Amblyomma personatum
| Amblyomma personatum | ||||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Amblyomma personatum , male |
||||||||||||
| Systematics | ||||||||||||
|
||||||||||||
| Scientific name | ||||||||||||
| Amblyomma personatum | ||||||||||||
| Neumann , 1901 |
Amblyomma personatum is a blood-sucking ectoparasite on black rhinos (Diceros bicornis) and, with its only known host , is threatened with extinction . It is a very large tick and one of about 130 species of the genus Amblyomma in the family Schildzecken (Ixodidae).
features
The following information is based on a publication by the parasitologists Olga V. Voltzit and James E. Keirans from 2003. The publication is much more detailed than the first description published in 1901, but is only based on the examination of two male and one partially saturated female tick from United States National Tick Collection , originally in the collection of German zoologist Paul Schulze . Larvae and nymphs have not yet been described.
Adult male ticks
The scutum of male ticks is broadly oval, with a length of 6.6 to 7.7 millimeters, measured from the tips of the scapulae on both sides of the capitulum to the rear edge of the body. The maximum width in the middle of the body is 6.0 to 6.3 millimeters. The capitulum measures 2.2 to 2.6 millimeters from the rear edge to the tip of the palps and is 1.4 millimeters wide. The top is brown-yellow and almost entirely covered with a gold-colored spot with red edges, on the rear part of which there is a drawing in the shape of a bird or bat with outspread wings. At the rear edge of the body there are eleven narrow, rectangular festoons . The scutum is sparse and more densely pored towards the edges and back. The two eyes are round, convex, and sit on the edges of the scutum. The abdomen has a genital opening between the coxes of the second pair of legs. The anal opening is about two thirds of the length of the body. It is surrounded by an undivided anal shield and two pairs of post-anal shields. The coxes of the first pair of legs have long triangular inner and outer spines, the outer one is longer. The coxes of the second and third pair of legs have only a single paddle-shaped spike, those of the fourth pair of legs have a single long spike pointing towards the anus. All legs are ringed light-dark.
Adult female ticks
The idiosoma of a partially saturated female is broadly oval, with a length of 13.6 millimeters, measured from the tips of the scapulae to the rear edge. The maximum width in the middle of the body is 11.2 millimeters. The capitulum is 2.75 millimeters long and 1.78 millimeters wide. The dark brown and lined trapezoidal scutum is 4.2 millimeters long and 5.55 millimeters wide. The two eyes are round, convex, and sit on the edges of the scutum. The ventral side has a V-shaped genital opening between the coxes of the second pair of legs. The anal opening is about two thirds of the length of the body. The coxes of the first pair of legs have long round inner and outer spines, the outer one is longer. The coxes of the second and third pair of legs have only a single short, paddle-shaped spike, those of the fourth pair of legs have a single long triangular spike. All legs are ringed light-dark.
distribution
Only a few places where Amblyomma personatum was found are documented in zoological collections and literature . Most of the specimens come from Kenya, one location may be in Tanzania and other specimens come from Gabon . In the series of syntypes there is a copy from Irangi in German East Africa , referred to in later literature as Irangi in Tanzania and probably a place in the Kondoa district . The other three syntypes come from Gabon. Amblyomma personatum does not occur in southern Africa as the main distribution center of the surviving black rhinos .
Way of life
The host of adult Amblyomma personatum is the black rhinoceros . The hosts of the larvae and nymphs are not known. There was also a report about the find on a cow. The South African parasitologist Jane B. Walker stated in 1974 that Amblyomma personatum also affects humans, but only named Kenya as a location.
Danger
The US Parasitologen Lance A. Durden and James E. Keiran lead Amblyomma Personatum next Amblyomma rhinocerotis , Cosmiomma hippopotamensis and Dermacentor rhinocerinus as one of those types of ticks, which exclusively or almost exclusively white rhino parasitize and black rhino. The tick populations decreased with those of their hosts. The existence of host-specific parasites is also endangered by the fact that trapped rhinos are routinely cleared of their parasites and treated with antiparasitics before they are released. Amblyomma personatum , as a species-specific parasite of the black rhinoceros, is more endangered than the ticks that parasitize both African species of rhinoceros. Specific studies of the tick fauna of both rhinoceros in southern Africa did not reveal any evidence of Amblyomma personatum , and the West African subspecies of the black rhinoceros is believed to be extinct.
