Trentepohliales

Trentepohliaceae
	Trentepohlia aurea , Tauberland, Germany
Systematics
without rank:	Archaeplastida
without rank:	Chloroplastida
Department :	Chlorophyta
Class :	Ulvophyceae
Order :	Trentepohliales
Family :	Trentepohliaceae
Scientific name of the order
	Trentepohliales
	Chadefaud ex RHThompson & DEWujek
Scientific name of the family
	Trentepohliaceae
	Hansgirg

Trentepohlia sp. on the bark of the Japanese crescent fir

Trentepohliales are an order of green algae with the only family Trentepohliaceae . They belong to the Ulvophyceae , which otherwise mainly comprise marine (in the sea) representatives. In contrast, the Trentepohliales live outside the water ( subaeric ), they are among the most widespread subaeric algae. With the genus Spongiochrysis , however, there are also other subaeric Ulvophyceae that do not belong to the Trentepohliales. The genus is named after the Oldenburg botanist Johann Friedrich Trentepohl .

features

The species of the Trentepohliales form single-row (uniseriate) cell threads with different branching patterns that grow on hard substrates such as rocks, tree bark, leaves and fruits, rarely on bare ground. Depending on the genus, they form open, tuft-like growth forms protruding from the substrate, recumbent, creeping threads or compact, plate-like pseudoparenchyma made of interwoven and fused threads. Some species grow inside plant tissue (endophytic) or on animals (epizoic), for example in the fur of sloths of the genus Bradypus . A number of species form the algae partner (photobiont or phycobiont) in the lichens (formed as a symbiosis of algae and fungi) . It is assumed that, depending on the estimate, around 20 to 30 percent of all lichen species have algae partners from this order, especially in the tropics.

The Trentepohliales are mostly colored red, yellow or orange by carotenoids and astaxanthines , but there are also green colored species. Characteristic of the order are zoosporangia that sit laterally on so-called suffultoric cells, that is, bottle-shaped supporting cells without plastids. The plastids are laterally (parietal) sitting, there is a reticulate, or several disk-shaped plastids per cell. They never own pyrenoids . It is noticeable that a so-called phragmoplast is formed during cell division . This is actually typical of the other large group of green algae, the Streptophyta , to which the land plants are also derived. Belonging to the Ulvophyceae was therefore controversial for a long time and was only generally accepted on the basis of phylogenomic studies.

Life cycle

Both sexual and asexual reproduction occur. In the genera Trentepohlia , Phycopeltis and Printzina , a diploid sporophyte and a haploid gametophyte alternate without morphological differences (isomorphism). In the genera Cephaleuros and Stomatochroon , the generation change is heteromorphic, i.e. gametophyte and sporophyte are morphologically different. The gametes are provided with two flagella , they are isogamets of equal size, so that no male and female sex can be distinguished. The gametangia are usually morphologically distinguishable from the vegetative cells, they are round, egg or bottle-shaped. In addition to sexual reproduction, asexual reproduction of the gametophyte occurs via quadriflagellate zoospores . From some genera it is reported that the flagellated swarming cells can behave alternatively as gametes or as zoospores.

Internal system

The conventionally differentiated genera within the group are, according to molecular studies, not monophyletic units. Since the phycobionts normally do not have any recognizable reproductive organs within the lichens, their relationship could only be determined molecularly with DNA sequencing. The following five genera, which are still taxonomically recognized today, are included in the Trentepohliaceae family:

Trentepohlia C. Martius . Filiform growing species, with prostrate and erect, tuft-like filaments, rarely more compact and crust-shaped thalli, on rocks, bark, leaves or the ground, often bright red or orange in color. Worldwide, especially topically, but down to moderate (temperate) latitudes.
Cephaleuros Kunze ex EMFries . Parasitic on plants where they grow intracellularly, below the cuticle. They cause leaf necrosis and are sometimes economically important pests.
Phycopeltis Millardet . Disc or lobed pseudoparenchymatic thalli, mostly on leaves ( epiphyll ).
Printzina R.H. Thompson & Wujek . Similar to Trentepohlia , mainly differentiated according to the shape of the zoosporangia.
Stomatochroon B.T. Palm . Rarely found. Endophytic threads growing within leaf tissue. Versursacht, unlike Cephaleuros but no necrosis or other symptoms.

The genus Physolinum Printz is taxonomically controversial, it is mostly included in Trentepohlia in more recent developments . The status of some other nominal genera is unclear.

The genus Trentepohlia

The genus includes some species that are among the earliest described algae. Carl von Linné described the species Byssus iolithus (today Trentepohlia iolithus ) in 1753 and Byssus aureus (today Trentepohlia aurea ) in 1759 . The Linnaeus genus Byssus is no longer recognized today, Byssus botryoides (today Omphalina ericetorum ) is the fungal partner of a lichen, Byssus velutina (today Pogonatum abides ) is a species of moss.

Trentepohlia aurea , Collégiale de Pont-Croix , Finistère , Brittany

The thread algae live on tree trunks or damp rocks. They can also occur as endosymbionts in lichens . The vegetation bodies of Trentepohlia are colored orange by stored carotenoids , so that the green of the chlorophyll can no longer be recognized.

Trentepohlia species can also be found in similar locations as the endosymbiont of lichens , especially the script lichen Graphis scripta and other crust lichen of the genera Graphis (family Graphidaceae , order Ostropales ), Gyalecta (family Gyalectaceae ) and Opegrapha (family Roccellaceae ).

