Bettstein (noble family)

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Coat of arms: three red rafters on a silver background

Bettstein , before 1871 also Betstein (French: Bassompierre ) is the name of a noble family from Lorraine in the former Duchy of Bar .

The family, some of whose branches still exist today, belong to the ancient nobility in Lorraine . In the 16th century, the name Bettstein (other spellings: Betzstein, Bestein, Batzenstein, Battenstein) was supplemented by the French form of the name in Bassompierre.

history

origin

According to tradition, the lineage of those of Betstein / de Bassompierre is said to have descended from the Counts of Ravensberg . The basis for this is the representation of the family tree in the memoirs of François de Bassompierre. It is more likely, however, that the equality of the coat of arms, which the gender also shares with the Lords of Eppstein and the Lords of Sonneberg , led to this assumption. A reliable source situation does not exist here.

Ulrich I, Herr von Betstein and Alben, who was given to the Count of Bar, Heinrich III in 1292, was first mentioned in a document . , which Lehenseid made. A year later he was followed by his son Simon I and, in 1333, his wife, who after the death of Simon von Betstein swore the oath for the underage son Ulrich II. After the elevation of the county of Bar to a duchy (1354), Ulrich II of Betstein, and later (1393) his son Simon II, recognized the feudal sovereignty of the Duke of Bar. Simon II, Burgrave of Epinal , gained importance primarily because the Duke of Bar, Robert I , appointed him judge in 1387 to resolve the dispute over the properties of Barrois and the Duchy of Lorraine when parts of the Duchy of Bar were reunified Luxembourg to arbitrate.

The marquis line

The consecutive regular number of the lords of Betstein that the later Margrave establish line starts I. Godfrey, the brother of Simon II. From his marriage to Joan of Reiner John emerged from Betstein († 1456), his wife owning Harouel with in brought the family. From now on, the family called themselves Lords von Betstein and Harouel, like their son Gottfried II, who was in the service of the Duke of Bar, René II , as councilor and chamberlain . After Heinrich von Neufchatel rose against the Duke of Bar with the support of France and was taken prisoner, Gottfried II vouched for the insurgent in 1479 and thus caused his release to pacify the region. With the help of his son Christoph I, who proved himself especially in the war against Metz (1490), the family finally managed to settle the conflict.

François de Bassompierre (1579-1646)

Because of their political and military achievements, but also because of their marriage-political connections, the Lords von Betstein and Harouel were soon able to rise to one of the most important houses in Lorraine: Franz I, son of Christoph I and Johanna von Ville sur Jrlon, had from his grandparents Great -grandmother not only Baudricourt , Sairouce, Rémonville , Chastelle ( Châtelet ), Ormes , Mendres u. a. inherited, but had meanwhile also been appointed Vogt of the Vosges (1539). In Vienna he served at the imperial court as captain of the bodyguard of Emperor Charles V , whose chamberlain he was at the same time. Of his three sons, the second, Bernhard, also stayed in Vienna and became imperial colonel, while the two brothers switched to Henry II of Valois after the French occupation of Lorraine (1552) . The king appointed Claude-Antoine de Bassompierre Colonel of the French Army and Duke. Lorraine governor of the Vosges and Vogt of the diocese of Metz . In a dispute with his younger brother Christophe II, he was stabbed by him. Christophe II was initially taken hostage at the French court and with the later King Charles IX. was brought up. As a ducal. When Lorraine chief steward and finance minister returned, he from then on used the French form of the name - just like his father and brother. He now called himself baron de Bassompierre, seigneur d'Harouel, Remonville et Baudricourt. During the Huguenot Wars he served Charles IX. von Valois as colonel and in 1570 commanded "over 500 Teutsche [Lorraine] Reuters". In 1588 he inherited the Thiecourt rule from his uncle Theoderich von Betstein, provost of Mainz, and founded the Paulaner convent (now Chapelle de la Visitation) in Nancy in 1592 - probably because of fratricide - where he died in 1596.

One of his sons - Jean de Bassompierre - fell in the Huguenot Wars near Ostend, another achieved particular fame: François de Bassompierre (1579–1646). He became Marshal of France . Raised Marquis d'Harouel in 1623 , he was considered the model of a French courtier, not least because of his appearance, his demeanor and his conversation. His experiences as a diplomat and general, but also the events at Henry IV's court , he later put down in the memoirs that he wrote during the imprisonment in the Bastille (1631–1643) arranged by Cardinal Richelieu. Of his illegitimate connections, only his son Louis II (* 1610) came to prominence, who died in 1676 as Bishop of Saintes .