Systematics
External system
Amblyomma personatum Neumann , 1901 belongs with more than 700 species in 14 genera to the worldwide common family of ticks (Ixodidae). The genus Amblyomma comprises about 130 species that parasitize on mammals, reptiles and amphibians.
Initial description and types
The first description of Amblyomma Personatum was made in 1901 by Louis Georges Neumann in the 14th volume of the journal Memoires de la Societe Zoologique de France . The Latin epithet personatum means masked or disguised and refers to the conspicuous drawing especially of the male adults.
The syntypes are in the Museum für Naturkunde in Berlin. A male dry specimen was collected by Louis Georges Neumann in early October 1893 in Irangi in German East Africa . Two male and one female syntypes come from Gabon in West Africa.
Web links
Individual evidence
- ↑ a b c d Olga V. Voltzit, James E. Keirans : A review of African Amblyomma species (Acari, Ixodida, Ixodidae) . In: Acarina . tape 11 , no. 2 , 2003, p. 135-214 , pp. 137, 185-187 ( core.ac.uk [accessed May 2, 2020]).
- ↑ Barend L. Penzhorn, Rosina Claudia Krecek, Ivan G. Horak, Anna JM Verster, Jane B. Walker, Joop DF Boomker, SE Knapp, Sybille KF Quandt: Parasites of African rhinos: a documentation . In: Barend L. Penzhorn, NPJ Kriek (Ed.): Proceedings of a symposium on rhinos as game ranch animals, Onderstepoort, Republic of South Africa, September 9-10, 1994 . SAVA Wildlife Group, Onderstepoort 1994, ISBN 1-875088-11-3 , p. 168–175 ( rhinoresourcecenter.com [PDF; 411 kB ]).
- ↑ Louis Edward Robinson: The Genus Amblyomma (= George HF Nuttall , Cecil Warburton , LE Robinson [Ed.]: Ticks. A Monograph of the Ixodoidea . Part IV). Cambridge University Press, London 1926, pp. 257-260 ( digitized version ).
- ^ A b Manfred Moritz, Sophie-Charlotte Fischer: The types of the arachnid collection of the Zoological Museum Berlin. IV. Ixodei . In: Messages from the Zoological Museum in Berlin . tape 57 , no. 2 , 1981, p. 341-364 , doi : 10.1002 / mmnz.19810570205 .
- ↑ a b c Ivan G. Horak et al .: Parasites of domestic and wild animals in South Africa. XLIX. Ticks (Acari: Ixodidae) infesting white and black rhinoceroses in southern Africa . In: Onderstepoort Journal of Veterinary Research . tape 84 , no. 1 , 2017, 1301, doi : 10.4102 / ojvr.v84i1.1301 .
- ↑ Jane B. Walker : A review of the ixodid ticks (Acari, Ixodidae) occurring in Southern Africa . In: Onderstepoort Journal of Veterinary Research . tape 58 , 1991, pp. 81-105 ( up.ac.za [PDF; 2.9 MB ]).
- ↑ Alberto A. Guglielmone , Richard G. Robbins , Dmitry A. Apanaskevich, Trevor N. Petney, Agustín Estrada-Peña, Ivan G. Horak: The Hard Ticks of the World (Acari: Ixodida: Ixodidae) . Springer, Dordrecht 2014, ISBN 978-94-007-7496-4 , pp. 481 .
- ↑ Alberto A. Guglielmone, Richard G. Robbins: Hard Ticks (Acari: Ixodida: Ixodidae) Parasitizing Humans. A Global Overview . Springer International Publishing, Cham 2018, ISBN 978-3-319-95551-3 , pp. 80 .
- ↑ Lance A. Durden , James E. Keirans : Host – Parasite Coextinction and the Plight of Tick Conservation . In: American Entomologist . tape 42 , no. 2 , 1996, p. 87-91 , doi : 10.1093 / ae / 42.2.87 .
- ^ Andrei Daniel Mihalca, Călin Mircea Gherman, Vasile Cozma: Coendangered hard-ticks: threatened or threatening? In: Parasites & Vectors . tape 4 , 2011, 71, doi : 10.1186 / 1756-3305-4-71 .
- ^ Louis Georges Neumann : Revision de la famille des Ixodidés. 4th memoire . In: Mémoires de la Société zoologique de France . tape 14 , 1901, pp. 249-372 , 306-307 ( digitized ).