Baqirha
Baqirha , Bāķirḥā; was an ancient settlement in the Dead Cities area in northwest Syria . The ruins of a temple from Roman times and the remains of two churches and some residences from early Byzantine times have been preserved.
location
Baqirha lies on a Burj Baqirha (Burj: Arabic برج"Tower") called hill in the Idlib governorate on the northern slope of the Jebel Barischa in the middle of the northern Syrian limestone massif. Six kilometers to the northeast lies the ancient settlement of Ba'uda on the same karst and treeless rock hill , from which the Bab al-Hawa border crossing on the main road from Aleppo to Antakya in Turkey can be seen just under two kilometers away . A few hundred meters north below Baqirha, the road passes the poorly preserved neighboring village of Dar Qita . In a southerly direction it is two kilometers to a road junction in the tiny village of Ras ibn Hosn and another four kilometers to the south to the extensive early Byzantine settlement of Barischa , whose ruined houses are hidden between trees and bushes, unlike the Baqirha, which can be seen from afar. The large settlement of Dehes is just as far southwest of Baqirha.
Above Baqirha only a few small olive trees thrive , otherwise grassland strewn with rocks is predominant, which is used as pasture for sheep and horses. The ruins are uninhabited and there are several small villages in the vicinity.
History and cityscape
temple
The oldest building is a Roman prostylus temple, which stands at the upper, southern end away from the settlement near the street. It may have been built on the site of a much older sanctuary. The temple from 161 AD was dedicated to Zeus Bomos (" Zeus , the altar"), a local name for the main Syrian god Baal . Zeus temples were often built on mountains; another was in close proximity on the summit of Jebel Sheikh Baraqat (south of Refade ), several around the summit of Hermon . It is not known which deity was worshiped in the temple of Babisqa, two kilometers to the east.
A rectangular building made of mighty limestone blocks rose above the base of the temple, which is comparable to the Baal Shamin temple in Palmyra , with an entrance hall with four pillars on the west side. The eastern rear wall up to the gable and part of the north wall were preserved. In front of the temple lie the sections of the collapsed columns and Corinthian capitals.
Two houses from the 3rd century are preserved in ruins, the other ruins are from the 4th to 7th centuries. The religious dispute in the 4th century seems to have only gradually been decided in Baqirha in favor of Christianity. Soon after the reign of the Roman emperor Julian (360–363), the first Christians are documented. From 384 a deacon named Mikalos owned his own house. At the same time, Zeus was worshiped here and in Dar Qita until the end of the 5th century.
Western church
The earlier and poorly preserved of the two churches is the West Church, which Butler says was built in 501. When dating, he refers to an inscription that was not on the church building, but above the northern entrance of the perimeter wall of the Temenos . There was probably a previous building which, according to Butler's style, dates from the 4th century. Strube dates this first building to 416. The date can be read on the dedicatory inscription above the eastern of the two doors on the south side, i.e. the entrance for the male parishioners. There three names are mentioned: "Kyriakos Presbyteros", who was also an architect, "Mikalos Diakonos" and a "Krisianos". Above the western door that led to the rear women's area read: “There is one God and his Christ and the Holy Spirit. May he help those who fear him. "
Only the foundations of the semicircular apse have been preserved from the older building . During the renovation, the apse on the east wall was converted into a rectangular extension, which corresponded to the local building tradition. This three-aisled building with a straight east wall and closed west wall resembled smaller village churches such as the unadorned monastery church of Sitt er-Rum . Blocks of the masonry are scattered around, the north and west walls are partially, of the south wall only the lower layer has been preserved. The older columns in the nave had Ionic capitals, while the Corinthian and Tuscan capitals were probably from the second construction phase. The nave was supported by four columns per row. In line with the urban building tradition, bead-shaped relief bands ran over the arched windows on the outer walls, which rolled into volutes at the ends . For the first time in Christian architecture in Syria - should the construction time be around 500 - the outer walls were structured in the middle and at the corners by pilasters . The formation of the door jamb on the southern main entrance with heavy bead profile, interlace and the sheet decks in the tradition of the front door of the Basilica of Qalb Loze .