The family was continued by George-Afriquain, a brother of François de Bassompierre. As marquis de Remonville, he held the offices of Marshal of Lorraine and Governor and Bailiff of the Vosges († 1632). Among his children are: Anna Margaretha, abbess of the monastery of Espinal and later wife of Charles, marquis d ' Haraucourt et Fulquemont; François Annas de Bassompierre (1612-1646), who initially accompanied his uncle Marshal François de Bassompierre on his campaigns, but then switched to the imperial army, where he in 1634 under General Gallas at the battle of Nördlingen and in 1635 on the campaign against the French Lorraine participated. Captured by Duke Bernhard von Sachsen-Weimar near Breisach in 1638 , he was only freed again in 1640. As an imperial field marshal, he then commanded the imperial troops in Bohemia and Silesia until he was killed in a duel in 1646. His brother Charles de Bassompierre, baron de Dommartin, during the Thirty Years' War (1638) herzogl. Lorraine colonel, later also changed sides and died in Vienna in 1665; all his daughters entered the convent of the Salesian Sisters in Nancy, the sons were in imperial service: Charles-Louis became general and in 1698 Marshal of Lorraine and grand-bailly of the Vosges; Anne-François-Joseph († 1713) excelled as a colonel especially in the Turkish Wars and was awarded in 1694 after the Battle of Waradein. His son Anne-François-Joseph II (* 1693) returned to the French service. He served as a capitain (captain) in the French army and later died, like his cousin François-Louis, in Paris.

Her uncle, the youngest son of George-Afriquain, Gaston-Jean-Baptiste, seigneur de Bassompierre, Marquis de Remonville was also in French service. As Vogt, governor and lieutenant general of the army of Charles IV Leopold of Lorraine, he commanded three regiments that played a decisive role in the victory of the French over the troops of the Elector Palatinate in the Battle of Bingen in 1689 during the War of the Palatinate Succession . He received the hereditary title of a herzogl for this. Lorraine Chamberlain . Also his sons, now all of them herzogl. Lorraine Chamberlain, excelled in military service: François de Bassompierre, married to Maria Magdalena Bonne, Countess du Hamal, was a French cavalry colonel († 1714), his brother Leopold-Charles was royal. French ensign at sea; Henry-Dominique de Bassompierre served as guard ensign of the light cavalry, of which his brother Jean-Claude was in command. On 8 November 1719, Duke Leopold Joseph von Lothringen gave him the title of marquis de Bassompierre due to his services , raising the rule of Baudricourt in Lorraine to Marquisat Bassompierre. His son Leopold-Clement (1715–1787), also a guard ensign of the light cavalry, continued the marquis line until it finally went out in 1837.

The Sire and Seigneur lines

In addition to the Marquis line, there were several Sire and Seigneur lines, the genealogy of which, however, cannot be fully documented. Mention is especially made of Charles de Bassompierre (1765-1826), who, like other representatives of his house, called himself Charles Bassompierre from 1792 due to the persecution of the nobility during the French Revolution and from 1797 took part in Napoleon's campaigns, where he took part in connection with the occupation Bingens was seriously wounded by partisans in 1802. His fate forms the template for an episode in Robert Löhr's novel The Erlkönig Maneuver . After 1871 his daughter's descendants called themselves Jacobs von Betstein, using the originally German form of the name. The writer and librettist Charles-Augustin de Bassompierre (1771-1853), called Sewrin, whose son, Aimé-Henry-Edmond Bassompierre-Sewrin (1809-1896), a painter, also dropped the title of nobility, also gained fame . The decline of the Duchy of Lorraine is also associated with the decline of the Lorraine aristocratic house de Bassompierre, which was closely tied to the fate of the country in the dispute over cultural and political affiliation with France and Germany.

Headquarters

The family's ancestral seat was Betzstein Castle (Betstein) in today's Bassompierre, a district of Boulange (Bollingen), about 20 km northeast of Thionville (Diedenhofen) in the Moselle department . In 1535 the castle was destroyed, in 1750 it was almost completely demolished. The place Bassompierre - from 1871 Bettstein was the official German spelling - lost importance; the tribes of the family withdrew to their inherited estates in Lorraine.

Surname

Origin, meaning, early forms of use

The name Bassompierre / Betstein was first mentioned in 1133 as Bazompetra , which etymologically could point to the limestone quarry of the place of the same name, in which several Franconian graves have been discovered, their importance mainly in the graves, but also in the Roman ones Time-originating (reused) stone sarcophagi lies. However, it is disputed whether the name is of Celtic, Romano-Greek or Germanic origin. In the early documents the German form of Betstein, Bettstein or Betzstein was used throughout, as in the document of the Bishop of Metz, Konrad Bayer von Boppard (1435). The same applies to the documents of the Duchy of Berg dated November 4, 1420 and April 14, 1421, in which Johannes von Betzstein and Duke Adolf VII von Berg († 1437) agreed to take the city of Elberfeld at the first opportunity and against the Cardinal von Baer and his allies to proceed, for which he should receive 500 guilders. In another document dated September 1, 1454, the oldest evidence of St. Pauline rights in this area, the chapter of St. Paulin near Trier allows Ida von Bettstein to buy back a pension in kind.

