Movement coordination

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Under movement coordination understand movement and the training Science the process and the result of the interaction of different perception, control, regulation and motor elements into an ordered, purposeful movements. Coordinated movements are muscle actions that occur simultaneously or in an orderly sequence. In contrast to coordinative skills , movement coordination is a skill that can, but does not have to, arise as a visible result of the underlying skills. The individual skills that interlock to coordinate complex movements can be determined by factor analysis. 

Movement coordination aspects

Depending on the area of ​​work ( practical training ,  physiology , movement theory, etc.), the phenomenon of movement coordination can be viewed, analyzed and used from different points of view:

  • Movement coordination can be understood as a meaningful interplay of the movements of different body parts (e.g. arm, trunk and leg movements).
  • Movement coordination can be seen as the dynamic coordination of the conditional willingness to perform strength, speed, quick strength, endurance to an effective movement design.
  • In the physiological sense , movement coordination can mean a successful interplay of agonists and antagonists (e.g. biceps and triceps ) in pulling, pushing and turning movements.
  • Movement coordination results from the optimal function of physical, physiological, neurological, regulatory, psychological and mental performance factors such as mobility, agility, sensitivity to stimuli, sense of balance, spatial orientation, attitudes, anticipation and others.

Features of coordination of movements

A well-coordinated movement is visually aesthetically pleasing and seemingly effortless. The actor himself perceives it as easy and exhilarating (cf. skilful ski descent). Successful movement coordination is what defines the quality of a movement. It also plays a key role in their effectiveness . Movement theory describes it with characteristics such as fluid, rhythmic, organic (= body-friendly), economical (= energy-saving), precise (= movement-accurate), aesthetic (= attractive) or skillful (= mature). Movement coordination is a significant yardstick for mastering a movement sequence .

Movement coordination requirements

Different areas of life make different demands on movement coordination. The movement theory differentiates z. B. between everyday, professional and sports motor skills and notes a growing number of individual elements and a complication of the interaction, the more complex the requirements become. Everyday movements (walking, climbing stairs, packing shopping carts) are relatively simply structured forms of movement that can be quickly mastered. Job-related movements (by roofer, plumber, surgeon or farmer) require specific learning processes. Sports movements ( gymnastics exercises , ice skating figures ) can make the highest demands on the ability to coordinate , especially since they are usually coupled with dynamic requirements ( competition , high performance ).

Measurement and assessment of movement coordination

Movement coordination is the most difficult basic skill to measure because of its complexity. A single test is not enough to record the different components and their interaction . What is required is a so-called test battery that coordinates a series of individual tasks ( items ) that represent these components . In addition, the problem of quantifying the quality of the motion control must be solved in order to make it measurable and thus objectively available.

A test procedure according to the rules of test psychology is only considered to be mature and therefore usable for testing movement coordination if it meets at least the main quality criteria of objectivity , validity , reliability and standardization . This is only the case with a few procedures because the statistical / mathematical, personnel and time expenditure is very high and requires numerous test acceptance. Process which z. B. A lack of comparative data such as tables of standards are unsuitable as a test instrument for movement coordination. But they can be used to practice them.

The body coordination test for children (KTK) by Ernst J. Kiphard and Friedhelm Schilling and the Vienna coordination course (WKP) by Siegbert A. Warwitz can be regarded as mature and correspondingly widely used test methods for recording movement coordination : The KTK records the coordinative level of performance of children in the Age between 5 and 14 years. It is particularly suitable for diagnosing possible brain damage at an early stage. The WKP records the performance spectrum of children and adolescents between 11 and 21 years of age as well as the special population of female and male sports students. It requires the test subjects to correctly complete a sequence of eight different movement tasks as quickly as possible. The degree of coordination is determined by timing. The demands on coordination skills increase with the speed of movement. They result on the one hand from the task, on the other hand from their sequence.

literature

  • K. Bös: Handbook of sports motor tests . Goettingen 1987
  • P. Hirtz: Coordinative skills in school sports . Berlin 1985
  • EJ Kiphard / F. Schilling: body coordination test for children (KTK). Göttingen 2007
  • H. de Marées: Exercise Physiology . Cologne (Sportverlag) 9th edition 2003
  • H. Mechling et al. a .: Coordinative requirement profiles of selected sports. Training of movement coordination . Vol. 2. Cologne (Strauss) 2003.
  • K. Meinel / G. Schnabel: Movement theory - sports motor skills . Munich (Southwest) 11th edition 2007
  • A. Neumaier: Coordinative requirement profile and coordination training . Cologne 3rd edition 2006
  • K. Roth / K. Willimczik: Movement Science . Reinbek (Rowohlt) 1999
  • G. Schnabel et al. a. (Ed.): Training theory - training science: performance-training-competition . Aachen (Meyer & Meyer) 2009
  • SA Warwitz: The Vienna Coordination Course (WKP). In: SA Warwitz: The sports science experiment. Planning-implementation-evaluation-interpretation . Schorndorf (Hofmann) 1976. pp. 48-62
  • J. Weineck: Optimal training . Erlangen (Balingen) 10th edition 2000

Individual evidence

  1. ↑ K. Roth / K. Willimczik: Movement Science . Reinbek (Rowohlt) 1999
  2. ↑ G. Schnabel et al. a. (Ed.): Training theory - training science: performance-training-competition . Aachen (Meyer & Meyer) 2009
  3. ↑ a b S.A. Warwitz: The Vienna Coordination Course (WKP). In: SA Warwitz: The sports science experiment. Planning-implementation-evaluation-interpretation . Schorndorf (Hofmann) 1976. pp. 48-62
  4. ↑ a b E.J. Kiphard, F. Schilling: Body coordination test for children (KTK). Göttingen 2007
  5. ^ P. Hirtz: Coordinative skills in school sports . Berlin 1985
  6. ^ A. Neumaier: Coordinative requirement profile and coordination training . Cologne 3rd edition 2006
  7. ↑ H. de Marées: Sports Physiology . Cologne (Sportverlag) 9th edition 2003
  8. ↑ K. Meinel / G. Schnabel: Movement theory - sport motor skills . Munich (Southwest) 11th edition 2007
  9. ↑ K. Bös: Handbook of sport motor tests . Goettingen 1987

See also