .; Thomas Weyrauch: '' Minority parties and groups of the People's Republic of China ''. Longtai, Heuchelheim 2020, p. 40 ff .; Peking Review of March 26, 1958, p. 10 f., Pdf
  14. ↑ Gerry Groot: `` Managing Transitions: The Chinese Communist Party, United Front Work, Corporatism, and Hegemony ''. New York, London: Routledge 2004, p. 107 ff .; Chi-Hua Chen: '' Stability as a goal orientation in the 1990s. The inclusion of intellectuals in the system of rule of the Communist Party of China using the example of the “Democratic Parties” ”. Bochum: Diss. Phil. 2003, p. 136 f .; Thomas Weyrauch: '' Minority parties and groups of the People's Republic of China ''. Longtai, Heuchelheim 2020, p. 43 ff.
  15. ↑ Heinrich-M. Umbach: '' The democratic parties of China in the shadow of the Communist Party ''. Hamburg: Institute for Asian Studies 1995, pp. 114 ff., 138 ff .; Chi-Hua Chen: '' Stability as a goal orientation in the 1990s. The inclusion of intellectuals in the system of rule of the Communist Party of China using the example of the “Democratic Parties” ”. Bochum: Diss. Phil. 2003, p. 135 ff.
  16. ↑ Chi-Hua Chen: '' Stability as a goal orientation in the 1990s. The inclusion of intellectuals in the system of rule of the Communist Party of China using the example of the “Democratic Parties” ”. Bochum: Diss. Phil. 2003, p. 136 f .; Weyrauch, Thomas: '' Minority parties and groups of the People's Republic of China ''. Longtai, Heuchelheim 2020, pp. 43 ff., 270 ff., 275 ff.
  17. ↑ Weyrauch, Thomas: '' Minority parties and groups of the People's Republic of China ''. Longtai, Heuchelheim 2020, pp. 97, 120, 140, 166, 185, 199, 218, 235.
  18. ↑ The electoral system. In: german.china.org.cn. Retrieved May 16, 2020 .
  19. ↑ Chi-Hua Chen: '' Stability as a goal orientation in the 1990s. The inclusion of intellectuals in the system of rule of the Communist Party of China using the example of the “Democratic Parties” ”. Bochum: Diss. Phil. 2003, p. 157 ff .; Weyrauch, Thomas: '' Minority parties and groups of the People's Republic of China ''. Longtai, Heuchelheim 2020, p. 263 ff.
  20. ↑ Chi-Hua Chen: '' Stability as a goal orientation in the 1990s. The inclusion of intellectuals in the system of rule of the Communist Party of China using the example of the “Democratic Parties” ”. Bochum: Diss. Phil. 2003, p. 157 ff .; Weyrauch, Thomas: '' Minority parties and groups of the People's Republic of China ''. Longtai, Heuchelheim 2020, p. 272; Die Welt from April 27, 2007, [9] , welt.de, accessed on May 22, 2020.