Frenchization of the name

In 1552 Henry II of Valois occupied the dioceses of Metz, Toul and Verdun under the tolerance of the Protestant imperial princes (“ Prince's Uprising ”), thereby taking large parts of Lorraine. French became the official language. During this time the French form of the name Betstein was used. In order to ensure the loyalty of the Lorraine nobility to the French ruling family, the king had kidnapped Christoph von Betstein to Paris as pledge and had him educated together with the crown prince. With offices and titles, Christophe de Bassompierre finally returned to Lorraine; he remained loyal to the king throughout his life, while parts of the family entered the imperial service and moved to Vienna. But this branch of the family also took the French form of the name. Under the pressure of the French Revolution , some lines of the now widely ramified house later renounced the title of nobility.

Spellings

After 1552 the name Betzstein prevailed in the German Empire. When the annexed Lorraine was reunited with the German cultural area in 1871, the spelling "Bettstein" (prescribed by the Prussian government) was used. In France, on the other hand, the term “Betstein” was used as the German form of Bassompierre. Jakob Grimm was looking for his own translation of the name and in the first volume of his “Deutsche Sagen” uses Be (t) stein as a translation of Bassompierre, the name Bassenstein in connection with the legend handed down by François de Bassompierre.

coat of arms

The coat of arms shows three red rafters in silver. On the helmet is the reduced shield between the silver-red flight. The ceilings are held in red and silver. The coat of arms of the Marquis de Bassompierre is just such a shield, crowned with a wall crown. Two swans serve as a shield holder. The motto is: Quod nequent tot sidera praestat .

Literary adaptations

In particular, some of the stories in the memoirs of Marshal François de Bassompierre are taken up in literature, for example in:

  • Johann Wolfgang v. Goethe: Conversations of German emigrants . In: Erich Trunz (Hrsg.): Goethe works , Hamburg edition in 14 volumes. Munich 1981, Vol. VI, p. 125 ff; here especially Bassompierre's story of the beautiful chamberlain (pp. 161–165) and Bassompierre's story of the veil.
  • Hugo von Hofmannsthal: Experience of Marshal von Bassompierre (1900). In: Experience of the Marshal of Bassompierre and other stories . Zurich 1950.
  • Heinz Rölleke (Ed.): Grimm's German legends . Frankfurt a. M. 1994, Vol. I, "The Strike Measure, the Ring and the Cup", No. 70, p. 101 f.
  • Robert Löhr: The Erlkönig maneuver . Historical novel. Munich / Zurich 2007
  • Henry Bedford-Jones: D'Artagnan. The Sequal to the Three Musketeers . New York 1928, on Bassompierre and Betstein p. 59 ff.

Name bearer

  • Gottfried II, Lord of Betstein († 1491), councilor and chamberlain in the service of Duke René II of Bar.
  • Franz I. († 1553), lord of Betstein, since 1539 Vogt of the Vosges, chamberlain and imperial captain of the bodyguard of Emperor Charles V .; 1529 m. with Margaretha von Dommartin, baroness de Fontenoy; from 1552 he used the French form of the family name.
  • Margaretha von Bet (t) stein, married since 1564. with Jacob VII von Rollingen (Raville), Lord von Dagstuhl, Hereditary Marshal of Luxembourg, Canon of Trier.
  • Christophe II, baron de Bassompierre (1547–1596), ducal. Lorraine chief steward and finance minister, royal. french Colonel; married since 1572 with Louise Picart de Radeval.
  • François de Bassompierre (1579–1646), marquis d'Harouel, Marshal of France.
  • Louis II. De Bassompierre (1610–1676), Bishop of Saintes.
  • George-Afriquain de Bassompierre († 1632), Marquis de Remonville, seigneur du Chastelet et Baudricourt; Marshal of Lorraine, Governor and Vogt of the Vosges; mated since 1610 with Henriette comtesse de Tornielle, daughter of Charles-Emmanuel, marquis de Gerbevilliers, herzogl. Lorraine. Finance minister.
  • Anne-Marguerite de Bassompierre, Abbess of Espinal Monastery, later married. with Charles, marquis d'Haraucourt et Fulquemont, comte de Dalem, baron de Lorquin; Marshal of Lorraine.
  • François Annas de Bassompierre (1612–1646), marquis de Remonville, left the Lorraine service in 1636 and in 1640 became Imperial Field Marshal.
  • Charles de Bassompierre († 1665), baron de Dommartin, ducal. Lorraine Colonel; mated with Henriette d 'Haraucourt-Chambley.
  • Charles-Louis de Bassompierre, imperial general, 1698 Marshal of Lorraine and grand-bailly of the Vosges; mated with Marie-Louisa de Beauveau.
  • Gaston Jean Baptista, seigneur de Bassompierre, Marquis de Remonville, Vogt of the Vosges, lieutenant general in the army of the Duke of Lorraine Charles IV., Ducal. Lorraine Chamberlain; mated with Anne de Raulin.
  • Jean-Claude, marquis de Bassompierre et Remonville, commander of the light cavalry of the Duke of Lorraine's life guard, married since 1711. with Jeanne de Nettancourt.
  • Charles de Bassompierre (1765–1826), lieutenant, later captain of the Napoleonic army, injured as a lieutenant near Bingen, founder of the still existing German line of Jacobs von Betstein.

