Liberation Movement
A liberation movement or freedom movement is a process in which a group organizes an uprising against a colonial or neo-colonial power or against a dictatorial government , i.e. organizes a struggle for freedom . The acting group itself is also called the liberation movement . The term is applied to nationalist and ethnicist movements on the one hand, but also to social emancipatory and socialist movements on the other .
General
If the goal of a liberation movement is the establishment of a nation state on its own territory ( separatism ), it is also called an independence or autonomy movement .
Liberation movements are often carried out by particularly oppressed sections of the population, over which another section of the population rules, whereby religious motives are often of decisive importance. It is not uncommon for Christian communities to provide impulses to overcome oppression (cf. liberation theology ).
Liberation movements occur mainly in Latin America , Africa including the Arab states and in the successor states of the Soviet Union . In Europe, liberation movements played an important role in the formation of states up to the 20th century.
Significance under international law
In terms of international law, the classification of insurgents as (national) liberation movements is particularly explosive , since liberation movements recognized by the community of states have partial subjectivity under international law, they must therefore adhere to international humanitarian law and enjoy protection from the intervention of other states (intervention prohibition). At the same time, such a division is controversial, since the implicit support that a liberation movement receives in contrast to ordinary insurgents already constitutes in itself an intervention in the internal affairs and thus in the internal sovereignty of a state, contrary to international law . In addition, it can be noted that the decision about the existence of a liberating component in an armed rebel group is hardly a legal question itself, but takes place in the arbitrary field of international politics and the realpolitical interpretation of international law, which is prone to double standards and subliminal interests .
List of political and paramilitary groups that act as liberation movements
- National Liberation Fronts
- People's Liberation Front , Jedinstveni narodnooslobodilački front , JNOF , occasionally also the National Liberation Front (Yugoslavia)
- Frente de Liberación Nacional (Argentina) , FLN
- Frente de Liberación Nacional (Peru) , FLN
- Frente de Liberación y de la Unidad , FLU , (Morocco, 1975 against the Polisario )
- Frente Nacional da Libertação de Angola , FNLA
- Frente Farabundo Martí para la Liberación Nacional , FFMLN (El Salvador)
- Frente Sandinista de Liberación Nacional , SANDINISTAS , also FSLN (Nicaragua)
- National Liberation Front (Algeria) , FLN (Algeria)
- Front for the Liberation of Zimbabwe , FROLIZI (Mozambique)
- Frontu di Liberazione Naziunalista Corsu , FLNC (Corsica)
- Frontul Salvării Naţionale , FSN (Romania)
- Forces Nationales de Liberation , FNL (Burundi)
- Fuerzas de Liberación Nacional , FLN (Mexico)
- Gorkha National Liberation Front , GNLF (Nepal)
- Kanak Socialist National Liberation Front , FLNKS (New Caledonia)
- Karbi Longri National Liberation Front , KLNLF (India)
- Khmer People's National Liberation Front , KPNLF (Cambodia)
- Moroz National Liberation Front , MNLF (Philippines)
- National Liberation Front (Albania) , LNÇ
- National Liberation Front (Bahrain) , جبهة التحرير الوطني - البحرين
- National Liberation Front of Kurdistan , ENRK (Military Arm of the PKK )
- National Liberation Front (Greece) , EAM
- National Liberation Front (Macedonia) , NOF , Народно Ослободителен Фронт , НОФ
- National Liberation Front (Tripura) , NLFT (India)
- National Liberation Front (Yemen) , NLF
- National Front for the Liberation of South Vietnam , FLN
- Ogaden National Liberation Front , ONLF (Ethiopia)
- Uganda National Liberation Front , UNLF
- United National Liberation Front , UNLF (India)
- National Liberation Armies
- Ejército de Liberación Nacional (Bolivia) , Bolivian guerrilla movement of the 1960s and 1970s
- Ejército de Liberación Nacional (Colombia) , Colombian guerrilla movement
- Ejército Zapatista de Liberación Nacional , guerrilla organization in Chiapas, Mexico
- Irish National Liberation Army , Republican Group during the Troubles
- National Liberation Army (Albania)
- National Liberation Army (Algeria) , during the War of Independence
- National Liberation Army (Albanians in Macedonia)
- National Liberation Army (Costa Rica)
- National Liberation Army (Macedonia)
- National Liberation Movements
- July 26th Movement (Cuba), M-26-7 (1953–1961)
- National Liberation Movement (Albania)
- National Liberation Movement (Burkina Faso)
- National Liberation Movement , party in Ghana (1954–1958)
- Palestine Liberation Organization (PLO), Israel (1964–)
- National Liberation Movement (Russia) (NOD), nationalist organization
- Movimiento de Liberación Nacional (Mexico) , MLN , Party 1961–1964
- Movimiento de Liberación Nacional (Guatemala) , MLN , Party 1960–1999
- Movimiento de Liberación Nacional - Tupamaros , (Uruguay)