Pacification of Mokotów

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The memorial plaque to the civilian population of Mokotów who were murdered and expelled by the Germans during the Warsaw Uprising

The euphemistically called pacification Mokotóws consisted of a series of mass murders , robbery, arson and rape in 1944 during the Warsaw Uprising in the Warsaw district of Mokotów took place. The crimes against prisoners of war and civilian population in the district were committed by the German occupiers until the surrender of Mokotów on September 27, 1944, but were most intense in the first days of the uprising.

German crimes on the first day of the uprising

On August 1, 1944 at 5:00 p.m. (so-called "W" hour) soldiers of the Polish Home Army ( Armia Krajowa , AK for short ) attacked German buildings in all parts of the city of occupied Warsaw . The departments of the V District “Mokotów” of the AK (Polish Obwód V AK “Mokotów” ) suffered heavy losses that day during the failed attacks on heavily fortified resistance points in Rakowiecka Street and Puławska Street. The insurgents could not achieve many other targets: u. a. the barracks in the schools on Kazimierzowska and Woronicza streets, Mokotów Fort and the Służewiec Racecourse . As a result of this defeat, a significant part of the V district withdrew into the Kabaty forest . Five companies of the Baszta regiment, headed by Lieutenant Colonel Stanisław Kamiński (alias Daniel ), occupied blocks of flats that formed a square in the streets Odyńca – Goszczyńskiego – Puławska – Aleja Niepodległości. In the days that followed, however, the insurgents managed to occupy new areas and organize a strong resistance center in Górny Mokotów.

On the night of August 1 and 2, 1944, the units of the SS, the police and the Wehrmacht committed a series of war crimes in Mokotów. The insurgents captured were shot as well as the injured. The Germans were not interested in the fact that the soldiers of the AK conducted the fight openly and saw themselves as combatants, and thus fought in accordance with the Hague Convention . Among other things, all Polish soldiers were murdered in the attack on the German resistance nests in Rakowiecka Street and a few dozen prisoners of war by the AK "Karpaty" battalion that attacked the horse-drawn tram in Służewiec. The Germans also shot at least 19 wounded and captured insurgents from the AK “Olza” battalion, which was repulsed in the attack on Mokotów Fort. Some victims were buried alive, as confirmed by the results of the exhumation carried out in 1945 .

That night the first murders of the civilian population of Mokotów took place. After the defense of the Polish attack, the soldiers of the air force of the Warsaw-Okęcie Air Base Command (Polish: Dowództwo lotniska wojskowego Okęcie ) drove almost 500 civilians to Fort Mokotów. The evictions were accompanied by arbitrary executions. Many residents of Bachmacka Street, Baboszewska Street and Syryńska Street were murdered. The Germans drove around 14 residents of a house at 97 Racławicka Street into a basement and shot them to death . Murders of prisoners of war and the civilian population were carried out on the orders of the leader of the Okęcie garrison, General Doerfler.

Hitler's order to destroy Warsaw and the execution of the order in Mokotów

After the news of the uprising, Adolf Hitler gave the Reichsführer of the SS , Heinrich Himmler , and the Chief of the General Staff of the High Command of the Army (OKH), General Heinz Guderian , the verbal order to razor Warsaw to the ground and to murder all of its residents. According to the report by SS-Obergruppenführer Erich von dem Bach-Zelewski , who was appointed commander of the forces for pacifying Warsaw, the order was: “Every resident must be murdered, no prisoners of war may be made. Warsaw is to be razed to the ground and a terrifying example will be created for the whole of Europe. ”Hitler's order to destroy Warsaw was also given to the commanders of the German garrison in Warsaw. SS and police leader in the Warsaw district, Paul Otto Geibel , testified after the war that Himmler instructed him by telephone on the evening of August 1: "Shoot tens of thousands." On August 2, the city commandant of Warsaw, General Rainer Stahel , ordered the Wehrmacht units subordinate to him to murder all men suspected of real or potential insurrection and to take civilians hostage (including women and children).

