Shakkanhō
Shakkanhō ( Japanese 尺 貫 法 ) is an old Japanese system of measurements for lengths, volumes, areas, weights and money. It is based on the Chinese system of measurements , which was used throughout East Asia .
Relation to the meter rule
The Japanese Weights and Measures Act of 1891 states:
Note: The units of measurement given below differed greatly from the given values in ancient times.
| 1 Jō ( 丈 ) | = 100/33 m |
| 1 kanejaku ( 曲尺 ) | = 10/33 m |
| 1 kujirajaku ( 鯨 尺 ) | = 25/66 m |
The acronym Shaku ( 尺 ) usually stands for Kanejaku ( 曲尺 ). The 25% larger kujirajaku ( 鯨 尺 ) is almost no longer needed these days.
length
The traditional Japanese measures of length are still used regularly in some industries today, although Japan long introduced the metric system . These include agriculture, carpentry and certain local crafts such as the Bogu -Macherei. The dimensions are defined in relation to the meter .
| unit | Kanji | size | meter | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Mō | 毛, 毫 | 1 / 33,000 | 0, 03 mm | |
| Rin | 厘 | 10 mo | 1/3300 | 0, 30 mm |
| Bu | 分 | 10 rin | 1/330 | 3, 03 mm |
| Sun | 寸 | 10 Bu | 1/33 | 3, 03 cm |
| Shaku | 尺 | 10 Sun | 10/33 | 3, 03 dm |
| Ken A. | 間 | 6 Shaku | 20/11 | |
| Jō | 丈 | 10 shaku | 100/33 | 3, 03 m |
| Chō | 町 | 360 Shaku = 36 Jō = 60 Ken | 1200/11 | 0.1 09 km |
| Ri | 里 | 12,960 Shaku = 36 Chō | 43.200 / 11 | 3.9 27 km |
A shaku roughly corresponds to the foot used in Europe and still today in the USA . There is next to another Shaku , the Kujirajaku ( 鯨尺 ) of 25/66 meters (0.3 78 m), but that was less common. The kanejaku ( 曲尺 ) is common.
Due to different transcriptions , the terms Sung and Sonn for Sun - 寸 - and Sasi for Shaku - 尺 - and Jo for Chō - 町 can be found here and there, especially in older texts .
- annotation
surface
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| unit | Kanji | size | in SI units | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 shaku | 勺 | 4/121 m² | ≈ 3.3058 dm² | |
| 1 Go | 合 | 10 shaku | 40/121 m² | ≈ 33.058 dm² |
| 1 jō | 畳 | 5 Gō = ½ tsubo | 200/121 m² | ≈ 1.6529 m² |
| 1 tsubo | 坪 / 歩 | 10 Gō = 1 Ken 2 | 400/121 m² | ≈ 3.3058 m² |
| 1 se | 畝 | 30 tsubo | 12,000 / 121 m² | ≈ 99.174 m² |
| 1 tan | 段 / 反 | 300 tsubo = 10 se | 120,000 / 121 m² | ≈ 991.736 m² ≈ 9.92 a |
| 1 Chō | 町 | 3000 tsubo = 10 tan | 1,200,000 / 121 m² | ≈ 9917 m² ≈ 0.992 ha |
- Area dimensions and length dimensions hanging by the definition 1 tsubo - 坪,歩 = 1 Ken 2 - 間2 - with each other.
- The size of a Jō - 畳 - can be interpreted differently from the regionally different Tatami sizes.
volume
The traditional Japanese measures of volume are still important today ( rice , sake ), although Japan introduced the metric system a long time ago.
| unit | Kanji | size | liter |
|---|---|---|---|
| Shaku | 勺 | ≈ 0.018039 | |
| Gō | 合 | 10 shaku | ≈ 0.18039 |
| Shō | 升 | 10 Go | ≈ 1.8039 |
| To | 斗 | 10 Shō | ≈ 18.039 |
| Koku | 石 | 10 tons | ≈ 180.39 |
- Exact definition of 1891: 1 Shō = 2401 / 1331 liters = 64.827 Sun 3
Weight
1 Row:
30 Ryō ( 參拾両 - 1124.66 g), 20 Ryō ( 貳拾両 - 749.07 g), 10 Ryō ( 拾 両 - 374.02 g), 10 Ryō ( 拾 両 - 374.62 g)
2nd row:
3 Mom (me) ( 三 匁 - 11.19 g), 1 Ryō ( 壹 両 - 37.47 g), 1 ryō ( 壹 両 - 37.45 g), 2 ryō ( 貳 両 - 74.89 g), 3 ryō ( 參 両 - 112.42 g), 4 ryō ( 肆 両 - 149 , 77 g)
| unit | Kanji | size | Gram |
|---|---|---|---|
| 1 fun | 分 | 0.375 g = 375 mg | |
| 1 Mom (me) B | 匁 | 10 fun | 3.75 g |
| 1 ryō | 両 | 10 momme | 37.5 g |
| 1 child | 斤 | 160 momme | 600 g |
| 1 came (me) C | 貫 (目) | 1000 momme | 3750 g = 3.75 kg |
| 1 Shō | 鍾 | 10,000 momme | 37.5 kg |
| 1 gan | 岩 | 1,000,000 momme | 3750 kg = 3.75 t |
- In 1891 1 kin - 斤 - (see also Kätti ) was defined as exactly 600 grams.
- The ryō - 両 - corresponds to the Chinese tael .
- annotation
money
Edo period (1603 to 1868)
| copper | 1 month | 文 | = 1 month | Copper coin (see cash ) |
| 1 hiki | 疋 | = 10 months | ||
| 1 combon | 貫 文 | = 100 hiki = 1000 months | ||
| silver | 1 mo | 毛 | = 1 mo | |
| 1 rin | 厘 | = 10 mo | ||
| 1 fun | 分 | = 10 rin = 100 mo | ||
| 1 Mom (me) B | 匁 | = 10 fun = 100 rin = 1000 mo | Silver coin | |
| 1 came (me) C | 貫 (目) | = 1000 momme = 1,000,000 mō | ||
| gold | 1 Shu | 朱 | = 1 Shu | |
| 1 Bu | 分 | = 4 Shu | ||
| 1 ryō | 両 | = 4 Bu = 16 Shu |
The prices between copper, silver and gold fluctuated among each other. 1 Ryō corresponded to approx. 50–70 Momme silver coins and approx. 4,000–8,000 Mon copper coins. For example, the price of 1842 was: 1 Ryō = 60 Momme = 6500 Mon. The money change has been and is still considered ryōgae ( 両替 ) D respectively. The elongated oval gold coin Ryō was usually called Koban ( 小 判 ) in the Edo period .
Meiji period (from 1868)
A follow-up to Shakkanhō
Some of the above names are actually dimensionless, they only give a series of fractions of ten, such as centi, milli, and therefore appear in different places - without a dimension such as -meter, -liter. The names of the system adopted from China were slightly modified. In China, a bu ( 分 ) expressed 1/10 of the reference dimension, a rin ( 厘 ) 1/100. In Japan the tenth was (and is called) a wari ( 割 ), the bu or bun became the hundredth and the rin became the thousandth, the mō ( 毛 ) became the ten thousandth and shi ( 糸 ) became the hundredth.
Individual evidence
- ↑ Strictly speaking, money does not belong in this system.
- ↑ fas.harvard.edu