Ayaz Ishaki

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Ayaz İshaki ( Tatar Ğayaz İsxaqıy Гаяз Исхакый ; * 1878 in Kutluschkino ( Tatar . Yauşirmä ) near Kazan ; † July 22, 1954 in Istanbul ) was a Tatar publicist, agitator and Great Turkish nationalist.

Youth and education

The son of a mullah was born in 1878. He received his education in the madrasas of Chistopol and Kazan. From 1898 he was enrolled at the local teacher training college. He received his political ideas up to the revolution of 1905 from the Social Revolutionaries , a rather terrorist intellectual group.

1905–17 Social Revolutionary Agitation

At the first all-Russian Muslim congress in Nizhny Novgorod in 1905, he took part as the leader of the radical Tatar nationalists. He violently attacked liberalism and the İttifak movement, which at the time was under the leadership of Abdurresid Ibrahim . He was only prepared to tolerate İttifak as a cultural institution.

Because of his opposition to the tsarist regime, he spent several years in custody and in exile in the provinces of Arkhangelsk and Vologda . After his return he founded the newspaper IL in St. Petersburg in 1913 , which appeared with interruptions in Moscow from 1914 to 1918. It was closed after the great October proletarian revolution. İshaki was also otherwise active as a publicist and dramaturge, having published 29 works by 1918.

In the course of time he had moved away from his leftist ideas and became a nationalist. At the "1st Congress of All Muslims in Russia" in Moscow in May 1917, he was elected to the Executive Committee.

Anti-Soviet agitation

The second all-Russian Muslim congress in Ufa wanted to send him as a delegate to the Versailles peace conference . When Tatarei was liberated, he fled via Samara, Ufa and Kiziljar . He left Russia in 1919 and went into exile in Paris via Japan .

From there he began to operate nationalist agitation for the Turk Tatars in the Soviet Union, whom he understood as oppressed. In 1923 he founded the Turan Society in Berlin , whose position was also approached by Abdurresid Ibrahim .

In 1925, İshaki received an invitation from Turkey to publish the magazine Türk Yurdu . This paper represented Great Turkish positions with regard to the Turkic peoples in the Caucasus and Central Asia . At that time he took on Turkish citizenship. However, some pressure was exerted on Turkey by the Soviet government so that it relocated its activities to Europe. The mouthpiece of the "Committee for the Independence of the İdil-Urals" appeared under his leadership from 1928 in Berlin under the title Mili Yol ( The National Way ).

His speech in Arabic at the 3rd Muslim Congress in Jerusalem in 1931 showed strong nationalist and anti-Soviet features. From 1933 he was organizationally active among the Tatar emigrants in Japan and Manchukuo . There was a clash with the group of another nationalist active there, Kurban-Ali - who, however, was promoted by the ultra-nationalist Kokuryūkai - because he was cooperating with "white Russians".

He tried to organize the Tatars living in Japan with the "Culture Committee of the Tatars of the İdil Urals" founded on February 23, 1934 under his leadership. He continued to travel to the mainland and arrived in Harbin on Aug. 22, 1934. In Mukden , İshaki started the weekly Mili Bayrak, which was printed in Arabic script. From the beginning of 1936 the Japanese authorities feared he was a Soviet agent.

Later in the year he can be found again in Europe, where he again supports the Turk Tatars in Germany and the Prometheus movement funded by the Polish government under Józef Piłsudski . After the conclusion of the non-aggression pact in 1939, anti-Soviet agitation by the occupying power was also stopped in Poland . He then fled via London to Turkey in 1940, where he continued to work in the Greater Turkish sense within the framework of the restrictive conditions of the İnönü regime.

Immediately after the end of the war (Aug. 27, 1945) he petitioned the British government to help evacuate the Tatars remaining in northwest China. In fact, most of them only left the country for Turkey or Australia with the support of the Red Cross after the liberation of China.

He died in Ankara on July 22, 1954. He was buried in the Edirnekapı Martyrs Cemetery ( Edirnekapı Şehitliği ) in Istanbul.

literature

  • Esenbel, Selcuk, Inaba Chiharū (Eds.): The Rising Sun and the Turkish Crescent . Boğaziçi University Press, İstanbul 2003, ISBN 975-518-196-2 , (especially pp. 197-215).

Individual evidence

  1. For the large number of transcriptions of his name, see the authority data entry (GND 122092619 ) of the German National Library . Query date: April 16, 2017.
  2. in contrast to Iran, the country in the northeast of Persia
  3. ^ Public Record Office. FO 195/2488 file 671