Mokotów was occupied by strong German units at this time, u. a. the SS Panzer Grenadier Replacement Battalion 3 in the barracks on Rakowiecka Street (SS-Stauferkaserne), the anti-aircraft batteries in the Mokotowskie Pole , the units of the Air Force in Fort Mokotów, the anti-aircraft barracks on Puławska Street and the unit of the gendarmerie in the headquarters building in the Warsaw district on Dworkowa Street. Nevertheless, the implementation of Hitler's extermination order in Mokotów was not as tragic as in the districts of Wola , Ochota or Śródmieście Południowe. Mokotów was considered a peripheral district, so the Germans did not carry out any major offensive actions for a long time. Within their sphere of influence, the German units massively murdered Polish civilians, at the same time they behaved passively towards the insurgents. Houses were burned, robberies committed and women raped . The survivors were driven from their houses and taken to a transit camp in Pruszków, from where many people were deported to concentration camps or to the Third Reich for forced labor .

Massacre in Mokotów Prison

Memorial plaque on the wall of Mokotów Prison

At the time of the uprising in Mokotów Prison at 37 Rakowiecka Street there were 794 prisoners, including 41 minors. On August 1, this institution was attacked by the soldiers of the Home Army: They broke into the prison and took over the administration building, but were unable to reach the penal institutions.

On August 2, the deputy director of Mokotów Prison, Justice Inspector Kirchner, was called to the nearby SS barracks at 4 Rakowiecka Street. There, SS-Obersturmführer Martin Patz, the commander of SS-Panzergrenadier-Ersatz-Battalion 3, explained to him that General Reiner Stahel had ordered the liquidation of all prisoners. This decision was also confirmed by SS and Police Leader Warsaw, SS Oberführer Paul Otto Geibel, who ordered the execution of the Polish guards. Kirchner drafted the takeover protocol by handing all prisoners from the prison facility over to Patz. An SS unit entered the prison that same afternoon. Almost 60 prisoners were forced to dig three mass graves in the prison yard and then shot with machine guns. After that, the Germans began to pull the remaining prisoners out of the prison cells. They put their victims by the graves and murdered them. More than 600 prisoners at Mokotów Prison were killed in the execution, which lasted several hours.

From the windows of the prison cells, the Poles watched the slaughter in the prison yard and understood that death was waiting for them and that they had nothing to lose. Detainees from Ward No. 6 and No. 7 on the second floor decided to take a desperate step and attacked the guards. During the night and with the help of the residents of the nearby houses, between 200 and 300 prisoners escaped and entered an area controlled by the insurgents.

Massacre in the Jesuit monastery on Rakowiecka Street

Jesuit monastery in Mokotów - site of the massacre (August 2, 1944)

On the first day of the uprising, the Society of Jesus Writers ' House at 61 Rakowiecka Street was not involved in the fighting. However, a dozen civilians were hiding in the monastery who were unable to return home due to the shootings. On the morning of August 2, the house of the writers was shelled by German anti-aircraft guns from the nearby Pole Mokotowskie and soon a 20-man SS unit stormed the house - most likely from the Staufer barracks. SS men had accused the Poles that German soldiers had been shot at from the building where the Poles were. After a cursory search, which did not lead to any evidence of these allegations, the Germans led the abbot of the monastery, Father Superior Edward Kosibowicz, out of the building - allegedly for additional interrogations at headquarters. Father Edward Kosibowicz was shot in the back of the head in Pole Mokotowskie.

After a while the remaining Poles were huddled together in a small room in the basement of the monastery, thrown into the hand grenade and shot into for several hours. Over 40 people fell victim to the massacre - including 8 priests and 8 brothers of the Society of Jesus. The bodies of the murdered were doused with gasoline and set on fire. Fourteen people (mostly injured) survived: They came out of the pile of corpses and were able to flee the monastery.

Murder of civilians

Memorial plaque to the murdered residents of Madalińskiego Street

In the first days of August, German units in Mokotów - both the SS, the police and the Wehrmacht - took repeated actions to intimidate the Polish civilian population through terror. These actions were usually accompanied by executions and houses being set on fire. As early as August 2nd, the SS men went from the barracks on Rakowiecka Street to Madalińskiego Street, where they began to murder civilians. At least a few dozen residents of houses 18, 20, 19/21, 22, 23 and 25 (mostly men) were shot. Six residents of the house at 76 Kazimierzowska Street (including 3 women and an infant) were also murdered. In the house at 27 Madalińskiego Street, the Germans locked ten men in a small carpenter's workshop and burned them alive.

