Rupelium
| system | series | step | ≈ age ( mya ) |
|---|---|---|---|
| higher | higher | higher | younger |
| Paleogene | Oligocene | Chattium | 23.03 ⬍ 28.1 |
| Rupelium | 28.1 ⬍ 33.9 |
||
| Eocene | Priobonium | 33.9 ⬍ 38 |
|
| Bartonium | 38 ⬍ 41.3 |
||
| lutetium | 41.3 ⬍ 47.8 |
||
| Ypresium | 47.8 ⬍ 56 |
||
| Paleocene | Thanetium | 56 ⬍ 59.2 |
|
| Seelandium | 59.2 ⬍ 61.6 |
||
| Danium | 61.6 ⬍ 66 |
||
| deeper | deeper | deeper | older |
In geological history, a time interval of the paleogene is referred to as a rupelium (usually rupel or rupel level in German usage ) . It is the lower chronostratigraphic stage of the Oligocene (Palaeogene) and is equated with the Lower Oligocene . Geochronologically it ranges from about 33.9 to 28.1 million years. The stage follows the Priabonium and is replaced by the Chattium . In northern Germany, the term rupelium is also used for a regional level, but its boundaries do not coincide with the global level. It ranges from about 32.5 to 29.5 million years. In the literature, this regional level is often put in quotation marks. It would be desirable to rename it to avoid confusion with the global level of the same name.
Naming and history
The stage is named after the Rupel , a right tributary of the Scheldt near Antwerp ( Belgium ). The stage and name were suggested by the Belgian geologist André Hubert Dumont in 1850.
The Oligocene was introduced by Heinrich Ernst Beyrich in 1854 and divided into three stages - Lower, Middle and Upper Oligocene. At that time the Rupelium still corresponded to the Middle Oligocene. This threefolding was changed in 1980 by the ICS into the two-tier division - rupelium and chattium . The Lower Oligocene was consequently added to the Rupelium. The Lower Oligocene was known under the regional stage names Latdorf (ium) (North German Plain), Sannoisium (or Sannoisien - Paris Basin ) or Tongrium ( Tongeren group of the Belgian Basin ).
Definition and GSSP
The beginning of the stage is defined by the extinction of the foraminifera genus Hantkenina , the end by the extinction of the foraminifera genus Chiloguembelina (corresponds to the base of the foraminifera zone P21b). A reference profile (GSSP = Global Stratotype Section and Point) for the rupelium has not yet been established.
Stratotype
The original stratotype of the Rupelium, the Rupel group , already described by Dumont , is located in the Belgian Basin .
Occurrence
In addition to the listed stratotype, the rupelium occurs in the following sedimentation spaces:
- Paris Basin - Lower Stampium ( Stampien inférieur ) with the Marnes à Huîtres and the Sables de Fontainebleau .
- Hampshire Basin - Bouldnor Formation .
- North German Plain - Rupelton or Septarienton .
- Lower Rhine Bay - Walsum sand , Ratinger clay and Lintfort layers
- Upper Rhine Valley - foraminiferous marl , fish slate or amphisylic slate and meletta slate
- Northern Alpine Molassevortiefe - Lower Meeresmolasse with interpreting Hausen layers , Heller marl (Dynow marl), bands marl layers (Eggerding formation), Tonmergel layers , and block layers in the broader sense
- Northern Limestone Alps - Inner Alpine Molasse and Augenstein layers
- Northern Italy - Castelgomberto layers
- Egypt - Gebel-el-Qatrani formation
Magnetostratigraphy
The lower limit of the Rupelium to the Priabonium is magnetostratigraphically in the upper section of Chron C 13r , more precisely at C 13r.86 . It then includes the chrons C 13n , C 12 , C 11 and C 10 . The upper limit to the Chattium coincides with the beginning of Chron C 10n.2n .
Biostratigraphy
Planktonic foraminifera
The planktonic foraminifera of the Rupelium can be assigned to zones P 18 , P 19 , P 20 and P 21a . The genera Pseudohastigerina and Chiloguembelina appear for the last time ( LAD ). Newly added ( FAD ) are the taxa Globigerina ciperoensis angulisuturalis and Globorotalia opima opima . The large forms Nummulites vascus and Nummulites fichteli constitute the zone SBZ 21 ; become even Nummulites bouillei and Bullalveolina added so this defines the zone SBZ 22a .