literature

  • Siebmacher's Large Wappenbuch , Vol. 24: The arms of the nobility in Baden, Alsace-Lorraine and Luxembourg. Neustadt an der Aisch 1974, p. 8 and plate 6.
  • Jacob Christoph Beck, August Johann Burtoff (Ed.): Newly augmented Historical and Geographical General Lexicon , 1st part. Basel 1742, p. 396 f.
  • Pere Anselme: Histoire genealogique et chronologique de la maison royale de France . 3rd edition Paris 1733, pp. 464–469 (des marechaux de France)

Individual evidence

  1. ^ Bassompierre. In: Heinrich August Pierer (Ed.): Universal-Lexikon or complete encyclopedic dictionary . Altenburg 1835, p. 236
  2. ^ Bassompierre. In: Carl Günther Ludovicus [u. a.] (Ed.): Large complete universal encyclopedia of all sciences and arts. Volume 3, Halle and Leipzig 1733, p. 396 f.
  3. ^ Bassompierre. In: Johann Samuelersch [u. a.] (Ed.): General Encyclopedia of Sciences and Arts. Volume 8, Leipzig 1822, p. 52
  4. ^ François de Bassompierre: Journal de ma Vie . Volume 1, Cologne 1665, p. 3
  5. ^ The coats of arms of the nobility in Baden, Alsace-Lorraine and Luxembourg. (= Siebmacher's Large Book of Arms. Volume 24). Neustadt an der Aisch 1974, p. 8
  6. ↑ On the genealogy s. Jakob Christoph Beck [u. a.] (Ed.): Newly augmented Historical and Geographical General Lexicon. 1. Theil, Basel 1742, p. 396 f.
  7. ^ Genealogy of the margravial line. In: Père Anselme: Histoire genealogique et chronologique de la maison royale de France , 3rd edition Paris 1733, pp. 464–469 (des marechaux de France)
  8. ^ Robert Löhr: The Erlkönig maneuver. Historical novel. Munich / Zurich 2007, p. 80 ff.
  9. ↑ attich.net ( Memento of the original from October 11, 2007 in the Internet Archive ) Info: The archive link was inserted automatically and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice.  @1@ 2Template: Webachiv / IABot / www.attich.net
  10. ^ Wilhelm Reusch: A Franconian Guttrolf from Bollingen-Bettstein, Kr. Diedenhofen-West (Lothringen) . In: Germania. 25/1941, pp. 246-251
  11. ↑ Petra could refer to Greek or Celt .: rock and bazom: Greek = 'base', ground or celt .: 'byd' = small, which could also stand for "small mountain" or "small castle", see. Article: Betzstein . In: Wilhelm Obermüller's German-Celtic, historical-geographical dictionary (1867), Vol. I., Reprint: Wiesbaden 1987, pp. 251 f.
  12. ^ Yearbook of the Society for Lorraine History and Archeology , Volume 2, 1890, p. 245; Further documents: p. 260. On the German document language Hans Witte: On the history of Germanness in Lorraine . In: Yearbook of the Society for Lorraine History and Archeology , 2nd year 1890, p. 231 ff.
  13. ↑ Landesarchiv NRW, Dept. Rhineland, Düsseldorf location, No. 1383.
  14. ↑ Ref .: K Section 213 No. 99 and No. 550, item 66.
  15. ^ Wilhelm Obermüller's German-Celtic, historical-geographical dictionary (1867), p. 251
  16. ^ Commentary by François de Bassompierre: Journal de ma Vie , 4 vols. Paris 1870–77 (Commentary: Marquis de Chantérac)
  17. ^ Brothers Grimm: Deutsche Sagen , ed. v. Heinz Rölleke, Frankfurt a. M. 1994, vol. I, the streak measure, the ring and the cup, no. 70, p. 101 f.