Memorial plaque to the victims of the executions on Dworkowa Street

On August 3rd, after SS-Oberführer Geibel had reinforced the police department from the headquarters in Dworkowa Street with some tanks , he ordered the murder of civilians in the area of ​​Puławska Street. The police, led by Lieutenant Karl Lipscher, made an advance south along Puławska Street. The police shot and killed about 40 residents of houses 1 and 3 in Szutra Street (now Jarosława Dąbrowskiego Street ). They then reached Boryszewska Street and shot at the fleeing civilian population, whose bodies covered Puławska Street and its cross streets. On that day most of the residents of the houses that formed a square along the streets Puławska – Belgijska – Boryszewska – Wygoda were murdered. At least 108 residents of the houses on 69, 71 and 73/75 Puławska and several dozen residents of the houses on Belgijska were killed. Many women and children were among those murdered. Again, the Germans and their Ukrainian collaborating units brought over 150 people - mostly women and children - out of the houses at Puławska Street 49 and 51. The three prisoners were taken to the police headquarters on Dworkowa Street. When the prisoners reached the edge of the embankment and the stairs that led to Belwederska Street (now Morskie Oko Park ), the Germans removed the barbed wire and indicated that they would allow civilians to cross into the insurgent-controlled areas. Part of the group had come down the stairs when the police unexpectedly opened fire with machine guns. About 80 people died, including many children. During the execution, the ethnic German Edward Malicki (alias Maliszewski), serving in the police, was particularly ruthless. In the house at 25 Bukowińska Street, German Air Force members murdered 10 to 13 people that day.

Memorial plaque to members of the Magier family who were executed on Puławska Street

On the morning of August 4, the two companies of the Baszta regiment failed to attack the police headquarters on Dworkowa Street. After the insurgents were repulsed, the Germans decided to take revenge on the civilian population. Police from Dworkowa, assisted by a unit of Ukrainian collaborators from the school on Pogodna Street, surrounded small Olesińska Street (opposite the police headquarters). Several hundred residents of houses 5 and 7 were driven into the cellars and murdered with hand grenades. The cellars became mass graves and the people who tried to escape were murdered by machine gun fire. 100 to 200 people died in the massacre. It was one of the greatest German crimes committed in Mokotów during the Warsaw Uprising.

On August 4th, the area around Rakowiecka Street was also cleared. SS men from the Staufer barracks and airmen from the flak barracks on Puławska Street stormed into the houses, threw hand grenades and shot the people they met. About 30 residents of the houses at 5, 9 and 15 Rakowiecka Street and at least 20 residents of the houses at 19/21 and 23 Sandomierska Street were murdered. The Air Force soldiers left two injured women in a burning house where they perished.

The Germans also committed a series of crimes against the population of Mokotów on August 5th. In the evening, the houses that formed a “closed” area between Puławska, Skolimowska and Chocimska streets and Mokotów market were surrounded by SS men and police officers from the security police headquarters in Aleja Szucha. They murdered about 100 residents of houses at 3 and 5 Skolimowska Street and about 80 residents of the house at 11 Puławska Street. Among the victims were a number of insurgents who were hiding there, including Captain Leon Światopełk-Mirski ( Code name Leon ) - Commander of the III. District in the V district of the Home Army “Mokotów” (pol. III Rejon w Obwodzie V AK “Mokotów” ). The bodies of those executed were doused with gasoline and burned. On the same day, German air force soldiers also murdered 10 to 15 people in a shelter at 6 Bukowińska Street.

In the days that followed, the Germans continued to set the houses on fire, driving people out of the parts of Mokotów they controlled. There have also been cases where civilians have been shot dead. On August 11, about 20 residents of the tenement house in Aleja Niepodległości 132/136 (including some women) were murdered. About 30 residents of the house at 39/43 Madalińskiego Street were murdered on August 21, and 7 residents of the house at 29A Kielecka Street the next day. Some reports stated that between August and September 1944, almost 60 civilians - including women, old people and children - were shot by the Germans in the vicinity of allotment gardens on Rakowiecka Street.