The inscribed date on the profiled portal of the surrounding wall, which is just as richly decorated with leaf motifs, can also be read as 491. The portal does not necessarily have to be built at the same time as the church was rebuilt, so the new church could have been built around 490 or later. Strube takes the date 501 for the renovation, during which the entire east side was renewed.
The square baptistery a bit away from the south-east corner of the church is much better preserved. It was integrated into a courtyard in front of the south side of the church, which was closed off from the outside by a wall. A pillar-supported colonnade ran inside on two sides of this wall.
Eastern Church
The Eastern Church can be recognized from afar by its completely preserved west gable, which looks towards the street. It is about 100 meters below the temple. The dating of the last phase of construction is discussed as well as the time when the first church was built at this location. An inscription on the lintel of the west portal refers to the year 546 AD, which corresponds to the year 595 of the era of Antioch , the capital of the then administrative district Antiochene. In this church, too, the question of the extent to which components from older churches were reused or whether a stylistic recourse to the construction forms of the famous architect Markianos Kyris (around 400) caused difficulties.
The east wall of the three-aisled pillar basilica has been preserved up to the cornice on the upper floor. Butler describes that the six columns per central nave wall fell on the floor as they did centuries ago. He visited the ruins briefly in 1900 and 1905, and in April 1909 he made a map of Dar Qita and Baqirha. In the grass-overgrown nave there are only remnants of ashlar from the outer walls. The apse in the east was rectangular, a vestibule with four pillars, closed side walls and a pent roof was built on the west facade. Like the Sergius Church of Dar Qita, which was built at the same time, the west portal is modeled on the older style of Master Kyris. Beyer recognizes a reused older lintel to which an additional cornice was added during a renovation. Consequently, the entire church must have been rebuilt. This is also indicated by the small dimensions, which were particularly common in churches in the first half of the 5th century.
The narthex with a pent roof built on the southern long side had four pillars, while the otherwise similar extension of the Sergius Church was supported by four columns. It was definitely added later, perhaps around 600.
Like almost all places in the limestone massif, Baqirha achieved its prosperity mainly through the export of olive oil. The still upright pillar porticoes of some stately residences or trading houses bear witness to the urban character of the place.
literature
- Christine Strube : The "Dead Cities". Town and country in northern Syria during late antiquity. Zabern's illustrated books on archeology. Verlag Philipp von Zabern, Mainz 1996, ISBN 3-8053-1840-5
- Christine Strube: Building decoration in the northern Syrian limestone massif. Vol. I. Forms of capitals, doors and cornices in the churches of the 4th and 5th centuries AD. Damascene research 5. Philipp von Zabern, Mainz 1993, pp. 77–79. ISBN 3-8053-1407-8
- Howard Crosby Butler: Early Churches in Syria. Fourth to Seventh Centuries. Princeton monographs in art and archeology. Princeton University Press, Princeton 1929; Reprint: Hakkert, Amsterdam 1969
- Hermann Wolfgang Beyer : The Syrian church building. Studies of late antique art history . Walter de Gruyter, Berlin 1925; Reprint: de Gruyter, Berlin 1978, ISBN 3-11-005705-0
Individual evidence
- ^ Warwick Ball: Rome in the East. The Transformation of an Empire. Routledge, London / New York 2000, ISBN 0-415-11376-8 , pp. 219, 322
- ↑ Strube 1996, p. 29
- ^ Frank R. Trombley: Hellenic Religion and Christianization C. 370-529. 2nd edition. Brill, Leiden 1995, ISBN 90-04-09692-2 , p. 272
- ↑ Strube 1996, p. 38
- ↑ a b Strube 1993, p. 77
- ↑ Strube 1993, p. 78
- ^ Butler, p. 134
- ↑ Strube 1996, p. 81, illus. P. 86
- ↑ Beyer, p. 89
- ↑ Beyer, Plan p. 88
- ↑ Butler, p. 139, photo p. 140
- ^ Howard Crosby Butler: Publications of the Princeton University Archaeological Expeditions to Syria in 1904-1905 and 1909. Division I: Geography and Itinerary. Brill, Leiden 1930, p. 63. Online at Archive.org
- ↑ Beyer, pp. 85-87
Coordinates: 36 ° 12 ′ 21 ″ N , 36 ° 39 ′ 34 ″ E