Calcareous nannoplankton
The calcareous nannoplankton forms the zones NP 21 (upper half), NP22 , NP 23 and NP 24 (lower half) in the Rupelium . The taxa Ericsonia subdisticha , Ericsonia formosa and Reticulofenestra umbilicus are dying out. For the first time Sphenolitus distentus and Sphenolitus ciperoensis appear .
Dinoflagellates
The zoning for the rupelium obtained from dinoflagellate cysts is: D 13 , D 14 and the lower section of D 15 . The following taxa are dying out: Areosphaeridium diktyoplokum , Spiniferites sp. 1 , Enneadocysta arcuata and Phtanopteridinium amoenum . The new cysts Chiropteridium galea , Wetzeliella gochtii , Apteodinium spiridoides and Saturnodinium pansum appear .
Land mammal biozones
The rupelium includes the following land mammal biozones ( Land Mammal Mega Zones ), separated by continents :
- Europe (ELMMZ): Suevium and lowest arvernium . The primates (largely) and the Pseudosciuridae as well as the genera Palaeotherium , Bothriodon , Plagiolophus ministri , Entelodon , Issiodoromys medius , Blainvillimys gregarius , Blainvillimys helmeri and Blainvillimys heimersheimensis are disappearing . For the first time the Rhinocerotidae , Viverridae and Soricidae as well as the genera Bothriodon , Blainvillimys gregarius , Blainvillimys helmeri , Blainvillimys blainvillei , Issiodoromys medius and Issiodoromys minor appear.
- North America (NALMMZ): Orellum , Whitneyum, and Lower Arikareeum . The Brontotheriidae , Pantolestidae and Hyracodontidae are dying out, as are the genera Mesohippus , Hypertragulus calcurus , Bothriodon , Ischyromys and Merycoidodon . For the first time the Talpinae and Erinaceidae as well as the genera Hypertragulus calcaratus , Protoceras , Diceratherium , Kalobatippus , Dinohyus , Palaeocastor and Meniscomys appear .
- South America: (SALMMZ): upper Mustersum and Tinguiriricum
- Asia (ALMMZ): Shandgolium
Grande Coupure
At the beginning of the Rupelium, the earth's fauna communities were hard hit by the Grande Coupure , a massive turning point in evolutionary history , which, particularly in Europe, was associated with a significant extinction of species , the establishment of immigrated taxa and neuradiation.
literature
- André Dumont : Report sur la carte geologique du Royaume . In: Bulletins de l'Académie Royale des Sciences, des Lettres et des Beaux-Arts de Belgique . tape 16, 2 , 1850, ISSN 0770-7355 , p. 351-373 .
- Felix M. Gradstein, Jim Ogg, Jim Smith, Alan Smith (Eds.): A Geologic timescale 2004, 3rd edition . Cambridge University Press, Cambridge u. a. 2004, ISBN 0-521-78673-8 .
- Hans Murawski, Wilhelm Meyer: Geological dictionary. 10th revised and expanded edition . Enke Verlag, Stuttgart 1998, ISBN 3-432-84100-0 ( Enke paperback ).
Web links
- German Stratigraphic Commission, Manfred Menning (Hrsg.): Stratigraphische Tisch von Deutschland 2002 . Potsdam 2002, ISBN 3-00-010197-7 (1 sheet, Stratigraphie.de [PDF; 6.6 MB ]).
- Commission for the palaeontological and stratigraphic research of Austria of the Austrian Academy of Sciences (ed.): Stratigraphische Tisch von Österreich 2004 (sedimentary layer sequences) . (Large; PDF; 381 kB)
- International Chronostratigraphic Chart 2012 (PDF)
Individual evidence
- ^ German Stratigraphic Commission, Manfred Menning (Ed.): Stratigraphische Tisch von Deutschland 2002 . Potsdam 2002, ISBN 3-00-010197-7 (1 sheet, Stratigraphie.de [PDF; 6.6 MB ]).