Crimes in the Staufer Barracks

The Stauferkaserne - view from the ulica Rakowiecka at the corner of the Kazimierzowska street

"Pacification" of the Sadyba settlement

From August 19, the Sadyba settlement was occupied by the units of the Polish Home Army from the Chojnowski Forest ( Lasy Chojnowskie ) and the rebels' posts in Dolny Mokotów were supported there. General Günther Rohr, who led the German forces in the southern districts of Warsaw, received the task of conquering the settlement from SS-Obergruppenführer Bach. That should be the first step on the way to repelling the insurgents from the bank of the Vistula . From August 29th, German units attacked Sadyba. The settlement was heavily bombed by the German air force and fired at with heavy artillery. On September 2, Rohr's units succeeded in attacking from several sides and completely occupying Sadyba. About 200 defenders were killed. Only a few Home Army soldiers were able to withdraw to an insurgent-controlled area in Mokotów.

After the Sadyba was occupied, the Germans murdered all the imprisoned insurgents. The injured were also killed. There has been a series of crimes against civilians. The German soldiers - mainly members of the Luftwaffe ground troops - threw hand grenades into basements where civilians were hiding and carried out executions, the victims of which were not only the young men suspected of participating in the uprising, but women as well , old people and children. The bodies of eight naked women, whose hands were tied with barbed wire, were later found in one of the mass graves. After the collapse of the Sadyba, u. a. at least 80 residents of Podhalańska, Klarysewska and Chochołowska streets murdered. One of the victims of the massacre was Józef Grudziński - an activist of the People's Movement and Deputy Chairman of the Council of National Unity (Polish Rada Jedności Narodowej ). According to the testimony of the witnesses, the German soldiers who murdered the Sadyba residents should refer to the leadership's orders for the liquidation of all Warsaw residents.

After the Sadyba was completely occupied, the Germans chased several thousand surviving civilians into the area of ​​Fort Piłsudskiego. There, the intervention of a German general saved them from execution. It was probably SS-Obergruppenführer Bach, who wrote in his diary that day that he had gone “to the prisoners and civilians” and given “a fiery speech” in which he guaranteed their lives. However, some young men suspected of participating in the uprising were murdered in the fort.

Mokotów collapsed

Eviction of civilians from Mokotów

On September 24, 1944, the German units launched a general attack on Górny Mokotów. After four days, the resistance collapsed. As in other parts of Warsaw, the Germans murdered the injured and the medical staff in the captured hospitals. On August 26, the injured were shot or burned alive at the hospital at 17 Czeczota Street and at the first aid station at 19 Czeczota Street. On the same day, the Germans shot and killed the paramedic Ewa Matuszewska ( code name Mewa ) in the hospital at Aleja Niepodległości 117/119 and murdered an unknown number of wounded with hand grenades. After the surrender of Mokotów (on September 27th) the SS-Obergruppenführer Bach guaranteed the life of the captured rebels. Nevertheless, the Germans murdered an unspecified number of seriously wounded Poles who were in the basement of houses on Sbestra Street (between Bałuckiego and Puławska Streets) or in the hospital at 91 Puławska Street - over 20 people were killed there.

The Germans drove away the residents of Mokotów, plundered and set fire to their houses. Over 70 men suspected of participating in the uprising were shot dead on Kazimierzowska Street. After the battle, the Germans gathered the injured rebels and civilians on the grounds of the horse racing track in Służewiec and then transported them to the transit camp in Pruszków.

Execution on Dworkowa Street

An insurgent is captured near Dworkowa Street

After a few days of German attacks, it became clear that the neighborhood's collapse was inevitable. On the evening of September 26th, the units of the 10th Division of the Ground Forces of the Home Army ( 10th Dywizja Piechoty AK ) began evacuating through the canal system to the Śródmieście district, on the orders of the Defense Commander of Mokotów, Lieutenant Józef Rokicki (alias Daniel ) was still in Polish hands.

