Bartonium
system | series | step | ≈ age ( mya ) |
---|---|---|---|
higher | higher | higher | younger |
Paleogene | Oligocene | Chattium | 23.03 ⬍ 28.1 |
Rupelium | 28.1 ⬍ 33.9 |
||
Eocene | Priobonium | 33.9 ⬍ 38 |
|
Bartonium | 38 ⬍ 41.3 |
||
lutetium | 41.3 ⬍ 47.8 |
||
Ypresium | 47.8 ⬍ 56 |
||
Paleocene | Thanetium | 56 ⬍ 59.2 |
|
Seelandium | 59.2 ⬍ 61.6 |
||
Danium | 61.6 ⬍ 66 |
||
deeper | deeper | deeper | older |
The Bartonium (mostly shortened to Barton in German) is the third chronostratigraphic stage of the Eocene (Upper Middle Eocene , Paleogene ) in the history of the earth . The absolute age of the stage ranges ( geochronologically ) from about 41.3 to about 38 million years. It follows the Lutetium and is replaced by the Priabonium .
Naming and history
The name is derived from the place Barton-on-Sea (now a district of New Milton , Hampshire , England ). The Barton Clay Formation , which is open here, is named after this place . The stage and name were suggested by Karl Mayer-Eymar in 1857.
Definition and GSSP
The stage begins with the first appearance of the calcareous nannoplankton species Reticulofenestra reticulata and ends shortly before the first appearance of the calcareous nannoplankton species Chiasmolithus oamaruensis (corresponds to the base of the nannoplankton zone NP18) or before the extinction of Chiasmolithus grandis . The upper limit of the bartonium can be clearly defined by the extinction of the dinoflagellate Rottnestia borussica . A reference profile (GSSP = Global Stratotype Section and Point) for the bartonium has not yet been established.
Magnetostratigraphy
The bartonium begins magnetostratigraphically with Chron C 18r and extends to the lower limit of C 17n.1n . It extends over the entire Chron C 18 .
Biostratigraphy
Planktonic foraminifera
The bartonium comprises the planktonic foraminiferous zones P 12 (upper quarter), the zone P 13 , P 14 , characterized by the taxon Orbulinoides beckmanni , and the lower third of P 15 , the beginning of which is defined by the first appearance ( FAD ) of Globigerinatheka semiinvoluta .
Benthonic large foraminifera
Two benthic Großforaminiferenzonen can be reported in bartonian, SBZ 17 with the taxa Alveolina elongata , Alveolina fragilis , Alveolina fusiform , Discocyclina Pulcra baconica , Nummulites perforatus , Nummulites brogniarti , Nummulites biarritzensis and above SBZ 18 with the taxa biedai Nummulites and Nummulites cyrenaicus .
Calcareous nannoplankton
The calcareous nannoplankton zones in the bartonium are NP 16 (upper third) and NP 17 . NP 17 begins with the extinction ( LAD ) of Chiasmolithus solitus and then extends into the lower Priabonian.
Dinoflagellate cysts
On the basis of dinoflagellates - cysts , the zones are for the bartonian D 10 (upper half) and D 11 expelled. The first appearance of Rhombodinium draco and the disappearance of Areoligera tauloma define the beginning of sub-zone D 10b . D 11 sets in with Rhombodinium porosum , and at the same time Corrudinium incompositum disappears . The first appearance of Wetzeliella simplex defines the beginning of subzone D 11b . The upper limit of the bartonium coincides with the extinction of Rottnestia borussica .
Land mammal biozones
The bartonium is identical to the land mammal stage MP 16 (or Lautricense-Siderolithicum zone ). It has the following bio- zones ( Land Mammal Mega Zones ), separated by continents :
During the Robiacium, the taxa Lophiodon lautricense (defines the beginning of MP 16 ) and Leptolophusstehlini as well as the Palaeotherium castrense and Palaeotherium robiacense appear for the first time . The families Anthracotheriidae , Cainotheriidae and Talpidae also appear . The taxa Lophiodon leptorhynchus , Leptolophus dahlini , Palaeotherium cosetanus , Palaeotherium robiacense and Propalaeotherium (the latter marks the end of the Robiacium) are dying out, as are the families Lophiodontidae and Hyrachyiidae .
- North America ( NALMMZ ): Uintum (top section only) and Duchesneum
At the beginning of the Duchesneum (Duchesneum 1), Mesohippus and the families Amphicyonidae , Anthracotheriidae , Canidae and Rhinocerotidae appear . The first appearance of Ischyromys marks the beginning of Duchesneum 2. At the beginning of Duchesneum 1, Omomys , the family of the Hyrachyiidae , the orders of the Dinocerata and the Taeniodontia disappear . At the end of the Ducheseum, the Nyctitheriidae and the subordination of the Plesiadapiformes die out.
- Asia ( ALLMZ ): Sharamurunium
Occurrence
The bartonium occurs in the following sedimentation spaces (sorted from young to old):
- Hampshire Basin : Becton Sand Formation , Chama Sand Formation, and Barton Clay Formation
- Belgian basin : Lede formation
- Paris basin : Auversien with the Calcaire de Saint Ouen and the Sables de Beauchamp
- North German Plain : Sevind Formation
- Upper Rhine Valley : Lymnaen marl
- Helvetic : Globigerine marl and guarantor layers . In Switzerland Stadschiefer and Hohgant-Schiefer , in Upper Bavaria Stockletten and granite marble .
- Upper Italy : Promina layers and Roncà layers
- Egypt : Mokattam Formation
- Pakistan : Kirthar formation
literature
- Felix M. Gradstein, Jim Ogg, Jim Smith, Alan Smith (Eds.): A Geologic timescale 2004 . 3rd edition. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge et al. 2004, ISBN 0-521-78673-8 .
- Karl Mayer-Eymar : Tableau synchronique des formations tertiaires d'Europe . 3. Edition. Zurich 1857.
- Hans Murawski, Wilhelm Meyer: Geological dictionary . 10th revised and expanded edition. Enke Verlag, Stuttgart 1998, ISBN 3-432-84100-0 ( Enke paperback ).
Individual evidence
- ↑ Curry, D .: Thanetian . In: Pomerol, C. (Ed.): Stratotypes of Paleogene Stages, Mémoire hors série 2 du Bulletin d'Information des Géologues du Bassin de Paris . 1981, p. 255-265 .
- ↑ Mayer-Eymar, K .: Attempt of a new classification of the tertiary structures of Europe . In: Negotiations of the Swiss Natural Research Society . tape 42 , 1858, pp. 165-199 .
Web links
- German Stratigraphic Commission, Manfred Menning (Hrsg.): Stratigraphische Tisch von Deutschland 2002 . Potsdam 2002, ISBN 3-00-010197-7 (1 sheet, Stratigraphie.de [PDF; 6.6 MB ]).
- Commission for the paleontological and stratigraphic research of Austria of the Austrian Academy of Sciences (ed.): The Stratigraphic Table of Austria (sedimentary layer sequences) - (PDF; 381 kB) (large)
- International Chronostratigraphic Chart 2012 (PDF)