List of architectural monuments in Greenland

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Municipalities and districts of Greenland

The list of architectural monuments in Greenland includes all protected buildings and areas in the country of Greenland, which is part of the Danish Kingdom .

Types of architectural monuments

A distinction is made between the following types of architectural monuments:

  • Listed buildings ( Danish: Fredede Bygninger ): Buildings are placed under monument protection by the National Museum . This is done with buildings that, through their architecture or history, represent an essential aspect of Greenlandic history. Any changes to listed buildings must be approved by the National Museum.
  • Monumental buildings ( Danish: fredningsværdige bygninger ): This category exists mainly in the municipality of Kujalleq , and to a certain extent also in the municipality of Sermersooq . These are buildings worthy of preservation, which the municipality considers to be so important that a monument protection application is being considered.
  • Buildings worthy of preservation ( Danish bevaringsværdige bygninger ): Buildings worthy of preservation do not demonstrate history at the national level, but only in the communal or local area. For this reason, the local government must be involved in making major changes to buildings that are worth preserving. The term does not appear in Greenlandic Law 11/2010: Inatsisartutlov om fredning og anden kulturarvsbeskyttelse af kulturminder ( Inatsisartut Law on Monument Protection and Other Heritage Protection of Cultural Monuments ). The category goes back to the National Museum, which published a list of interesting old buildings in 1980. In 1990 the government issued de gule bynotater ( The Yellow City Notes ) containing bevaringsværdige bygninger og bydele . These lists are almost identical to the buildings that are officially registered by the municipalities in the municipal plans today.
  • particularly obtain worthy areas ( Danish Særligt bevaringsværdige områder ), also §2 areas ( Danish §2-områder ): These areas are historically and culturally most important areas of a city or settlement that may be provided by the local government as under special protection. This is stipulated in §2 of the announcement 31/1991 om varetagelse af bevaringshensyn i kommuneplanlægningen ( on the perception of maintenance consideration in municipal planning ).
  • Areas worthy of preservation ( Danish bevaringsværdige områder ), also §3 areas ( Danish §3-områder ): These areas are less important and mostly contain residential developments from the 1950s and 1960s. The local government is also responsible for dealing with these areas, as stipulated in Section 3 of the above notice.

In Igaliku , the buildings are protected by the UNESCO World Heritage Site . The place forms the center of the Kujataa World Heritage .

Architectural history of Greenland

Greenlandic architecture naturally went through various eras over the course of time.

Prehistoric times

The first cultures to come to Greenland about 4,500 years ago lived in fur tents with a stone aisle. The last of these cultures disappeared in the early Middle Ages and in the same time frame the first Vikings came to Greenland in 985 , who from then on formed the Grænlendingar people and brought the European architecture of that time to Greenland, from which church buildings such as the church of Brattahlíð or the church of Hvalsey originated. The first real Inuit to come to Greenland in the 13th century were nomadic .

The Grænlendingar died out around 1500. The Inuit later began to live in peat houses, which showed various forms over the centuries. In the northern part of Greenland, whale bones were also built into houses at that time.

18th and 19th centuries

In 1721 the colonization of Greenland by Denmark-Norway began . There were houses for the colonialists, commercial buildings and churches etc. Ä. erected. The Europeans brought the multi-storey buildings common at the time to Greenland. These consisted of wooden trunks stacked horizontally on top of each other, creating massive house walls. This type of building was typical for Greenland until the first half of the 19th century. Almost all the multi-storey houses that have ever been built in Greenland still exist, with only a handful falling victim to fires. Five of the multi-story houses had two floors, all the others were single-story.

In the 18th century, the Greenlanders mostly lived in peat wall houses for one or more families, the walls of which were made of coarse stones that were sealed with peat. The buildings were mostly built on embankments. The roofs were covered with animal skin on driftwood, on which stones and peat were also placed. The entrance to these structures was a kind of deep tunnel. At the beginning of the 19th century European architecture began to influence the Torfmauerhäuser who now got glass windows and windscreens instead of the entrance tunnel. Later the peat walls were supplemented from the inside by a solid stone or wooden wall and finally gable roofs were added .

Anders Olsen , who established the beginnings of modern agriculture in Greenland around 1780, was inspired by the buildings of the Grænlendingar, the ruins of which can be found in southern Greenland. At first they consisted of earth, stone and driftwood, later stone dominated as a building material. These stone houses became an important part of Greenland's architectural history. The buildings had continuous stone walls in which there were pieces of wood in which the roof was anchored.

Another important part were the half-timbered buildings. They first appeared in the 18th century. In 1836 a new type was finally introduced in which peat walls were still attached to the outside of the building. In the 1880s, the type of half-timbered buildings with board cladding was finally introduced. This eventually also replaced the last storey houses. The buildings consisted of a wooden frame, which was clad on the outside with vertical wooden boards.

20th century

In addition to the half-timbered buildings, improved stone buildings made of granite were also erected from the end of the 1920s .

From the early 20th century, buildings were also designed by architects for the first time. During this time, the Danes Helge Bojsen-Møller and Peter Anton Cortsen as well as the Greenlander Pavia Høegh , especially in South Greenland and Carl C. Hansen in Nuuk, dominated the country . After the Second World War, residential buildings were either built by the residents themselves, which is often reflected in their low architectural value, or type house areas emerged, mostly designed by the architectural office of Grønlands Tekniske Organization and consisting of a series of identical buildings in a regular arrangement Mark the road. These buildings were used to provide living space for the rapidly growing population in the 1950s and 1960s. In addition, the first row houses and high-rise buildings as well as apartment blocks were built during this time, especially in Nuuk.

The architecture in Igaliku should also be emphasized . The stone houses that Anders Olsen had started with dominated here from the start. They had smooth outer walls, but because of the differences in the stones, the inner walls were disordered. These were supplemented by wooden walls and the resulting spaces were stuffed with moss, hay or seaweed. The roofs of the one-story buildings were flat and covered with peat and grass. From the 1930s onwards, the buildings were constructed from cast walls made of concrete, sand or gravel. Then they were plastered from the outside. Wooden walls were built in from the inside and insulating material was put into the cavities. The roofs were now built higher and attics were created. Both wall construction methods sometimes occur together in one building.

list

Due to its size, the list is divided into sub-lists:

Web links

Individual evidence

  1. ↑ Fredet eller bevaringsværdigt? on the side of the National Museum
  2. ^ Kulturarv in the municipal plan of the municipality of Kujalleq
  3. ↑ Bevaringsværdige huse on the National Museum website
  4. ↑ a b Hjemmestyrets bekendtgørelse nr. 31 of October 30, 1991 om varetagelse af bevaringshensyn i communeplanlægningen at lovgivning.gl
  5. ↑ Lidt om Grønlands bygningskultur (Greenland National Museum)
  6. ↑ Grønlands bygningskultur og -historie on the website of the National Museum