Because of their sensitivity to cold occur Trentepohlia -Algen as photobionts of lichens mainly in tropical and subtropical climates. However, some species appear in the temperate zones of all continents.

Trentepohlia aurea on a Monterey cypress in Morro Bay State Park, California

Trentepohlia aurea occurs worldwide and grows, for example, on tree trunks and branches of oaks as well as the Monterey cypress ( Cupressus macrocarpa ) in California and is probably the most common Trentepohlia species in Great Britain. The orange color comes from the carotenoids stored in the cells .

More than 50 species have been described within the genus Trentepohlia . At least four species have been identified in Great Britain .

Individual evidence

^ Wolfgang Büsing: Trentepohl, Johann Friedrich. In: Hans Friedl u. a. (Ed.): Biographical manual for the history of the state of Oldenburg . Edited on behalf of the Oldenburg landscape. Isensee, Oldenburg 1992, ISBN 3-89442-135-5 , pp. 759 ff. ( Online ).
↑ ^a ^b ^c ^d Trentepohliaceae. in Guiry, MD & Guiry, GM: AlgaeBase. World-wide electronic publication, National University of Ireland, Galway. www.algaebase.org , accessed March 31, 2018
↑ ^a ^b ^c Fred Brooks, Fabio Rindi, Yasuo Suto, Mark Green (2015): The Trentepohliales (Ulvophyceae, Chlorophyta): An Unusual Algal Order and its Novel Plant Pathogen Cephaleuros. Plant Disease 99 (6): 740-753. doi: 10.1094 / PDIS-01-15-0029-FE
↑ David M. John, Brian A. Whitton, Alan J. Brook: The Freshwater Algal Flora of the British Isles: An Identification Guide to Freshwater and Terrestrial Algae. Cambridge University Press, 2002. ISBN 978-0-521-77051-4 . Trentepohliales p. 415 ff.
↑ Juan M. Lopez-Bautista & Russell L. Chapman (2003): Phylogenetic affinities of the Trentepohliales inferred from small-subunit rDNA. International Journal of Systematic and Evolutionary Microbiology 53: 2099-2106. doi: 10.1099 / ijs.0.02256-0
^ FS Dobson (2000) Lichens, an illustrated guide to the British and Irish species. Richmond publishing Co. ISBN 0-85546-094-6
↑ T. Friedl and B. Büdel (1996) Photobionts, in Nash, TH (ed.) Lichen biology, pp.8-23, Cambridge University Press.
↑ , Aboal, Marina; Egidos, Ana; Marín, José; Asencio, Antonia Trentepohlia jolithus (L.) Wallroth 1833 (Chlorophyta, Ulvophyceae) in subaerial habitats from southeastern Spain . In: Archives for Hydrobiology (Algological Studies) . 107, 2002, pp. 153-162.
↑ ^a ^b D.M. John, BA Whitton, AJ Brook: The freshwater algal flora of the British Isles: an identification guide to freshwater and terrestrial algae . Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, UK 2002, ISBN 0-521-77051-3 , p. 478.

[1] Wolfgang Büsing: Trentepohl, Johann Friedrich. In: Hans Friedl u. a. (Ed.): Biographical manual for the history of the state of Oldenburg . Edited on behalf of the Oldenburg landscape. Isensee, Oldenburg 1992, ISBN 3-89442-135-5 , pp. 759 ff. ( Online ).

[Algaebase-2] Trentepohliaceae. in Guiry, MD & Guiry, GM: AlgaeBase. World-wide electronic publication, National University of Ireland, Galway. www.algaebase.org , accessed March 31, 2018

[Brooks-3] Fred Brooks, Fabio Rindi, Yasuo Suto, Mark Green (2015): The Trentepohliales (Ulvophyceae, Chlorophyta): An Unusual Algal Order and its Novel Plant Pathogen Cephaleuros. Plant Disease 99 (6): 740-753. doi: 10.1094 / PDIS-01-15-0029-FE

[John_415-4] David M. John, Brian A. Whitton, Alan J. Brook: The Freshwater Algal Flora of the British Isles: An Identification Guide to Freshwater and Terrestrial Algae. Cambridge University Press, 2002. ISBN 978-0-521-77051-4 . Trentepohliales p. 415 ff.

[5] Juan M. Lopez-Bautista & Russell L. Chapman (2003): Phylogenetic affinities of the Trentepohliales inferred from small-subunit rDNA. International Journal of Systematic and Evolutionary Microbiology 53: 2099-2106. doi: 10.1099 / ijs.0.02256-0

[Dobson-6] FS Dobson (2000) Lichens, an illustrated guide to the British and Irish species. Richmond publishing Co. ISBN 0-85546-094-6

[Friedl1996-7] T. Friedl and B. Büdel (1996) Photobionts, in Nash, TH (ed.) Lichen biology, pp.8-23, Cambridge University Press.

[Aboal_et_al_2002-8] , Aboal, Marina; Egidos, Ana; Marín, José; Asencio, Antonia Trentepohlia jolithus (L.) Wallroth 1833 (Chlorophyta, Ulvophyceae) in subaerial habitats from southeastern Spain . In: Archives for Hydrobiology (Algological Studies) . 107, 2002, pp. 153-162.

[John_478-9] D.M. John, BA Whitton, AJ Brook: The freshwater algal flora of the British Isles: an identification guide to freshwater and terrestrial algae . Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, UK 2002, ISBN 0-521-77051-3 , p. 478.