The evacuation was chaotic and some insurgents got lost in the canals. After hours, they accidentally came out into the open on the area occupied by the Germans. The imprisoned insurgents and civilians were taken to the Gendarmerie Headquarters on Dworkowa Street. The Germans separated the civilians and some paramedics and reporters from the rest of the prisoners. They ordered the detained Home Army soldiers to kneel near the fence at the edge of the embankment. When one of the insurgents tried to take the gun away from a guard, the police officers shot all the AK soldiers who had been arrested. About 140 prisoners fell victim to the massacre,

Another 98 insurgents were arrested after leaving the canals and shot on Chocimska Street. The Germans tortured the prisoners before execution, forcing them to kneel with their hands raised and beating them with rifle butts.

Responsibility of the perpetrator

On August 8, 1944, while the uprising was still in progress, SS-Untersturmführer Horst Stein, who had led the massacre on Olesińska Street four days earlier, was accidentally arrested by soldiers from the Home Army. Stein stood before the field court, which sentenced him to death. The sentence was carried out.

In 1954, the Warsaw Voivodeship Court sentenced SS Brigadier Paul Otto Geibel , who headed the SS and police units, whose soldiers had committed crimes in Mokotów in the first days of August 1944, to life imprisonment. Geibel committed suicide on October 12, 1966 in Mokotów Prison. Ludwig Hahn , commander of the security police and SD in Warsaw, who together with Geibel had defended the “police district”, lived for many years under his real name in Hamburg . He was not on trial until 1972. After a year-long trial, he was sentenced to twelve years' imprisonment. In the appeal process, the Hamburg district court increased the sentence to life imprisonment (1975). However, Hahn was released in 1983 and died three years later.

In 1980, the Cologne court found SS-Obersturmführer Martin Patz, commander of SS-Panzergrenadier-Ersatz-Battalion 3, guilty of the murder of 600 prisoners in Mokotów prison and sentenced him to 9 years in prison. In the same trial, Karl Misling was sentenced to 4 years in prison.

Remarks

  1. ↑ Seriously injured people who were burned to death who were at the crime scene.
  2. ↑ The settlement was also called "Garden City Czerniaków".

