Bafa Gölü
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Bafa Gölü Çamiçi Gölü |
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| Geographical location | Muğla , Aydın ( Turkey ) | |
| Drain | to the great meander | |
| Islands | Kapıkırı, İkizce, Menet, Kahvesar Adası | |
| Places on the shore | Kapıkırı ( Herakleia on Latmos ) | |
| Location close to the shore | Milas | |
| Data | ||
| Coordinates | 37 ° 30 ′ N , 27 ° 27 ′ E | |
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| Altitude above sea level | 2 m | |
| surface | 60 km² | |
| length | 16 km | |
| width | 6 km | |
| Maximum depth | 21 m | |
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| Location of the Gulf of Latvia in ancient times | ||
The Bafa ( Lake Bafa , also Çamiçi Gölü ) is a from a previous Inlet, the Gulf Latmischen, incurred lake on the west coast of Turkey . It has a size of around 60 km², around 15% of the size of Lake Constance .
history
In ancient times , the later Lake Bafa as part of the recent Büyük-Menderes Graben still had a direct connection to the Mediterranean and was called Latmikos kolpos (Bay of Latmos, Latmian Gulf, Latmosian Gulf), after the mountain range of the Latmos ( Beşparmak ), which on The northeast bank begins and continues to the east. A Carian city there, also called Latmos, was the predecessor settlement of Herakleia am Latmos, which was newly created by Pleistarchus just a little further west . For several years we have known more details about the recent development of the western part of this rift valley , the “Latmian Gulf”, to which the delta of the Great Meander ( Büyük Menderes ) and the Bafa valley belong. The recent plain around the mouth of the Büyük Menderes delta is only a few meters above sea level and is still very young, mainly of historical origin. This estuary extends with varying width between 10 and 15 kilometers approximately from the district town of Söke on its northern edge and the administrative district center of Bağarası on its southern edge over 45 km west-southwest to the Aegean Sea.
After the end of the last glacial period (between 9000 and approx. 5000 BC), global warming had led to the increased melting of the glaciers and the rise in sea levels, so that during the so-called Flemish transgression, parts of the continental shelf areas and lower land masses of western Asia Minor were flooded up to 130 m high and the sea reached from today's coast about 60 km inland to the south of the provincial capital Aydın: the Latmian Gulf was formed. After that, the younger, successive sedimentation of the western Menderes trench began with sediments from the 25,000 km² area of the meander with the advancement of an estuary delta. For the advance of the delta, starting in the Chalcolithic period (6000 years ago), various silting stages could be detected: According to this, the sediment load of the meander increased to that, especially during the phase of dense settlement between the Archaic and Roman times - with a maximum in the Classical / Hellenistic period 15 times.
The latest research shows that the "Latmian Gulf" dates back to 1500 BC. BC reached at least 50 km inland. According to this, the delta had grown by around 1 km in 100 years when the Büyük Menderes was piled up. Due to heavy soil erosion in the hinterland, there was apparently a high sediment load and thus a strong delta structure of the meander, which gradually silted up the formerly existing bay over the past 5500 years - except for the depression of Lake Bafa. However, the silting up of the bay by the meander sediments did not take place uniformly due to the split of the meander into a northern and a southern estuary. At least until the Hellenistic-Roman period, the northern arm was the more active: at first, until around 1500 BC. BC, the river delta advanced in the center of the rift to what was then the island of Hybanda (today a 70 m high hill with the village of Özbaşı 13.5 km south of Söke). In the 8th century BC Chr. Was Priene reached and the further south antique Myos probably in the late Hellenistic period.
As early as the 1st century AD, Strabo described the rapid advance of the delta with frequent changes in the river bed in detail. At that time, the ancient city of Myos, which 600 years earlier had been on the coast, was already more than 5 km and the former port city of Priene about 7 km from the sea. The Great Meander emptied in the north of the trench near Priene, and today's Bafa Lake, as the Gulf of Latmos (Milesian Sea), (still) had an open connection to the sea. From the 4th century AD, the sediments deposited by the Great Meander due to man-made deforestation in the catchment area cut off the lake from the Aegean Sea . After the Priener Hafen silted up, the southern meander arm became more active, and the advance of its sediment cargo reached Miletus in the Roman Empire around 300 AD. The remainder of the inner bay, the "Milesische See" (today's Bafa Lake), which has meanwhile been cut off from the open sea. , at that time still covered a large part of the former Latin Gulf, and it was not until Byzantine times that the access to the sea was largely filled by the deposits of the southern arm. The Milesian lake gradually became an inland lake - the Bafa lake. As a result, not only the port city of Herakleia, located on the former Gulf at the foot of the Latmos, lost its importance. When the Seljuks conquered Miletus in 1333, their ships were still able to reach this city, but the Büyük Menderes delta had already advanced to their port facilities. A century later the port was buried. In the 17th century the coast ran alongside the ruins of Miletus. In the second half of the 19th century, the coast had almost reached its current course. A further advance to the west - apart from small changes in the mouth - was largely prevented by the coastal currents of the Aegean Sea. Only the approximately 60 km² (fluctuating lake level) large Bafa Gölü and the significantly smaller Azap Gölü, the Azapsee, are left behind as relics of the Latmian Gulf.
