Arthoniomycetes
Arthoniomycetes | ||||||||||
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Roccella fuciformis |
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Systematics | ||||||||||
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Scientific name | ||||||||||
Arthoniomycetes | ||||||||||
OE Erikss. & Winka |
The Arthoniomycetes are a class of the hose fungi . They are often lichens or live as saprobionts on plants. Some also live parasitically. The mostly crust-like lichens they form with green algae .
features
They usually form apothecia . Sometimes these are also closed and then have an elongated, pore-shaped opening. The peridia is thick or thin-walled. The intermediate asci tissue ( hemathecium ) consists of branched paraphyses in a gel-like matrix. The tubes are thick-walled and turn bluish with iodine . The ascospores are septate or unseptate, sometimes brown. As a minor crop , they form pycnidia . The algae partner is in most cases a representative of the Trentepohliaceae , only in the family Chrysotrichaceae and very few representatives of Arthonia there are also photobionts of the Chlorococcales .
Representatives of the order Lichenostigmatales are very different compared to the much larger order of the Arthoniales . They form rounded, dark-colored cells, grow like yeast by sprouting. Only the tubes, the ascospores and the conidiogenic cells are not rounded. The spores are septate. Mycelial growth was very rarely observed.
Way of life and distribution
Arthoniales are mainly lichen builders. But there are also saprobe and parasitic species. They are widespread worldwide from arctic regions to the tropics, from humid forests to arid ecosystems. Lichenostigmatales grow on other lichens (lichenicol) or on rock.
Systematics
For a long time, only the order Arthoniales belonged to the class of Arthoniomycetes with four families, some of which were very generic, and some genera of uncertain allocation:
- Arthoniaceae with 11 genera
- Chrysothrichaceae with 2 genera
- Melaspileaceae with 2 genera
- Roccellaceae with 47 genera
- Arthoniales incertae sedis
In 2014 the order of the Lichenostigmatales was described and recognized as a sister order of the Arthoniales, so that the class of Arthoniomycetes is no longer monotypical . The Melaspilaceae are now placed in their own order, the Eremithallales. At the moment (as of October 2018) only the following orders and families belong to the class:
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Arthonial
- Andreiomycetaceae with the only genus Andreiomyces
- Arthoniaceae : species-rich family with 21 genera (including the genus Arthonia )
- Chrysotrichaceae : with two genera
- Lecanographaceae : with seven genera
- Opegraphaceae : with 15 genera
- Roccellaceae : with 40 genera
- Roccellographaceae : with three genera
- Arthoniales incertae sedis
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Lichenostigmatales with the only family:
- Phaeococcomycetaceae with three genera:
Individual evidence
- ↑ Sina M. Adl, Alastair G. Simpson, Mark A. Farmer, Robert A. Andersen, O. Roger Anderson, Barta JR, Samuel S. Bowser, Guy Brugerolle, Robert A. Fensome, Suzanne Fredericq, Timothy J. James, Sergei Karpov, Paul Kugrens, John Krug, Christopher E. Lane, Loise A. Lewis, Jean Lodge, Denis H. Lynn, David G. Mann, Richard M. McCourt, Leonel Mendoza, Ǿjvind Moestrup, Sharon A. Mozley-Standridge, Thomas A. Nerad, Carol A. Shearer, Alexey V. Smirnov, Frederick W. Spiegel, Max F. Taylor: The New Higher Level Classification of Eukaryotes with Emphasis on the Taxonomy of Protists . In: The Journal of Eukaryotic Microbiology . tape 52 , no. 5 , 2005, p. 399-451 , doi : 10.1111 / j.1550-7408.2005.00053.x ( wiley.com ).
- ↑ a b c d e Andreas Frisch, Göran Thor, Damien Ertz and Martin Grube: The Arthonialean challenge: Restructuring Arthoniaceae . In: TAXON . tape 63 , no. 4 , 2014, p. 727-744 , doi : 10.12705 / 634.20 ( ingentaconnect.com ).
- ^ OE Eriksson (Ed.): Outline of Ascomycota - 2006 In: Myconet , Volume 12, 2006, pp. 1-82. (online html)
- ↑ Damien Ertz, James D. Lawrey, Ralph S. Common and Paul Diederich: Molecular data resolve a new order of Arthoniomycetes sister to the primarily lichenized Arthoniales and composed of black yeasts, lichenicolous and rock-inhabiting species. In: Fungal Diversity . tape 66 , 2014, p. 113-137 , doi : 10.1007 / s13225-013-0250-9 ( springer.com [PDF]).
- Jump up ↑ Damien Ertz, Paul Diederich: Dismantling Melaspileaceae: a first phylogenetic study of Buelliella, Hemigrapha, Karschia, Labrocarpon and Melaspilea . In: Fungal Diversity . tape 71 , 2015, p. 141–164 , doi : 10.1007 / s13225-015-0321-1 ( springer.com [PDF]).
- ↑ Nalin N. Wijayawardene, Kevin D. Hyde, H. Thorsten Lumbsch, Jian Kui Liu, Sajeewa SN Maharachchikumbura, Anusha H. Ekanayaka, Qing Tian, Rungtiwa Phookamsak: Outline of Ascomycota: 2017 . In: Fungal Diversity . tape 88 , 2018, p. 167-263 , doi : 10.1007 / s13225-018-0394-8 .