Individual evidence

  1. ↑ Adam Borkiewicz: warszawskie Powstanie. Zarys działań natury wojskowej . Warszawa: Instytut Wydawniczy Pax 1969. pp. 70-71
  2. ↑ Adam Borkiewicz: warszawskie Powstanie. Zarys działań natury wojskowej . Warszawa: Instytut Wydawniczy Pax , 1969. p. 82
  3. ↑ Antoni Przygoński: Powstanie warszawskie w sierpniu 1944 r . TI Warszawa: PWN 1980. ISBN 83-01-00293-X . P. 239
  4. ^ Maja Motyl, Stanisław Rutkowski: Powstanie Warszawskie - rejestr miejsc i faktów zbrodni . Warszawa: GKBZpNP-IPN 1994. p. 204
  5. ↑ Lesław M. Bartelski: Mokotów 1944 . Warszawa: wydawnictwo MON, 1986. ISBN 83-11-07078-4 . P. 207
  6. ↑ Lesław M. Bartelski: Mokotów 1944 . Warszawa: wydawnictwo MON, 1986. ISBN 83-11-07078-4 . Pp. 177, 180-181
  7. ^ Maja Motyl, Stanisław Rutkowski: Powstanie Warszawskie - rejestr miejsc i faktów zbrodni . Warszawa: GKBZpNP-IPN, 1994. p. 132
  8. ↑ a b Lesław M. Bartelski: Mokotów 1944 . Warszawa: wydawnictwo MON, 1986. ISBN 83-11-07078-4 . Pp. 180-181
  9. ^ Maja Motyl, Stanisław Rutkowski: Powstanie Warszawskie - rejestr miejsc i faktów zbrodni . Warszawa: GKBZpNP-IPN 1994. p. 131
  10. ↑ Antoni Przygoński: Powstanie warszawskie w sierpniu 1944 r . TI Warszawa: PWN, 1980. ISBN 83-01-00293-X . P. 221
  11. ↑ Antoni Przygoński: Powstanie warszawskie w sierpniu 1944 r . TI Warszawa: PWN, 1980. ISBN 83-01-00293-X . P. 223
  12. ↑ Szymon Datner, Kazimierz Leszczyński (red.): Zbrodnie okupanta w czasie powstania warszawskiego w 1944 roku (w dokumentach) . Warszawa: wydawnictwo MON, 1962. p. 418
  13. ↑ Antoni Przygoński: Powstanie warszawskie w sierpniu 1944 r . TI Warszawa: PWN, 1980. ISBN 83-01-00293-X . P. 241
  14. ↑ Adam Borkiewicz: warszawskie Powstanie. Zarys działań natury wojskowej . Warszawa: Instytut Wydawniczy Pax , 1969. p. 330
  15. ↑ Lesław M. Bartelski: Mokotów 1944 . Warszawa: wydawnictwo MON, 1986. ISBN 83-11-07078-4 . P. 343
  16. ↑ Szymon Datner, Kazimierz Leszczyński (red.): Zbrodnie okupanta w czasie powstania warszawskiego w 1944 roku (w dokumentach) . Warszawa: wydawnictwo MON, 1962. pp. 113-115, 119
  17. ^ A b c Maja Motyl, Stanisław Rutkowski: Powstanie Warszawskie - rejestr miejsc i faktów zbrodni . Warszawa: GKBZpNP-IPN, 1994. p. 135
  18. ↑ Lesław M. Bartelski: Mokotów 1944 . Warszawa: wydawnictwo MON, 1986. ISBN 83-11-07078-4 . P. 189
  19. ↑ Lesław M. Bartelski: Mokotów 1944 . Warszawa: wydawnictwo MON, 1986. ISBN 83-11-07078-4 . P. 227
  20. ↑ Lesław M. Bartelski: Mokotów 1944 . Warszawa: wydawnictwo MON, 1986. ISBN 83-11-07078-4 . P. 278
  21. ↑ Lesław M. Bartelski: Mokotów 1944 . Warszawa: wydawnictwo MON, 1986. ISBN 83-11-07078-4 . Pp. 278-279
  22. ↑ a b Szymon Datner, Kazimierz Leszczyński (red.): Zbrodnie okupanta w czasie powstania warszawskiego w 1944 roku (w dokumentach) . Warszawa: wydawnictwo MON, 1962. pp. 124-127
  23. ↑ a b Felicjan Paluszkiewicz: Masakra w Klasztorze . Warszawa: wydawnictwo Rhetos, 2003. ISBN 83-917849-1-6 . Pp. 10-12
  24. ^ A b Maja Motyl, Stanisław Rutkowski: Powstanie Warszawskie - rejestr miejsc i faktów zbrodni . Warszawa: GKBZpNP-IPN, 1994. pp. 86-87