Ecology and climate
In connection with the special situation of Lake Bafa as a former arm of the sea, the largest lake in the Turkish Aegean region threatens to ecologically "overturn" due to climate change and human intervention. The construction of a barrier-like dam at the western end of the lake to the Menderes delta to protect against flooding caused by meander floods has been preventing freshwater inflows from Büyük Menderes since 1985, so that the lake is not only “ecologically tipping”, but is in danger of drying out. The Turkish environmental organization Ecosystem Protection and Nature Lovers Association ( EKO-DOSD ) is trying to stabilize the ecosystem in Lake Bafa.
With an area of 68.6 km² and a catchment area of 315 km², Lake Bafa is only a maximum of 21 m deep. Human interventions have recently led to a significant change in the salinity of the lake and the disappearance of brackish and freshwater fish. At the same time, fish that tolerate large fluctuations in salinity were established. Since the 1980s, the previously stable water stratification of the Bafa lake has obviously been severely disturbed by the extraction of water from groundwater outlets (for irrigation) on the lake floor. Water profiles at a depth of 16 m from July 1992 showed an increase in chlorides, an unusually increased electrical conductivity layer and a decrease in the pH value and dissolved oxygen with increasing depth, which can be traced back to the influx of salty seawater and high algae production. In addition, changed nitrite concentrations in certain water layers were an indication of organically polluted groundwater from village and agricultural wastewater discharge.
The changing climatic conditions around the world can now also be felt at Lake Bafa. In Southwest Turkey, the number of warm days has increased from 31 to 42 days on average in 100 years. The number of tropical nights has also experienced an estimated average increase from 91 to 130 days in 100 years, especially in the coastal areas, which has a clear effect on changes in the stratification of the seawater due to the higher night temperatures. At the same time, the salt content rose from 1.5 ‰ to 19 ‰ between 1957 and 2002. In connection with increasing monthly mean temperatures and a decrease in precipitation in all months, there is a significant lowering of the lake level of Lake Bafa.
Lake Bafa is a suitable area for hiking and nature observation. There are more than 100 different species of birds and over 120 varieties of orchids.
If you drive from the main road around the southern end of the lake in the direction of Herakleia, interesting rock formations open up along the lake up to the Latmos Mountains. On its east side it is possible to climb up to the rear Latmos with local guides, in order to visit prehistoric caves with rock paintings up to 80 cm high .
There are only small guesthouses around the lake, as hotel buildings have been banned here in order to preserve the landscape, flora and fauna.
literature
- Volker Höhfeld (Hrsg.): Herakleia - city and landscape of the Latmos. A historical-geographical guide through the Latmos Mountains and its surroundings. Global Sudies Working Papers Vol. 37 Institute of Geography, Tübingen 2017.
- Volker Höhfeld: Latmos - Beşparmak. Topographic map of the Beşparmak Mountains 1: 50,000 . In: Hans Lohmann (Ed.): Field research in the Latmos. Research in the area around Herakleia on the Latmos. Asia Minor Studies 93rd Bonn 2019, Appendix 1.
Web links
Individual evidence
- ↑ Bafa See ( Memento of the original from January 5, 2010 in the Internet Archive ) Info: The archive link was inserted automatically and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice.
- ↑ TÜIK : SU ÜRÜNLERİ İSTATİSTİKLERİ Fishery Statistics 2008 p. 55 ISSN 1013-6177 (PDF) .
- ↑ Anneliese Peschlow-Bindokat: A Carian mountain landscape. Herakleia on the Latmos. City and surroundings. Homer Kitabevi, Istanbul 2005, ISBN 975-8293-72-9 , pp. 92-110 .
- ↑ Nuri Güldalı: Turkey. Geomorphology of Turkey. In: Supplements to the Tübingen Atlas of the Middle East. Row A, No. 4 . Reichert, Wiesbaden 1979, ISBN 3-88226-039-4 , pp. 180-194 .
- ↑ Bilal Bay: Anthropogenically induced soil erosion and delta building in the Büyük Menderes Delta (SW Turkey) . Bochum 2002.
- ↑ Helmut Brückner e. al .: From archipelago to floodplain - geographical and ecological changes in Miletus and its environs during the last six millennia (Western Anatolia, Turkey) . In: Z. f. Geomorphic. NF Suppl.-Vol. Berlin / Stuttgart 2006.
- ↑ Helmut Brückner e. al .: Holocene Landscape Evolution of the Büyük Menderes Alluvial Plain in the Environs of Myous and Priene (Western Anatolia, Turkey) . In: Geology Today . tape 26 , no. 1 . London 2010.
- ^ Horace Leonard Jones: The geography of Strabo. With an English translation by Horace Leonard Jones. Based in part upon the unfinished version of John Robert Sitlington Sterrett. tape VII . London / New York 1917, p. 33 .
- ↑ Nuri Güldalı: Turkey. Geomorphology of Turkey. In: Supplements to the Tübingen Atlas of the Middle East . Row A, No. 4 . Reichert, Wiesbaden 1979, ISBN 3-88226-039-4 , pp. 191-193 .
- ↑ HM Sarı e. al .: Recent changes in the fish fauna of Lake Bafa, Aegean region of Turkey. In: Zoology in the Middle East . tape 18 , 1999, p. 67-76 .
- ↑ N. Kazancı e. al .: Research on the limnology of Bafa Lake in South-Western Turkey and Climat Change Impacts . In: Review of Hydrobiology . tape 2 , 2008, p. 207-223 .