  25. ↑ a b c Lesław M. Bartelski: Mokotów 1944 . Warszawa: wydawnictwo MON, 1986. ISBN 83-11-07078-4 . Pp. 275-276
  26. ^ Maja Motyl, Stanisław Rutkowski: Powstanie Warszawskie - rejestr miejsc i faktów zbrodni . Warszawa: GKBZpNP-IPN, 1994. p. 134
  27. ↑ a b Antoni Przygoński: Powstanie warszawskie w sierpniu 1944 r . TI Warszawa: PWN, 1980. ISBN 83-01-00293-X . Pp. 250-251
  28. ^ Maja Motyl, Stanisław Rutkowski: Powstanie Warszawskie - rejestr miejsc i faktów zbrodni . Warszawa: GKBZpNP-IPN, 1994. p. 160
  29. ↑ Lesław M. Bartelski: Mokotów 1944 . Warszawa: wydawnictwo MON, 1986. ISBN 83-11-07078-4 . Pp. 289-292
  30. ↑ Ludność cywilna w powstaniu warszawskim . TI Cz. 2: Pamiętniki, relacje, zeznania . Warszawa: Państwowy Instytut Wydawniczy, 1974. pp. 115-116
  31. ^ Maja Motyl, Stanisław Rutkowski: Powstanie Warszawskie - rejestr miejsc i faktów zbrodni . Warszawa: GKBZpNP-IPN, 1994. pp. 17, 129-130
  32. ↑ Lesław M. Bartelski: Mokotów 1944 . Warszawa: wydawnictwo MON, 1986. ISBN 83-11-07078-4 . P. 290
  33. ^ Maja Motyl, Stanisław Rutkowski: Powstanie Warszawskie - rejestr miejsc i faktów zbrodni . Warszawa: GKBZpNP-IPN, 1994. pp. 38-39
  34. ↑ Szymon Datner, Kazimierz Leszczyński (red.): Zbrodnie okupanta w czasie powstania warszawskiego w 1944 roku (w dokumentach) . Warszawa: wydawnictwo MON, 1962. pp. 133-135
  35. ↑ a b Szymon Datner, Kazimierz Leszczyński (red.): Zbrodnie okupanta w czasie powstania warszawskiego w 1944 roku (w dokumentach) . Warszawa: wydawnictwo MON, 1962. p. 22
  36. ^ A b Maja Motyl, Stanisław Rutkowski: Powstanie Warszawskie - rejestr miejsc i faktów zbrodni . Warszawa: GKBZpNP-IPN, 1994. p. 118
  37. ↑ a b Lesław M. Bartelski: Mokotów 1944 . Warszawa: wydawnictwo MON, 1986. ISBN 83-11-07078-4 . Pp. 306-308
  38. ^ Maja Motyl, Stanisław Rutkowski: Powstanie Warszawskie - rejestr miejsc i faktów zbrodni . Warszawa: GKBZpNP-IPN, 1994. pp. 113-114
  39. ^ Maja Motyl, Stanisław Rutkowski: Powstanie Warszawskie - rejestr miejsc i faktów zbrodni . Warszawa: GKBZpNP-IPN, 1994. pp. 133-134, 143-144
  40. ↑ Lesław M. Bartelski: Mokotów 1944 . Warszawa: wydawnictwo MON, 1986. ISBN 83-11-07078-4 . Pp. 305-306
  41. ↑ a b Lesław M. Bartelski: Mokotów 1944 . Warszawa: wydawnictwo MON, 1986. ISBN 83-11-07078-4 , pp. 321-322
  42. ^ Maja Motyl, Stanisław Rutkowski: Powstanie Warszawskie - rejestr miejsc i faktów zbrodni . Warszawa: GKBZpNP-IPN, 1994. pp. 128, 149-150
  43. ↑ Lesław M. Bartelski: Mokotów 1944 . Warszawa: wydawnictwo MON, 1986. ISBN 83-11-07078-4 . Pp. 342-343
  44. ^ Maja Motyl, Stanisław Rutkowski: Powstanie Warszawskie - rejestr miejsc i faktów zbrodni . Warszawa: GKBZpNP-IPN, 1994. p. 102
  45. ^ Maja Motyl, Stanisław Rutkowski: Powstanie Warszawskie - rejestr miejsc i faktów zbrodni . Warszawa: GKBZpNP-IPN, 1994. pp. 69, 87
  46. ↑ Szymon Datner: Zbrodnie Wehrmachtu na jeńcach Wojennych w II wojnie światowej . Warszawa: Wydawnictwo MON, 1961. p. 114
  47. ↑ Adam Borkiewicz: warszawskie Powstanie. Zarys działań natury wojskowej . Warszawa: Instytut Wydawniczy Pax , 1969. pp. 345, 347
  48. ↑ Adam Borkiewicz: warszawskie Powstanie. Zarys działań natury wojskowej . Warszawa: Instytut Wydawniczy Pax , 1969. pp. 348-352
  49. ↑ a b c Adam Borkiewicz: Powstanie warszawskie. Zarys działań natury wojskowej . Warszawa: Instytut Wydawniczy Pax , 1969. p. 352
  50. ↑ Lesław M. Bartelski: Mokotów 1944 . Warszawa: wydawnictwo MON, 1986. ISBN 83-11-07078-4 . Pp. 461-462
  51. ↑ a b Lesław M. Bartelski: Mokotów 1944 . Warszawa: wydawnictwo MON, 1986. ISBN 83-11-07078-4 . Pp. 465-466
  52. ^ Maja Motyl, Stanisław Rutkowski: Powstanie Warszawskie - rejestr miejsc i faktów zbrodni . Warszawa: GKBZpNP-IPN, 1994. pp. 27, 70, 122-123
  53. ↑ a b Ludność cywilna w powstaniu warszawskim . TI Cz. 2: Pamiętniki, relacje, zeznania . Warszawa: Państwowy Instytut Wydawniczy, 1974. pp. 14-15
  54. ↑ Tadeusz Sawicki rozkaz zdławić powstanie. Niemcy i ich sojusznicy w walce z powstaniem warszawskim . Warszawa: Bellona, ​​2010. ISBN 978-83-11-11892-8 . P. 82
  55. ↑ Adam Borkiewicz: warszawskie Powstanie. Zarys działań natury wojskowej . Warszawa: Instytut Wydawniczy Pax , 1969. pp. 496-501
  56. ^ Maja Motyl, Stanisław Rutkowski: Powstanie Warszawskie - rejestr miejsc i faktów zbrodni . Warszawa: GKBZpNP-IPN, 1994. p. 29
  57. ↑ Lesław M. Bartelski: Mokotów 1944 . Warszawa: wydawnictwo MON, 1986. ISBN 83-11-07078-4 . P. 574
  58. ^ Maja Motyl, Stanisław Rutkowski: Powstanie Warszawskie - rejestr miejsc i faktów zbrodni . Warszawa: GKBZpNP-IPN, 1994. pp. 130, 161
  59. ↑ Ludność cywilna w powstaniu warszawskim . TI Cz. 2: Pamiętniki, relacje, zeznania . Warszawa: Państwowy Instytut Wydawniczy, 1974. pp. 101-102
  60. ↑ Adam Borkiewicz: warszawskie Powstanie. Zarys działań natury wojskowej . Warszawa: Instytut Wydawniczy Pax , 1969. p. 496
  61. ^ Maja Motyl, Stanisław Rutkowski: Powstanie Warszawskie - rejestr miejsc i faktów zbrodni . Warszawa: GKBZpNP-IPN, 1994. p. 68
  62. ↑ a b Adam Borkiewicz: Powstanie warszawskie. Zarys działań natury wojskowej . Warszawa: Instytut Wydawniczy Pax , 1969. p. 496
  63. ↑ Adam Borkiewicz: warszawskie Powstanie. Zarys działań natury wojskowej . Warszawa: Instytut Wydawniczy Pax , 1969. p. 497
  64. ↑ Lesław M. Bartelski: Mokotów 1944 . Warszawa: wydawnictwo MON, 1986. ISBN 83-11-07078-4 . Pp. 595-597
  65. ↑ Marek Getter. Straty ludzkie i materialne w Powstaniu Warszawskim . In: Biuletyn IPN. 8-9 (43-44), sierpień – wrzesień 2004. p. 66
  66. ^ Maja Motyl, Stanisław Rutkowski: Powstanie Warszawskie - rejestr miejsc i faktów zbrodni . Warszawa: GKBZpNP-IPN 1994. p. 28
  67. ↑ Szymon Datner, Kazimierz Leszczyński (red.): Zbrodnie okupanta w czasie powstania warszawskiego w 1944 roku (w dokumentach) . Warszawa: wydawnictwo MON, 1962, p. 81
  68. ↑ Lesław M. Bartelski: Mokotów 1944 . Warszawa: wydawnictwo MON, 1986. ISBN 83-11-07078-4 . P. 322
  69. ↑ Władysław Bartoszewski: Warszawski pierścień śmierci 1939-1944 . Warszawa: Interpress, 1970. p. 424
  70. ^ Bogusław Kopka: Warsaw Concentration Camp. Historia i następstwa . Warszawa: Instytut Pamięci Narodowej, 2007. ISBN 978-83-60464-46-5 . Pp. 99-100
  71. ^ Friedo Sachser. Central Europe. Federal Republic of Germany. Nazi Trials . American Jewish Year Book. 82, 1982 ( ang. ). P. 213